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Review Article
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Dissecting Flux Balances to Measure Energetic Costs in Cell Biology: Techniques and Challenges
- Easun Arunachalam1, William Ireland2, Xingbo Yang1, and Daniel Needleman1,2,3
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View Affiliations Hide AffiliationsAffiliations: 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; email: [email protected] 2School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 3Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Vol. 14:211-235 (Volume publication date March 2023) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-105251
- First published as a Review in Advance on November 22, 2022
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Copyright © 2023 by the author(s).This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information
Abstract
Life is a nonequilibrium phenomenon: Metabolism provides a continuous supply of energy that drives nearly all cellular processes. However, very little is known about how much energy different cellular processes use, i.e., their energetic costs. The most direct experimental measurements of these costs involve modulating the activity of cellular processes and determining the resulting changes in energetic fluxes. In this review, we present a flux balance framework to aid in the design and interpretation of such experiments and discuss the challenges associated with measuring the relevant metabolic fluxes. We then describe selected techniques that enable measurement of these fluxes. Finally, we review prior experimental and theoretical work that has employed techniques from biochemistry and nonequilibrium physics to determine the energetic costs of cellular processes.
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