1932

Abstract

We review recent works on the dynamics of circumbinary accretion, including time variability, angular momentum transfer between the disk and the binary, and the secular evolution of accreting binaries. These dynamics impact stellar binary formation/evolution, circumbinary planet formation/migration, and the evolution of (super)massive black hole binaries. We discuss the dynamics and evolution of inclined/warped circumbinary disks and connect with observations of protoplanetary disks. A special kind of circumbinary accretion involves binaries embedded in big disks, which may contribute to the mergers of stellar-mass black holes in AGN disks. Highlights include the following:

  • ▪  Circumbinary accretion is highly variable, being modulated at (the binary period) or ∼5, depending on the binary eccentricity and mass ratio .
  • ▪  The inner region of the circumbinary disk can develop coherent eccentric structure, which may modulate the accretion and affect the physical processes (e.g., planet migration) taking place in the disk.
  • ▪  Over long timescales, circumbinary accretion steers binaries toward equal masses, and it does not always lead to binary orbital decay. The secular orbital evolution depends on the binary parameters ( and ) and on the thermodynamic properties of the accreting gas.
  • ▪  A misaligned disk around a low-eccentricity binary tends to evolve toward coplanarity due to viscous dissipation. But when is significant, the disk can evolve toward “polar alignment,” with the disk plane perpendicular to the binary plane.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-022933
2023-08-18
2024-06-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/61/1/annurev-astro-052622-022933.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-022933&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aly H, Dehnen W, Nixon C, King A. 2015. MNRAS 449:65–76
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Amaro-Seoane P, Audley H, Babak S et al. 2017. arXiv:1702.00786
  3. Antoniadis J. 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 797:2L24
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Antonini F, Perets HB. 2012. Ap. J. 757:27
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Armstrong DJ, Osborn HP, Brown DJA et al. 2014. MNRAS 444:21873–83
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Artymowicz P. 1983. ACTAA 33:223–41
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Artymowicz P, Lubow SH. 1994. Ap. J. 421:651–67
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Artymowicz P, Lubow SH. 1996. Ap. J. Lett. 467:L77–80
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bailey A, Stone JM, Fung J. 2021. Ap. J. 915:2113
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bailey V, Meshkat T, Reiter M et al. 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 780:L4
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bardeen JM, Petterson JA. 1975. Ap. J. Lett. 195:L65–67
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bartos I, Kocsis B, Haiman Z, Márka S. 2017. Ap. J. 835:2165
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Baruteau C, Cuadra J, Lin DNC. 2011. Ap. J. 726:28
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Basri G, Johns-Krull CM, Mathieu RD. 1997. Astron. J. 114:781–92
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bate MR. 1998. Ap. J. Lett. 508:L95–98
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Bate MR. 2000. MNRAS 314:33–53
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Bate MR, Bonnell IA. 1997. MNRAS 285:33–48
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Bate MR, Bonnell IA, Bromm V. 2002. MNRAS 336:3705–13
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Bate MR, Bonnell IA, Bromm V. 2003. MNRAS 339:3577–99
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bate MR, Bonnell IA, Price NM. 1995. MNRAS 277:2362–76
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bate MR, Lodato G, Pringle JE. 2010. MNRAS 401:31505–13
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Begelman MC, Blandford RD, Rees MJ. 1980. Nature 287:5780307–9
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Belczynski K, Holz DE, Bulik T, O'Shaughnessy R. 2016. Nature 534:7608512–15
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Bennett DP, Rhie SH, Udalski A et al. 2016. Astron. J. 152:5125
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Bertotti B, Carr BJ, Rees MJ. 1983. MNRAS 203:945–54
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Beuermann K, Hessman FV, Dreizler S et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 521:L60
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Bhaskar HG, Li G, Lin DNC. 2022. Ap. J. 934:2141
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Bi J, van der Marel N, Dong R, Muto T, Martin RG et al. 2020. Ap. J. Lett. 895:L18
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Bogdanović T, Miller MC, Blecha L. 2022. Liv. Rev. Relativity 25:3
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Boley AC, Mejía AC, Durisen RH et al. 2006. Ap. J. 651:517–34
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Bollen D, Kamath D, Van Winckel H, De Marco O, Wardle M. 2021. MNRAS 502:1445–62
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Bollen D, Kamath D, Van Winckel H et al. 2022. Astron. Astrophys. 666:A40
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Bonnell I, Bastien P. 1992. Ap. J. 401:654–66
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Bonnell IA, Bate MR. 1994. MNRAS 271:999–1004
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Bowen DB, Campanelli M, Krolik JH, Mewes V, Noble SC. 2017. Ap. J. 838:42
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Bowen DB, Mewes V, Campanelli M et al. 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 853:L17
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Bowen DB, Mewes V, Noble SC et al. 2019. Ap. J. 879:276
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Brinch C, Jørgensen JK, Hogerheijde MR, Nelson RP, Gressel O. 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 830:L16
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Bromley BC, Kenyon SJ. 2015. Ap. J. 806:98
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Burke-Spolaor S. 2011. MNRAS 410:42113–22
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Burke-Spolaor S, Taylor SR, Charisi M et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 27:5
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Capelo HL, Herbst W, Leggett SK, Hamilton CM, Johnson JA. 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 757:L18
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Carr JS, Mathieu RD, Najita JR. 2001. Ap. J. 551:454–60
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Chapon D, Mayer L, Teyssier R. 2013. MNRAS 429:43114–22
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Charisi M, Bartos I, Haiman Z et al. 2016. MNRAS 463:22145–71
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Charisi M, Taylor SR, Runnoe J, Bogdanovic T, Trump JR. 2022. MNRAS 510:45929–44
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Chiang EI, Murray-Clay RA 2004. Ap. J. 607:2913–20
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Coleman GAL, Nelson RP, Triaud AHMJ. 2022. MNRAS 513:22563–80
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Colpi M. 2014. Space Sci. Rev. 183:1–4189–221
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Combi L, Armengol FGL, Campanelli M et al. 2021. Phys. Rev. D 104:4044041
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Combi L, Lopez Armengol FG, Campanelli M et al. 2022. Ap. J. 928:2187
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Cossins P, Lodato G, Clarke CJ. 2009. MNRAS 393:41157–73
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Cuadra J, Armitage PJ, Alexander RD, Begelman MC. 2009. MNRAS 393:41423–32
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Czekala I, Andrews SM, Jensen ELN et al. 2015. Ap. J. 806:2154
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Czekala I, Andrews SM, Torres G et al. 2016. Ap. J. 818:2156
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Czekala I, Chiang E, Andrews SM et al. 2019. Ap. J. 883:22
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Czekala I, Ribas Á, Cuello N et al. 2021. Ap. J. 912:6
    [Google Scholar]
  58. De Rosa A, Vignali C, Bogdanović T et al. 2019. New Astron. Rev. 86:101525
    [Google Scholar]
  59. de Val-Borro M, Gahm GF, Stempels HC, Pepliński A. 2011. MNRAS 413:42679–88
    [Google Scholar]
  60. de Val-Borro M, Karovska M, Sasselov D. 2009. Ap. J. 700:21148–60
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Dempsey AM, Lee WK, Lithwick Y. 2020a. Ap. J. 891:2108
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Dempsey AM, Li H, Mishra B, Li S. 2022. Ap. J. 940:2155
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Dempsey AM, Muñoz D, Lithwick Y. 2020b.. Ap. J. Lett. 892:2L29
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Dempsey AM, Muñoz DJ, Lithwick Y. 2021. Ap. J. Lett. 918:2L36
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Deng H, Ogilvie GI. 2022. MNRAS 512:46078–92
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Deng H, Ogilvie GI, Mayer L. 2021. MNRAS 500:34248–56
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Dermine T, Izzard RG, Jorissen A, Van Winckel H. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 551:A50
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Detweiler S. 1979. Ap. J. 234:1100–4
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Dittmann AJ, Ryan G. 2021. Ap. J. 921:71
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Dittmann AJ, Ryan G. 2022. MNRAS 513:46158–76
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Doolin S, Blundell KM. 2011. MNRAS 418:42656–68
    [Google Scholar]
  72. D'Orazio DJ, Di Stefano R. 2018. MNRAS 474:32975–86
    [Google Scholar]
  73. D'Orazio DJ, Duffell PC. 2021. Ap. J. Lett. 914:L21
    [Google Scholar]
  74. D'Orazio DJ, Haiman Z, Duffell P, MacFadyen A, Farris B. 2016. MNRAS 459:32379–93
    [Google Scholar]
  75. D'Orazio DJ, Haiman Z, MacFadyen A. 2013. MNRAS 436:42997–3020
    [Google Scholar]
  76. D'Orazio DJ, Haiman Z, Schiminovich D. 2015. Nature 525:7569351–53
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Dotti M, Colpi M, Haardt F, Mayer L. 2007. MNRAS 379:3956–62
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Doyle LR, Carter JA, Fabrycky DC et al. 2011. Science 333:60491602–6
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Duffell PC. 2016. Ap. J. Suppl. 226:2
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Duffell PC, D'Orazio D, Derdzinski A et al. 2020. Ap. J. 901:25
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Duffell PC, MacFadyen AI. 2012. Ap. J. 755:7
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Dunhill AC, Cuadra J, Dougados C. 2015. MNRAS 448:43545–54
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Dutrey A, Guilloteau S, Simon M. 1994. Astron. Astrophys. 286:149–59
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Dvorak R, Froeschle C, Froeschle C. 1989. Astron. Astrophys. 226:335–42
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Edgar R. 2004. New Astron. Rev. 48:10843–59
    [Google Scholar]
  86. El-Badry K, Rix HW, Tian H, Duchêne G, Moe M. 2019. MNRAS 489:45822–57
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Escala A, Larson RB, Coppi PS, Mardones D. 2005. Ap. J. 630:152–66
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Fairbairn CW, Ogilvie GI. 2021. MNRAS 508:22426–46
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Farago F, Laskar J. 2010. MNRAS 401:21189–98
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Farris BD, Duffell P, MacFadyen AI, Haiman Z. 2014. Ap. J. 783:2134
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Fielding DB, McKee CF, Socrates A, Cunningham AJ, Klein RI. 2015. MNRAS 450:33306–18
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Foucart F, Lai D. 2013. Ap. J. 764:106
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Foucart F, Lai D. 2014. MNRAS 445:21731–44
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Franchini A, Lupi A, Sesana A. 2022. Ap. J. Lett. 929:L13
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Franchini A, Sesana A, Dotti M. 2021. MNRAS 507:1458–67
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Fung J, Artymowicz P, Wu Y. 2015. Ap. J. 811:2101
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Gammie CF, Goodman J, Ogilvie GI. 2000. MNRAS 318:41005–16
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Gaskell CM. 1996. Ap. J. Lett. 464:L107–10
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Goldreich P, Sari R. 2003. Ap. J. 585:21024–37
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Goldreich P, Tremaine S. 1979. Ap. J. 233:857–71
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Goldreich P, Tremaine S. 1980. Ap. J. 241:425–41
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Goodchild S, Ogilvie G. 2006. MNRAS 368:31123–31
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Gould A, Rix HW. 2000. Ap. J. Lett. 532:L29–32
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Goulding AD, Pardo K, Greene JE et al. 2019. Ap. J. Lett. 879:2L21
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Graham MJ, Djorgovski SG, Stern D et al. 2015. Nature 518:753774–76
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Gualandris A, Read JI, Dehnen W, Bortolas E. 2017. MNRAS 464:22301–10
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Günther R, Kley W. 2002. Astron. Astrophys. 387:550–59
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Haehnelt MG. 1994. MNRAS 269:199–208
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Haiman Z, Kocsis B, Menou K. 2009. Ap. J. 700:21952–69
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Halbwachs JL, Mayor M, Udry S, Arenou F. 2003. Astron. Astrophys. 397:159–75
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Hanawa T, Ochi Y, Ando K. 2010. Ap. J. 708:485–97
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Heath RM, Nixon CJ. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 641:A64
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Hirose M, Osaki Y. 1990. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 42:135–63
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Holman MJ, Wiegert PA. 1999. Astron. J. 117:621–28
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Hopkins PF. 2015. MNRAS 450:53–110
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Hopkins PF, Hernquist L, Cox TJ et al. 2006. Ap. J. Suppl. 163:1–49
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Hu BX, D'Orazio DJ, Haiman Z et al. 2020. MNRAS 495:44061–70
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Hwang HC, El-Badry K, Rix HW et al. 2022. Ap. J. Lett. 933:2L32
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Ichikawa T, Kido M, Takaishi D et al. 2021. Ap. J. 919:55
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Ireland MJ, Kraus AL. 2008. Ap. J. Lett. 678:L59–62
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Jensen ELN, Akeson R. 2014. Nature 511:7511567–69
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Jensen ELN, Dhital S, Stassun KG et al. 2007. Astron. J. 134:241–51
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Jensen ELN, Mathieu RD. 1997. Astron. J. 114:301–16
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Kanagawa KD, Muto T, Tanaka H et al. 2016. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 68:343
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Kashi A, Soker N. 2011. MNRAS 417:21466–79
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Kelley LZ. 2021. MNRAS 500:34065–77
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Kelley LZ, Blecha L, Hernquist L. 2017a. MNRAS 464:33131–57
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Kelley LZ, Blecha L, Hernquist L, Sesana A, Taylor SR. 2017b.. MNRAS 471:44508–26
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Kelley LZ, Blecha L, Hernquist L, Sesana A, Taylor SR. 2018. MNRAS 477:964–76
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Kelley LZ, Haiman Z, Sesana A, Hernquist L. 2019. MNRAS 485:21579–94
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Kennedy GM, Matrà L, Facchini S et al. 2019. Nat. Astron. 3:230–35
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Kennedy GM, Wyatt MC, Sibthorpe B et al. 2012a.. MNRAS 421:32264–76
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Kennedy GM, Wyatt MC, Sibthorpe B et al. 2012b.. MNRAS 426:32115–28
    [Google Scholar]
  134. King AR, Pringle JE. 2006. MNRAS 373:L90–92
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Kley W, Dirksen G. 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 447:369–77
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Kley W, Haghighipour N. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 564:A72
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Kley W, Thun D, Penzlin ABT. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 627:A91
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Kluska J, Van Winckel H, Coppée Q et al. 2022. Astron. Astrophys. 658:A36
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Kormendy J, Ho LC. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:511–653
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Kostov VB, Orosz JA, Feinstein AD et al. 2020. Astron. J. 159:6253
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Kostov VB, Powell BP, Orosz JA et al. 2021. Astron. J. 162:6234
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Kratter KM, Matzner CD, Krumholz MR. 2008. Ap. J. 681:375–90
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Kratter KM, Murray-Clay RA, Youdin AN. 2010. Ap. J. 710:21375–86
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Kraus S, Kreplin A, Young AK et al. 2020. Science 369:65081233–38
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Kremer K, Chatterjee S, Ye CS, Rodriguez CL, Rasio FA. 2019. Ap. J. 871:38
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Kumar S, Pringle JE. 1985. MNRAS 213:435–42
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Kuruwita RL, Federrath C, Haugbølle T. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 641:A59
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Kuwahara A, Kurokawa H, Ida S. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 623:A179
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Lagrange AM, Langlois M, Gratton R et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 586:L8
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Lee WK, Dempsey AM, Lithwick Y. 2019a.. Ap. J. 872:2184
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Lee WK, Dempsey AM, Lithwick Y. 2019b.. Ap. J. Lett. 882:L11
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Li D, Zhou JL, Zhang H. 2014. MNRAS 437:43832–41
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Li G, Holman MJ, Tao M. 2016. Ap. J. 831:96
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Li J, Dempsey AM, Li H, Lai D, Li S. 2023. Ap. J. Lett. 944:2L42
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Li J, Lai D, Rodet L. 2022. Ap. J. 934:2154
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Li R, Lai D. 2022. MNRAS 517:21602–24
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Li R, Lai D. 2023. MNRAS 522:21881–94
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Li YP, Dempsey AM, Li H, Li S, Li J. 2022. Ap. J. Lett. 928:2L19
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Li YP, Dempsey AM, Li S, Li H, Li J. 2021. Ap. J. 911:2124
    [Google Scholar]
  160. LIGO Sci. Collab., Virgo Collab., KAGRA Collab., et al. 2021. arXiv:2111.03606
  161. Lin MK, Papaloizou JCB. 2011. MNRAS 415:21445–68
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Lines S, Leinhardt ZM, Baruteau C, Paardekooper SJ, Carter PJ. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 582:A5
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Lipunov VM, Postnov KA, Prokhorov ME. 1997. Astron. Lett. 23:4492–97
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Lithwick Y, Wu Y. 2008. arXiv:0802.2951
  165. Liu B, Lai D. 2018. Ap. J. 863:68
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Liu B, Lai D. 2019. MNRAS 483:34060–69
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Liu B, Lai D. 2021. MNRAS 502:22049–64
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Liu B, Lai D, Wang YH. 2019a.. Ap. J. Lett. 883:L7
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Liu B, Muñoz DJ, Lai D. 2015. MNRAS 447:747–64
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Liu T, Gezari S, Ayers M et al. 2019b.. Ap. J. 884:36
    [Google Scholar]
  171. Liu T, Gezari S, Burgett W et al. 2016. Ap. J. 833:6
    [Google Scholar]
  172. Lodato G, Price DJ. 2010. MNRAS 405:21212–26
    [Google Scholar]
  173. Lubow SH. 1991a.. Ap. J. 381:259–67
    [Google Scholar]
  174. Lubow SH. 1991b.. Ap. J. 381:268–77
    [Google Scholar]
  175. Lubow SH. 2022. MNRAS 516:45446–53
    [Google Scholar]
  176. Lubow SH, Artymowicz P. 1996. Evolutionary Processes in Binary Stars, Proc. NATO Adv. Study Inst., ed. RAMJ Wijers, MB Davies, CA Tout , Vol. 47753–73. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  177. Lubow SH, Martin RG. 2018. MNRAS 473:33733–46
    [Google Scholar]
  178. Lubow SH, Ogilvie GI. 2000. Ap. J. 538:326–40
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Lubow SH, Ogilvie GI, Pringle JE. 2002. MNRAS 337:2706–12
    [Google Scholar]
  180. Lucy LB. 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 457:2629–35
    [Google Scholar]
  181. Lucy LB, Ricco E. 1979. Astron. J. 84:401–12
    [Google Scholar]
  182. Lynden-Bell D, Kalnajs AJ. 1972. MNRAS 157:1–30
    [Google Scholar]
  183. MacFadyen AI, Milosavljević M. 2008. Ap. J. 672:83–93
    [Google Scholar]
  184. Magorrian J, Tremaine S, Richstone D et al. 1998. Astron. J. 115:62285–305
    [Google Scholar]
  185. Martin DV, Triaud AHMJ. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 570:A91
    [Google Scholar]
  186. Martin DV, Triaud AHMJ, Udry S et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 624:A68
    [Google Scholar]
  187. Martin RG, Lubow SH. 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 835:2L28
    [Google Scholar]
  188. Martin RG, Lubow SH. 2019. MNRAS 490:1332–49
    [Google Scholar]
  189. Marzari F, Thébault P, Scholl H. 2008. Ap. J. 681:21599–608
    [Google Scholar]
  190. Masset FS. 2008. EAS Publ. Ser. 29:165–244
    [Google Scholar]
  191. Masset FS, Morbidelli A, Crida A, Ferreira J. 2006. Ap. J. 642:478–87
    [Google Scholar]
  192. Mathieu RD, Stassun K, Basri G et al. 1997. Astron. J. 113:1841–54
    [Google Scholar]
  193. Matzner CD, Levin Y. 2005. Ap. J. 628:2817–31
    [Google Scholar]
  194. Matzner RA, Huq MF, Shoemaker D. 1998. Phys. Rev. D 59:2024015
    [Google Scholar]
  195. Maureira MJ, Pineda JE, Segura-Cox DM et al. 2020. Ap. J. 897:59
    [Google Scholar]
  196. Mayer L, Kazantzidis S, Madau P et al. 2007. Science 316:58331874–77
    [Google Scholar]
  197. McKee CF, Ostriker EC. 2007. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45:565–687
    [Google Scholar]
  198. McKernan B, Ford KES, Bellovary J et al. 2018. Ap. J. 866:66
    [Google Scholar]
  199. McKernan B, Ford KES, Kocsis B, Lyra W, Winter LM. 2014. MNRAS 441:900–9
    [Google Scholar]
  200. McKernan B, Ford KES, Lyra W, Perets HB. 2012. MNRAS 425:460–69
    [Google Scholar]
  201. Meschiari S. 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 761:L7
    [Google Scholar]
  202. Middleton H, Chen S, Del Pozzo W, Sesana A, Vecchio A. 2018. Nat. Commun. 9:573
    [Google Scholar]
  203. Milosavljević M, Merritt D. 2001. Ap. J. 563:34–62
    [Google Scholar]
  204. Milosavljević M, Merritt D. 2003a.. AIP Conf. Proc. 686:201
    [Google Scholar]
  205. Milosavljević M, Merritt D. 2003b.. Ap. J. 596:860–78
    [Google Scholar]
  206. Milosavljević M, Phinney ES. 2005. Ap. J. Lett. 622:2L93–96
    [Google Scholar]
  207. Mingarelli CMF, Lazio TJW, Sesana A et al. 2017. Nat. Astron. 1:886–92
    [Google Scholar]
  208. Miranda R, Lai D. 2015. MNRAS 452:32396–409
    [Google Scholar]
  209. Miranda R, Muñoz DJ, Lai D. 2017. MNRAS 466:1170–91
    [Google Scholar]
  210. Miranda R, Rafikov RR. 2019. Ap. J. Lett. 878:L9
    [Google Scholar]
  211. Miranda R, Rafikov RR. 2020. Ap. J. 892:65
    [Google Scholar]
  212. Moe M, Di Stefano R. 2013. Ap. J. 778:295
    [Google Scholar]
  213. Moe M, Di Stefano R. 2017. Ap. J. Suppl. 230:215
    [Google Scholar]
  214. Moody MSL, Shi JM, Stone JM. 2019. Ap. J. 875:66
    [Google Scholar]
  215. Moriwaki K, Nakagawa Y. 2004. Ap. J. 609:21065–70
    [Google Scholar]
  216. Muñoz DJ, Kratter K, Springel V, Hernquist L. 2014. MNRAS 445:43475–95
    [Google Scholar]
  217. Muñoz DJ, Kratter K, Vogelsberger M, Hernquist L, Springel V. 2015. MNRAS 446:22010–29
    [Google Scholar]
  218. Muñoz DJ, Lai D. 2016. Ap. J. 827:43
    [Google Scholar]
  219. Muñoz DJ, Lai D, Kratter K, Miranda R. 2020. Ap. J. 889:2114
    [Google Scholar]
  220. Muñoz DJ, Lithwick Y. 2020. Ap. J. 905:2106
    [Google Scholar]
  221. Muñoz DJ, Miranda R, Lai D. 2019. Ap. J. 871:84
    [Google Scholar]
  222. Muñoz DJ, Stone NC, Petrovich C, Rasio FA. 2022. arXiv:2204.06002
  223. Murray CD, Dermott SF. 2000. Solar System Dynamics Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  224. Muzerolle J, Furlan E, Flaherty K, Balog Z, Gutermuth R. 2013. Nature 493:7432378–80
    [Google Scholar]
  225. Nealon R, Price DJ, Pinte C. 2020. MNRAS 493:L143–47
    [Google Scholar]
  226. Nixon C, King A, Price D. 2013. MNRAS 434:31946–54
    [Google Scholar]
  227. Noble SC, Mundim BC, Nakano H et al. 2012. Ap. J. 755:51
    [Google Scholar]
  228. Offner SSR, Kratter KM, Matzner CD, Krumholz MR, Klein RI. 2010. Ap. J. 725:21485–94
    [Google Scholar]
  229. Offner SSR, Moe M, Kratter KM et al. 2022. Protostars and Planets VII S Inutsuka, Y Aikawa, T Muto, K Tomida, M Tamura. Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press. In press http://ppvii.org/chapter/08/
    [Google Scholar]
  230. Ogilvie GI. 1999. MNRAS 304:3557–78
    [Google Scholar]
  231. Ogilvie GI. 2006. MNRAS 365:3977–90
    [Google Scholar]
  232. Ogilvie GI, Latter HN. 2013. MNRAS 433:32403–19
    [Google Scholar]
  233. Paardekooper SJ, Leinhardt ZM, Thébault P, Baruteau C. 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 754:L16
    [Google Scholar]
  234. Paardekooper SJ, Ogilvie GI. 2019. MNRAS 483:33738–53
    [Google Scholar]
  235. Pakmor R, Springel V, Bauer A et al. 2016. MNRAS 455:1134–43
    [Google Scholar]
  236. Papaloizou JCB, Lin DNC. 1995. Ap. J. 438:841–51
    [Google Scholar]
  237. Papaloizou JCB, Nelson RP, Kley W, Masset FS, Artymowicz P 2007. Protostars and Planets V B Reipurth, D Jewitt, K Keil 655–68. Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  238. Papaloizou JCB, Pringle JE. 1983. MNRAS 202:1181–94
    [Google Scholar]
  239. Pejcha O, Metzger BD, Tomida K. 2016. MNRAS 455:44351–72
    [Google Scholar]
  240. Pelupessy FI, Portegies Zwart S. 2013. MNRAS 429:895–902
    [Google Scholar]
  241. Penzlin ABT, Kley W, Nelson RP. 2021. Astron. Astrophys. 645:A68
    [Google Scholar]
  242. Phinney ES. 2001. arXiv:astro–ph/0108028
  243. Phuong NT, Dutrey A, Diep PN, Guilloteau S, Chapillon E et al. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 635:A12
    [Google Scholar]
  244. Pichardo B, Sparke LS, Aguilar LA. 2005. MNRAS 359:2521–30
    [Google Scholar]
  245. Pierens A, Nelson RP. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 483:2633–42
    [Google Scholar]
  246. Pierens A, Nelson RP. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 556:A134
    [Google Scholar]
  247. Pilat-Lohinger E, Funk B, Dvorak R. 2003. Astron. Astrophys. 400:1085–94
    [Google Scholar]
  248. Polnarev AG, Rees MJ. 1994. Astron. Astrophys. 283:301–12
    [Google Scholar]
  249. Poon M, Zanazzi JJ, Zhu W. 2021. MNRAS 503:21599–614
    [Google Scholar]
  250. Portegies Zwart SF, McMillan SLW 2000. Ap. J. Lett. 528:L17–20
    [Google Scholar]
  251. Pringle JE. 1981. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 19:137–62
    [Google Scholar]
  252. Pringle JE. 1991. MNRAS 248:754–59
    [Google Scholar]
  253. Qian SB, Dai ZB, Liao WP et al. 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 706:L96–99
    [Google Scholar]
  254. Rafikov RR. 2005. Ap. J. Lett. 621:L69–72
    [Google Scholar]
  255. Rafikov RR. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 764:L16
    [Google Scholar]
  256. Rafikov RR. 2016. Ap. J. 830:8
    [Google Scholar]
  257. Raghavan D, McAlister HA, Henry TJ et al. 2010. Ap. J. Suppl. 190:1–42
    [Google Scholar]
  258. Ragusa E, Alexander R, Calcino J, Hirsh K, Price DJ. 2020. MNRAS 499:33362–80
    [Google Scholar]
  259. Ragusa E, Lodato G, Price DJ. 2016. MNRAS 460:21243–53
    [Google Scholar]
  260. Rajagopal M, Romani RW. 1995. Ap. J. 446:543–49
    [Google Scholar]
  261. Rodet L, Beust H, Bonnefoy M et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 602:A12
    [Google Scholar]
  262. Rodriguez C, Taylor GB, Zavala RT et al. 2006. Ap. J. 646:49–60
    [Google Scholar]
  263. Roedig C, Sesana A, Dotti M et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 545:A127
    [Google Scholar]
  264. Sandquist EL, Taam RE, Chen X, Bodenheimer P, Burkert A. 1998. Ap. J. 500:2909–22
    [Google Scholar]
  265. Sazhin MV. 1978. Sov. Astron. 22:36–38
    [Google Scholar]
  266. Scheuer PAG, Feiler R. 1996. MNRAS 282:291–94
    [Google Scholar]
  267. Scholl H, Marzari F, Thébault P. 2007. MNRAS 380:31119–26
    [Google Scholar]
  268. Sesana A, Haardt F, Madau P, Volonteri M. 2005. Ap. J. 623:23–30
    [Google Scholar]
  269. Sesana A, Vecchio A, Colacino CN. 2008. MNRAS 390:192–209
    [Google Scholar]
  270. Shannon RM, Ravi V, Lentati LT et al. 2015. Science 349:62551522–25
    [Google Scholar]
  271. Shi JM, Krolik JH. 2015. Ap. J. 807:2131
    [Google Scholar]
  272. Shi JM, Krolik JH, Lubow SH, Hawley JF. 2012. Ap. J. 749:2118
    [Google Scholar]
  273. Shu FH, Lubow SH, Anderson L. 1979. Ap. J. 229:223–41
    [Google Scholar]
  274. Silsbee K, Rafikov RR. 2015. Ap. J. 808:58
    [Google Scholar]
  275. Silsbee K, Tremaine S. 2017. Ap. J. 836:39
    [Google Scholar]
  276. Sirko E, Goodman J. 2003. MNRAS 341:2501–8
    [Google Scholar]
  277. Siwek M, Weinberger R, Muñoz DJ, Hernquist L. 2022. MNRAS 518:45059–71
    [Google Scholar]
  278. Siwek MS, Kelley LZ, Hernquist L. 2020. MNRAS 498:537–47
    [Google Scholar]
  279. Smallwood JL, Franchini A, Chen C et al. 2020. MNRAS 494:487–99
    [Google Scholar]
  280. Socia QJ, Welsh WF, Orosz JA et al. 2020. Astron. J. 159:394
    [Google Scholar]
  281. Springel V. 2010. MNRAS 401:2791–851
    [Google Scholar]
  282. Stamatellos D, Whitworth AP. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 480:3879–87
    [Google Scholar]
  283. Stone NC, Metzger BD, Haiman Z. 2017. MNRAS 464:946–54
    [Google Scholar]
  284. Tagawa H, Haiman Z, Kocsis B. 2020. Ap. J. 898:25
    [Google Scholar]
  285. Takaishi D, Tsukamoto Y, Suto Y. 2020. MNRAS 492:45641–54
    [Google Scholar]
  286. Tang Y, Haiman Z, MacFadyen A. 2018. MNRAS 476:22249–57
    [Google Scholar]
  287. Tang Y, MacFadyen A, Haiman Z. 2017. MNRAS 469:44258–67
    [Google Scholar]
  288. Teyssandier J, Ogilvie GI. 2016. MNRAS 458:33221–47
    [Google Scholar]
  289. Thompson TA, Quataert E, Murray N. 2005. Ap. J. 630:167–85
    [Google Scholar]
  290. Thorne KS. 1987. Three Hundred Years of Gravitation SW Hawking, W Israel 330–458. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  291. Thun D, Kley W. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 616:A47
    [Google Scholar]
  292. Thun D, Kley W, Picogna G. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 604:A102
    [Google Scholar]
  293. Tiede C, Zrake J, MacFadyen A, Haiman Z. 2020. Ap. J. 900:43
    [Google Scholar]
  294. Tobin JJ, Kratter KM, Persson MV et al. 2016. Nature 538:7626483–86
    [Google Scholar]
  295. Tofflemire BM, Mathieu RD, Ardila DR et al. 2017a. Ap. J. 835:8
    [Google Scholar]
  296. Tofflemire BM, Mathieu RD, Herczeg GJ, Akeson RL, Ciardi DR. 2017b.. Ap. J. Lett. 842:2L12
    [Google Scholar]
  297. Tofflemire BM, Mathieu RD, Johns-Krull CM. 2019. Astron. J. 158:6245
    [Google Scholar]
  298. Tokovinin A, Moe M. 2020. MNRAS 491:45158–71
    [Google Scholar]
  299. Tokovinin AA. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 360:997–1002
    [Google Scholar]
  300. Tremaine S, Touma J, Namouni F. 2009. Astron. J. 137:33706–17
    [Google Scholar]
  301. Tsukamoto Y, Machida MN. 2013. MNRAS 428:21321–34
    [Google Scholar]
  302. Van Winckel H. 2018. arXiv:1809.00871
  303. Van Winckel H, Lloyd Evans T, Briquet M et al. 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 505:31221–32
    [Google Scholar]
  304. Vasiliev E, Antonini F, Merritt D. 2015. Ap. J. 810:49
    [Google Scholar]
  305. Volonteri M, Pfister H, Beckmann RS et al. 2020. MNRAS 498:22219–38
    [Google Scholar]
  306. Volonteri M, Pfister H, Beckmann R et al. 2022. MNRAS 514:640–56
    [Google Scholar]
  307. Wang H, Bai X, Lai D. 2022a.. Ap. J. 943:175
    [Google Scholar]
  308. Wang HY, Bai XN, Lai D, Lin DNC. 2022b.. arXiv:2212.07416
  309. Ward WR. 1997. Icarus 126:2261–81
    [Google Scholar]
  310. Welsh WF, Orosz JA. 2018. Handbook of Exoplanets HJ Deeg, JA Belmonte 34 Cham, Switz.: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  311. Whitworth AP, Stamatellos D. 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 458:3817–29
    [Google Scholar]
  312. Winn JN, Holman MJ, Johnson JA, Stanek KZ, Garnavich PM. 2004. Ap. J. Lett. 603:L45–48
    [Google Scholar]
  313. Witt CA, Charisi M, Taylor SR, Burke-Spolaor S. 2022. Ap. J. 936:89
    [Google Scholar]
  314. Xu W, Stone JM. 2019. MNRAS 488:45162–84
    [Google Scholar]
  315. Youdin AN, Kratter KM, Kenyon SJ. 2012. Ap. J. 755:17
    [Google Scholar]
  316. Yu Q, Tremaine S. 2002. MNRAS 335:4965–76
    [Google Scholar]
  317. Zanazzi JJ, Lai D. 2018b.. MNRAS 473:603–15
    [Google Scholar]
  318. Zanazzi JJ, Lai D. 2018a.. MNRAS 477:45207–19
    [Google Scholar]
  319. Zhao B, Li ZY. 2013. Ap. J. 763:7
    [Google Scholar]
  320. Zhu W, Bernhard K, Dai F et al. 2022. Ap. J. Lett. 933:L21
    [Google Scholar]
  321. Zhu Z, Ju W, Stone JM. 2016. Ap. J. 832:2193
    [Google Scholar]
  322. Zimmerman RL, Hellings RW. 1980. Ap. J. 241:475–85
    [Google Scholar]
  323. Zrake J, Tiede C, MacFadyen A, Haiman Z. 2021. Ap. J. Lett. 909:L13
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-022933
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-022933
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error