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The Fracture of Highly Deformable Soft Materials: A Tale of Two Length Scales
- Rong Long1, Chung-Yuen Hui2,3, Jian Ping Gong3,4, and Eran Bouchbinder5
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View Affiliations Hide AffiliationsAffiliations: 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA 2Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Field of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA 3Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan 4Faculty of Advanced Life Science and Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan 5Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; email: [email protected]
- Vol. 12:71-94 (Volume publication date March 2021) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-042020-023937
- First published as a Review in Advance on November 06, 2020
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Copyright © 2021 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved
Abstract
The fracture of highly deformable soft materials is of great practical importance in a wide range of technological applications, emerging in fields such as soft robotics, stretchable electronics, and tissue engineering. From a basic physics perspective, the failure of these materials poses fundamental challenges due to the strongly nonlinear and dissipative deformation involved. In this review, we discuss the physics of cracks in soft materials and highlight two length scales that characterize the strongly nonlinear elastic and dissipation zones near crack tips in such materials. We discuss physical processes, theoretical concepts, and mathematical results that elucidate the nature of the two length scales and show that the two length scales can classify a wide range of materials. The emerging multiscale physical picture outlines the theoretical ingredients required for the development of predictive theories of the fracture of soft materials. We conclude by listing open challenges and directions for future investigations.
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