The Great Gatsby Curve

Literature Cited

1. Aaronson D, Mazumder B. 2008. Intergenerational economic mobility in the United States, 1940–2000. J. Hum. Resour. 43:139–72
   [Google Scholar]
2. Acciari P, Polo A, Violante G. 2020. “And yet, it moves”: intergenerational mobility in Italy NBER Work. Pap. 25732
3. Acemoglu D, Naidu S, Restrepo P, Robinson AJ. 2015. Democracy, redistribution, and inequality. Handbook of Income Distribution, Vol. 2 1885–1966 . ed. Atkinson AB, Bourguignon F1886–966 Amsterdam: Elsevier
   [Google Scholar]
4. Acemoglu D, Robinson AJ. 2008. Persistence of power, elites, and institutions. Am. Econ. Rev. 98:1267–93
   [Google Scholar]
5. Akee R, Jones M, Porter S. 2019. Race matters: income shares, income inequality, and income mobility for all U.S. races. Demography 56:999–1021
   [Google Scholar]
6. Akerlof G, Kranton R. 2000. Economics and identity. Q. J. Econ. 115:715–53
   [Google Scholar]
7. Akerlof G, Kranton R. 2002. Identity and schooling: some lessons for the economics of education. J. Econ. Lit. 40:1167–201
   [Google Scholar]
8. Alesina A, Angeletos G-M. 2005. Fairness and redistribution. Am. Econ. Rev. 95:960–80
   [Google Scholar]
9. Alesina A, Giuliano P 2010. Preferences for redistribution. Handbook of Social Economics, Vol. 1: AJ Benhabib, A Bisin, M Jackson 93–131 Amsterdam: North-Holland
   [Google Scholar]
10. Alesina A, Glaeser E, Sacerdote B. 2001. Why doesn't the United States have a European-style welfare state?. Brookings Pap. Econ. Act. 2:187–254
    [Google Scholar]
11. Alesina A, Rodrik D. 1994. Distributive politics and economic growth. Q. J. Econ. 109:465–90
    [Google Scholar]
12. Alesina A, Stantcheva S, Teso E. 2018. Intergenerational mobility and support for redistribution. Am. Econ. Rev. 108:521–54
    [Google Scholar]
13. Almlund M, Duckworth A, Heckman J, Kautz T 2011. Personality psychology and economics. Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 4: E Hanushek, S Machin, L Woessmann 1–181 Amsterdam: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
14. Amaral E, Yen S-K, Wang-Goodman S. 2019. A meta-analysis of the association between income inequality and intergenerational mobility. Socius 5:1–18
    [Google Scholar]
15. Andrews D, Leigh A. 2009. More inequality, less social mobility. Appl. Econ. Lett. 16:1489–92
    [Google Scholar]
16. Appadurai A 2004. The capacity to aspire: culture and the terms of recognition. Culture and Public Action M Walton, V Rao 59–84 Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
17. Aydemir A, Yazici H. 2014. Intergenerational education mobility and the level of development. Eur. Econ. Rev. 116:160–85
    [Google Scholar]
18. Bandura A. 1997. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control New York: Freeman
19. Bartels L. 2016. Unequal Democracy Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. , 2nd ed..
20. Becker G, Kominers S, Murphy K, Spenkuch J. 2018. A theory of intergenerational income mobility. J. Political Econ. 126:S7–25
    [Google Scholar]
21. Becker G, Tomes N. 1979. An equilibrium theory of the distribution of income and intergenerational mobility. J. Political Econ. 87:1153–89
    [Google Scholar]
22. Becker G, Tomes N. 1986. Human capital and the rise and fall of families. J. Labor Econ. 4:S1–39
    [Google Scholar]
23. Bénabou R. 1996. Heterogeneity, stratification and growth: macroeconomic implications of community structure and school finance. Am. Econ. Rev. 86:584–609
    [Google Scholar]
24. Bénabou R. 2000. Unequal societies: income distribution and the social contract. Am. Econ. Rev. 90:96–129
    [Google Scholar]
25. Bénabou R 2018. Comment on understanding the Great Gatsby Curve. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, Vol. 32: M Eichenbaum, J Parker 394–406 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
26. Bénabou R, Ok E 2001. Social mobility and the demand for redistribution: the Poum hypothesis. Q. J. Econ. 116:447–87
    [Google Scholar]
27. Bénabou R, Tirole J. 2006. Belief in a just world and redistributive politics. Q. J. Econ. 121:699–746
    [Google Scholar]
28. Berman Y. 2019. On the link between intergenerational mobility and inequality: Are they truly distinct? Unpublished manuscript, Paris School Econ. Paris:
    [Google Scholar]
29. Bernard A, Durlauf S. 1996. Interpreting tests of the convergence hypothesis. J. Econometrics 71:161–73
    [Google Scholar]
30. Bertrand M, Mullainathan S, Shafir E. 2006. Behavioral economics and marketing in aid of decision making among the poor. Am. Marketing Assoc. 25:8–23
    [Google Scholar]
31. Bhattacharya D, Mazumder B. 2011. A nonparametric analysis of black–white differences in intergenerational income mobility in the United States. . Quant. Econ. 2:335–79
    [Google Scholar]
32. Björklund A, Jäntti M 2009. Intergenerational income mobility and the role of family background. Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality W Salverda, B Nolan, T Smeeding 491–521 New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
33. Blanden J. 2013. Cross-country rankings in intergenerational mobility: a comparison of approaches from economics and sociology. J. Econ. Surveys 27:38–73
    [Google Scholar]
34. Bloome D. 2015. Income inequality and intergenerational income mobility in the United States. Soc. Forces 93:1047–80
    [Google Scholar]
35. Bloome D, Dyer S, Zhou X. 2018. Educational inequality, educational expansion, and intergenerational income persistence in the United States. Am. Sociol. Rev. 83:61215–53
    [Google Scholar]
36. Blume L, Brock W, Durlauf S, Jayaraman R. 2015. Linear social interactions models. J. Political Econ. 123:444–96
    [Google Scholar]
37. Blume L, Durlauf S, Lukina A. 2022. Stochastic poverty traps Work. Pap. Univ. Chicago Chicago:
38. Bowles S, Gintis H. 2002. The inheritance of inequality. J. Econ. Perspect. 16:33–30
    [Google Scholar]
39. Brandén G. 2019. Does inequality reduce mobility? The Great Gatsby Curve and its mechanisms Work. Pap. 2019:20 Inst. Eval. Labour Mark. Educ. Policy Uppsala, Swed:.
40. Brandstätter V, Bernecker K. 2022. Persistence and disengagement in personal goal pursuit. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 73:271–99
    [Google Scholar]
41. Breen R, Mood C, Jonsson J. 2015. How much scope for a mobility paradox? The relationship between social and income mobility in Sweden. Sociol. Sci. 3:39–60
    [Google Scholar]
42. Brighouse H, Swift A. 2006. Parents’ rights and the value of the family. Ethics 117:80–108
    [Google Scholar]
43. Brighouse H, Swift A. 2014. Family Values: The Ethics of Parent-Child Relationships Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
44. Brock W, Durlauf S. 2001. Growth empirics and reality. World Bank Econ. Rev. 15:229–72
    [Google Scholar]
45. Browman A, Destin M, Kearney M, Levine P. 2019. How inequality shapes mobility expectations and behavior in disadvantaged youth. Nat. Hum. Behav. 3:214–20
    [Google Scholar]
46. Bukodi E, Goldthorpe J. 2018. Social inequality and social mobility: Is there an inverse relation? Work. Pap., Univ. Oxford Oxford, UK:
47. Campante F. 2011. Redistribution in a model of voting and campaign contributions. J. Public Econ. 95:646–56
    [Google Scholar]
48. Campomanes I. 2022. Inequality and growth: how social mobility reshapes the main theoretical channels. ECINEQ Work. Pap. 2022 599 Soc. Study Econ. Inequal. Rome:
49. Carneiro P, Garcia I, Salvanes K, Tominey E. 2021. Intergenerational mobility and the timing of parental income. J. Political Econ. 129:757–88
    [Google Scholar]
50. Caucutt E, Lochner L. 2020. Early and late human capital investments, borrowing constraints, and the family. J. Political Econ. 128:1065–147
    [Google Scholar]
51. Cherlin A. 2014. Labor's Lost Love: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America New York: Russell Sage:
52. Cherlin A, Ribar D, Yasutake S. 2016. Nonmarital first births, marriage, and income inequality. Am. Sociol. Rev. 81:749–70
    [Google Scholar]
53. Chetty R, Friedman J, Hendren N, Jones M, Porter S. 2018. The opportunity atlas: mapping the childhood roots of social mobility NBER Work. Pap. 25147
54. Chetty R, Grusky D, Hell M, Hendren N, Manduca R, Narang J. 2017. The fading American Dream: trends in absolute mobility since 1940. Science 356:398–406
    [Google Scholar]
55. Chetty R, Hendren N. 2018a. The impacts of neighborhoods on intergenerational mobility I: childhood exposure effects. Q. J. Econ. 133:1107–62
    [Google Scholar]
56. Chetty R, Hendren N 2018b. The impacts of neighborhoods on intergenerational mobility II: county-level estimates. Q. J. Econ. 133:1163–228
    [Google Scholar]
57. Chetty R, Hendren N, Katz L. 2016. The effects of exposure to better neighborhoods on children: new evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment. Am. Econ. Rev. 106:855–902
    [Google Scholar]
58. Chetty R, Hendren N, Kline P, Saez E. 2014a. Is the United States still a land of opportunity: recent trends in intergenerational mobility. Am. Econ. Rev. Papers Proc. 104:141–47
    [Google Scholar]
59. Chetty R, Hendren N, Kline P, Saez E. 2014b. Where is the land of opportunity? The geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States. Q. J. Econ. 129:1553–623
    [Google Scholar]
60. Cholli N, Durlauf S, Landersø R, Navarro S. 2021. Understanding the heterogeneity of intergenerational mobility across neighborhoods Work. Pap. Univ. Chicago Chicago:
61. Cohen G. 1989. On the currency of egalitarian justice. Ethics 99:906–44
    [Google Scholar]
62. Cohen G. 2009. Why Not Socialism? Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
63. Collins W, Wannamaker M. 2021. African American intergenerational economic mobility since 1880. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. In press
    [Google Scholar]
64. Comerford D, Rodríguez Mora J, Watts M 2022. Meritocracy and the inheritance of advantage. J. Econ. Growth 27:235–72
    [Google Scholar]
65. Conlisk J. 1976. Interactive Markov chains. J. Math. Sociol. 4:157–85
    [Google Scholar]
66. Connolly M, Corak M, Haeck C 2019. Intergenerational mobility between and within Canada and the United States. J. Labor Econ. 37:S595–641
    [Google Scholar]
67. Corak M 2006. Do poor children become poor adults? Lessons for public policy from a cross country comparison of generational earnings mobility. Research on Economic Inequality, Vol. 13: Dynamics of Inequality and Poverty J Creedy, G Kalb 143–88 Amsterdam: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
68. Corak M. 2013a. Income inequality, equality of opportunity, and intergenerational mobility. J. Econ. Perspect. 27:379–102
    [Google Scholar]
69. Corak M 2013b. Inequality from generation to generation: the United States in comparison. The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century R Rycroft 107–26 Amsterdam: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
70. Crowder K, South S. 2011. Spatial and temporal dimensions of neighborhood effects on high school graduation. Soc. Sci. Res. 40:87–106
    [Google Scholar]
71. Currarini S, Jackson M, Pin P 2009. An economic model of friendship: homophily, minorities, and segregation. Econometrica 77:1003–45
    [Google Scholar]
72. Cunha F, Heckman J. 2007. The technology of skill formation. Am. Econ. Rev. 97:31–47
    [Google Scholar]
73. Dalton P, Ghosal S, Mani A. 2016. Poverty and aspirations failure. Econ. J. 126:165–88
    [Google Scholar]
74. Davis J, Mazumder B. 2022. The decline in intergenerational mobility after 1980 Work. Pap. 2017-05 Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago:
75. de la Croix D, Doepke M. 2003. Inequality and growth: why differential fertility matters. Am. Econ. Rev. 93:1091–113
    [Google Scholar]
76. DiPrete T. 2020. The impact of inequality on social mobility. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 46:379–98
    [Google Scholar]
77. Duncan OD. 1968. Patterns of occupational mobility among negro men. Demography 5:11–22
    [Google Scholar]
78. Dunn C. 2007. The intergenerational transmission of lifetime earnings: evidence from Brazil. B.E. J. Econ. Anal. Policy 7:1–42
    [Google Scholar]
79. Durlauf S. 1996a. A theory of persistent income inequality. J. Econ. Growth 1:75–93
    [Google Scholar]
80. Durlauf S 1996b. Neighborhood feedbacks, endogenous stratification, and income inequality. Dynamic Disequilibrium Modelling W Barnett, G Gandolfo, C Hillinger 505–34 New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
81. Durlauf S, Ioannides Y. 2010. Social interactions. Annu. Rev. Econ. 2:451–78
    [Google Scholar]
82. Durlauf S, Kourtellos A, Tan CM. 2017. Status traps. J. Bus. Econ. Statist. 35:265–87
    [Google Scholar]
83. Durlauf S, Seshadri A. 2018. Understanding the Great Gatsby Curve. NBER Macroecon. Annu. 32:333–93
    [Google Scholar]
84. Eccles J 1983. Expectancies, values, and academic behaviors. Achievement and Achievement Motives: Psychological and Sociological Approaches JT Spence 75–146 San Francisco: W. H. Freeman
    [Google Scholar]
85. Eccles J, Wigfield A. 2002. Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53:109–32
    [Google Scholar]
86. Edin K, Kefalas M 2005. Promises I Can Keep Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
87. Eguia J, Xefteris D. 2021. Implementation by vote-buying mechanisms. Am. Econ. Rev. 111:2811–28
    [Google Scholar]
88. Epple D, Romano R. 1998. Competition between private and public schools, vouchers and peer-group effects. Am. Econ. Rev. 88:33–62
    [Google Scholar]
89. Erikson R, Goldthorpe J. 2010. Has social mobility in Britain decreased? Reconciling divergent findings on income and class mobility. Br. J. Sociol. 61:211–30
    [Google Scholar]
90. Erikson R, Goldthorpe J, Portocarero L. 1979. Intergenerational class mobility in three Western European societies: England, France and Sweden. Br. J. Sociol. 30:415–41
    [Google Scholar]
91. Fan Y, Yi J, Zhang J 2021. Rising intergenerational income persistence in China. Am. Econ. J. Policy 13:202–30
    [Google Scholar]
92. Fernandez R, Rogerson R. 1996. Income distribution, communities, and the quality of public education. Q. J. Econ. 111:135–64
    [Google Scholar]
93. Fernandez R, Rogerson R. 1997. Keeping people out: income distribution, zoning, and the quality of public education. Int. Econ. Rev. 38:23–42
    [Google Scholar]
94. Ferreira FHG, Peragine V 2016. Individual responsibility and equality of opportunity. Oxford Handbook of Well-Being and Public Policy M Adler, M Fleurbaey 746–84 New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
95. Ferreira S, Veloso F. 2006. Intergenerational mobility of wages in Brazil. Braz. Rev. Econ. 26:181–211
    [Google Scholar]
96. Fischer C. 2010. Made in America: A Social History of American Culture and Character Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
97. Fogli A, Guerrieri V. 2019. The end of the American Dream? Inequality and segregation in US cities NBER Work. Pap. 26143
98. Fowler A, Garro H, Spenkuch J. 2020. Quid pro quo? Corporate returns to campaign contributions. J. Politics 82:844–58
    [Google Scholar]
99. Galor O, Tsiddon D. 1997. Technological progress, mobility, and economic growth. Am. Econ. Rev. 87:363–82
    [Google Scholar]
100. Galor O, Zeira J. 1993. Income distribution and macroeconomics. Rev. Econ. Stud. 60:35–52
     [Google Scholar]
101. Genicot G, Ray D 2017. Aspirations and inequality. Econometrica 85:489–519
     [Google Scholar]
102. Grusky D, Mitnink P. 2020. The intergenerational elasticity of what? The case for redefining the workhorse measure of economic mobility. Sociol. Methodol. 50:47–95
     [Google Scholar]
103. Güell M, Pellizzari M, Pica G, Rodríguez Mora J 2018. Correlating social mobility and economic outcomes. Econ. J. 128:F353–405
     [Google Scholar]
104. Halter H. 2015. Accounting for cross-country differences in intergenerational earnings persistence: the impact of taxation and public education expenditure. Quant. Econ. 6:385–428
     [Google Scholar]
105. Han S, Mulligan C. 2001. Human capital, heterogeneity and estimated degrees of intergenerational mobility. Econ. J. 111:207–43
     [Google Scholar]
106. Hanushek E. 2003. The failure of input based schooling policies. Econ. J. 113:65–98
     [Google Scholar]
107. Hassler J, Rodriguez Mora JV, Zeira J 2007. Inequality and mobility. J. Econ. Growth 12:235–59
     [Google Scholar]
108. Hassler J, Rodriguez Mora JV 2000. Intelligence, social mobility, and growth. Am. Econ. Rev. 90:888–908
     [Google Scholar]
109. Heckman J, Mosso S. 2014. The economics of human development and social mobility. Annu. Rev. Econ. 6:689–733
     [Google Scholar]
110. Hertel F, Groh-Samberg O. 2019. The relation between inequality and intergenerational class mobility in 39 countries. Am. Sociol. Rev. 84:1099–133
     [Google Scholar]
111. Hirschman A, Rothschild M. 1973. The changing tolerance for income inequality in the course of economic development. Q. J. Econ. 87:544–66
     [Google Scholar]
112. Hout M. 1988. More universalism, less structural mobility: the American occupational structure in the 1980s. Am. Sociol. Rev. 93:1358–400
     [Google Scholar]
113. Ichino A, Karabarbounis L, Moretti E. 2011. The political economy of intergenerational income mobility. Econ. Inq. 49:47–69
     [Google Scholar]
114. Jackson CK, Johnson R, Persico C 2016. The effects of school spending on educational and economic outcomes: evidence from school finance reforms. Q. J. Econ. 131:157–218
     [Google Scholar]
115. Jackson CK, Mackevicius C. 2021. The distribution of school spending impacts NBER Work. Pap. 28517
116. Jäntti M, Jenkins SP. 2015. Income mobility. Handbook of Income Distribution, Vol. 2 A Atkinson, F Bourgignon 807–935 Amsterdam: Elsevier.
     [Google Scholar]
117. Jenkins S. 2022. Getting the measure of inequality IZA Discuss. Pap. 14996, Inst. Labor Econ. Bonn, Ger:.
118. Jerrim J, Macmillan L. 2015. Income inequality, intergenerational mobility, and the Great Gatsby Curve: Is education the key?. Soc. Forces 94:505–33
     [Google Scholar]
119. Johnson R, Jackson KC. 2019. Reducing inequality through dynamic complementarity: evidence from Head Start and public school spending. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 11:4310–49
     [Google Scholar]
120. Kalla J, Broockman D. 2016. Campaign contributions facilitate access to congressional officials: a randomized field experiment. Am. J. Political Sci. 60:545–58
     [Google Scholar]
121. Karabarbounis L. 2011. One dollar, one vote. Econ. J. 121:621–51
     [Google Scholar]
122. Karlson K, Landersø R. 2021. The making and unmaking of opportunity: educational mobility in 20th century–Denmark IZA Discuss. Pap. 14135 Inst. Labor Econ. Bonn, Ger:.
123. Kearney M, Levine P. 2014. Income inequality and early nonmarital childbearing. J. Hum. Resour. 49:1–31
     [Google Scholar]
124. Kearney M, Levine P. 2016. Income inequality, social mobility, and the decision to drop out of high school. Brookings Pap. Econ. Act. 1:333–96
     [Google Scholar]
125. Khan S. 2011.. Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
126. Kourtellos A. 2021. The Great Gatsby Curve in education with a kink. Econ. Lett. 208:110054
     [Google Scholar]
127. Kraus M, Piff P, Mendoza-Denton R, Rheinschmidt M, Keltner D. 2012. Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: how the rich are different from the poor. Psychol. Rev. 119:546–72
     [Google Scholar]
128. Krueger A. 2012. The rise and consequences of inequality in the United States Speech, Cent. Am. Prog. Washington, DC: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/krueger_cap_speech_final_remarks.pdf
129. Kwon B, Jeon G. 2020. Does the Great Gatsby Curve exist in South Korea? Work. Pap., Hannam Univ. Daejeon, South Korea:
130. La Ferrara E 2019. Aspirations, social norms and development. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 17:1687–722
     [Google Scholar]
131. Lareau A. 1989. Home Advantage: Social Class and Parental Intervention in Elementary Education Philadelphia: Falmer Press
132. Lareau A. 2003. Unequal Childhoods Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
133. Lareau A, Weininger E. 2008. Class and transition to adulthood. Social Class A Lareau, D Conley 118–51 New York: Russell Sage
     [Google Scholar]
134. Lazenby H. 2010. One kiss too many? Giving, luck egalitarianism and other-affecting choice. J. Political Philos. 18:271–86
     [Google Scholar]
135. Lee S, Seshadri A. 2019. On the intergenerational transmission of economic status. J. Political Econ. 127:855–921
     [Google Scholar]
136. Lekfuangfu W, Odermatt R. 2020. All I have to do is dream? The role of aspirations in intergenerational mobility and well-being PIER Discuss. Pap. 142, Ungphakorn Inst. Econ. Res .
137. Lerner M. 1980. The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion New York: Springer
138. Lipset SM. 1996. American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword New York: W.W. Norton
139. Lochner L, Monge-Naranjo A. 2011. The nature of credit constraints and human capital. Am. Econ. Rev. 101:2487–529
     [Google Scholar]
140. López-Calva LF, Lustig N 2010. Declining Inequality in Latin America: A Decade of Progress? Washington, DC: Brookings Inst. Press
141. Loury G 1977. A dynamic theory of racial income differences. Women, Minorities, and Employment Discrimination P Wallace, A Lamond 153–88 Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
     [Google Scholar]
142. Loury G. 1981. Intergenerational transfers and the distribution of earnings. Econometrica 49:843–67
     [Google Scholar]
143. Manduca R, Sampson R. 2019. Punishing and toxic neighborhood environments independently predict the intergenerational social mobility of black and white children. PNAS 116:7772–77
     [Google Scholar]
144. Manstead A. 2018. The psychology of social class: how socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 57:267–91
     [Google Scholar]
145. Maoz Y, Moav O. 1999. Intergenerational mobility and the process of development. Econ. J. 109:677–97
     [Google Scholar]
146. Mayer S. 2001. How the growth in income inequality increased economic segregation Work. Pap. Russell Sage Found. New York:
147. Mazumder B. 2015. Inequality in skills and the Great Gatsby Curve. Chicago Fed. Letter 2015:330
     [Google Scholar]
148. Meltzer A, Richard S 1981. A rational theory of the size of government. J. Political Econ. 89:914–27
     [Google Scholar]
149. Mogila Z, Melo P, Gaspar J 2020. Exploring the relation between income mobility and inequality at the regional level using EU-SILC microdata REM Work. Pap. 2020/0134 Lisbon School Econ. Manag. Lisbon, Port:.
150. Mogstad M, Romano J, Shaikh A, Wilhelm D 2020. Inference for ranks with applications to mobility across neighborhoods and academic achievement across countries NBER Work. Pap. 26883, revised
151. Mood C. 2017. More than money: social class, income, and the intergenerational persistence of advantage. Sociol. Sci. 4:263–87
     [Google Scholar]
152. Moody J. 2001. Race, school integration, and friendship segregation in America. Am. J. Sociol. 107:679–716
     [Google Scholar]
153. Morgan S. 2002. Modeling preparatory commitment and non-repeatable decisions: information-processing, preference formation and educational attainment. Ration. Soc. 14:387–429
     [Google Scholar]
154. Morgan S 2007. Expectations and aspirations. Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology M Ritzer 1528–31 New York: John Wiley
     [Google Scholar]
155. Morgan S, Leenman T, Todd J, Weeden K 2013. Occupational plans, beliefs about educational requirements, and patterns of college entry. Sociol. Educ. 86:197–217
     [Google Scholar]
156. Mulligan C. 1999. Galton versus the human capital approach to inheritance. J. Political Econ. 107:S184–224
     [Google Scholar]
157. Neidhöfer G. 2019. Intergenerational mobility and the rise and fall of inequality: lessons from Latin America. J. Econ. Inequal. 17:499–520
     [Google Scholar]
158. Neidhöfer G, Serrano J, Gasparini L. 2018. Educational inequality and intergenerational mobility in Latin America: a new database. J. Dev. Econ. 134:329–49
     [Google Scholar]
159. Núñez J, Miranda L 2010. Intergenerational income mobility in a less-developed, high-inequality context: the case of Chile. B.E. J. Econ. Anal. Policy 10:1–17
     [Google Scholar]
160. Owen A, Weil D. 1998. Intergenerational earnings mobility, inequality, and growth. J. Monetary Econ. 41:71–104
     [Google Scholar]
161. Oyserman D. 2013. Not just any path: implications of identity-based motivation for disparities in school outcomes. Econ. Educ. Rev. 33:179–90
     [Google Scholar]
162. Peng B. 2021. Positional competition: a theory of Great Gatsby Curve and the Easterlin paradox. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 186:562–75
     [Google Scholar]
163. Perotti R. 1993. Political equilibrium, income distribution and growth. Rev. Econ. Stud. 60:755–76
     [Google Scholar]
164. Persson T, Tabellini G. 1994. Is inequality harmful for growth?. Am. Econ. Rev. 84:600–21
     [Google Scholar]
165. Phillips P, Sul D. 2007. Transition modeling and econometric convergence tests. Econometrica 75:1771–855
     [Google Scholar]
166. Phillips P, Sul D. 2009. Economic transition and growth. J. Appl. Econ. 24:71153–85
     [Google Scholar]
167. Piketty T. 1995. Social mobility and redistributive politics. Q. J. Econ. 110:551–84
     [Google Scholar]
168. Potter D. 1954. People of Plenty Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
169. Ray D. 2002. Notes on aspirations and the poor Work. Pap. New York Univ:.
170. Ray D 2006. Aspirations, poverty and economic change. Understanding Poverty A Banerjee, R Bénabou, D Mookherjee 409–22 New York: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
171. Ray D. 2010. Uneven growth: a framework for research in development economics. J. Econ. Perspect. 24:345–60
     [Google Scholar]
172. Rauh C. 2017. Voting, education, and the Great Gatsby Curve. J. Public Econ. 146:1–14
     [Google Scholar]
173. Reardon S, Bischoff K. 2011. Income inequality and income segregation. Am. J. Sociol. 116:1092–153
     [Google Scholar]
174. Reardon S, Townsend J, Fox L 2015. Characteristics of the joint distribution of race and income among neighborhoods, 1990–2009. Soc. Forces 660:78–97
     [Google Scholar]
175. Roemer J. 1993. A pragmatic theory of responsibility for the egalitarian planner. Philos. Public Aff. 10:146–66
     [Google Scholar]
176. Roemer J. 1998. Equality of Opportunity Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
177. Roemer J. 2007. Party competition under private and public financing: a comparison of institutions. B.E. J. Theor. Econ. 6:1 https://doi.org/10.2202/1534-5963.1229
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
178. Roemer J. 2010. Jerry Cohen's “Why Not Socialism?” Some thoughts. J. Ethics 14:255–62
     [Google Scholar]
179. Sakamoto A, Rarick J, Woo H, Wang S 2014. What underlies the Great Gatsby Curve? Psychological microfoundations of the “vicious circle” of poverty. Mind Soc. 13:195–211
     [Google Scholar]
180. Sewell W, Haller A, Ohlendorf G. 1970. The educational and early occupational status attainment process: replication and revision. Am. Sociol. Rev. 35:1014–24
     [Google Scholar]
181. Sewell W, Haller A, Portes A. 1969. The educational and early occupational attainment process. Am. Sociol. Rev. 34:82–92
     [Google Scholar]
182. Sewell W, Hauser R. 1975. Occupation and Earnings: Achievement in the Early Career New York: Academic
183. Sharkey P, Faber J. 2014. Where, when, why, and for whom do residential contexts matter? Moving away from the dichotomous understanding of neighborhood effects. . Annu. Rev. Sociol. 40:559–79
     [Google Scholar]
184. Small M, Harding D, Lamont M 2010. Reconsidering culture and poverty. Ann. Am. Acad. Pol. Soc. Sci. 629:6–27
     [Google Scholar]
185. Solon G 2004. A model of intergenerational mobility variation over time and place. Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe M Corak 38–47 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
186. Sommers P, Conlisk J. 1979. Eigenvalue immobility measures for Markov chains. J. Math. Sociol. 6:253–76
     [Google Scholar]
187. Song X, Massey CG, Rolf KA, Ferrie JP, Rothbaum JL, Xie Y. 2020. Long-term decline in intergenerational mobility in the United States since the 1850s. PNAS 117:251–58
     [Google Scholar]
188. Torche F 2010. Cambio y persistencia de la movilidad intergeneracional en Mexico. Movilidad Social en Mexico: Poblacion, Desarrollo y Crecimiento J Serrano Espinosa, F Torche 71–134 Mexico, D.F.: CEEY
     [Google Scholar]
189. Torche F. 2011. Is a college degree still the great equalizer? Intergenerational mobility across levels of schooling in the United States. Sociol. Educ. 117:763–807
     [Google Scholar]
190. Torche F. 2014. Intergenerational mobility and inequality: the Latin American case. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 40:619–42
     [Google Scholar]
191. Torche F. 2018. Intergenerational mobility at the top of the educational distribution. Sociol. Educ. 91:266–89
     [Google Scholar]
192. Watson T. 2009. Inequality and the measurement of residential segregation by income in American neighborhoods. Rev. Income Wealth 55:820–44
     [Google Scholar]
193. White H. 1980. Using least squares to approximate unknown regression functions. Int. Econ. Rev. 21:149–70
     [Google Scholar]
194. Wodtke G, Elwert F, Harding D. 2016. Neighborhood effect heterogeneity by family income and developmental period. Am. J. Sociol. 121:1168–222
     [Google Scholar]
195. Wodtke G, Harding D, Elwert F. 2011. Neighborhood effects in temporal perspective: the impact of long-term exposure to concentrated disadvantage on high school graduation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 76:713–36
     [Google Scholar]
196. Wodtke G, Yildirim U, Harding D, Elwert F. 2020. Are neighborhood effects explained by differences in school quality? IRLE Work. Pap. 102-20 Inst. Res. Labor. Employ. Berkeley, CA:
197. Yamaguchi K. 2009. Black-white differences in social mobility in the past 30 years: a latent-class regression analysis. Res. Soc. Stratif. Mobil. 27:65–78
     [Google Scholar]
198. Zhou X. 2019. Equalization or selection? reassessing the “meritocratic power” of a college degree in intergenerational mobility. Am. Sociol. Rev. 84:459–85
     [Google Scholar]
199. Zhou X, Xie Y. 2019. Market transition, industrialization, and social mobility trends in postrevolution China. Am. J. Sociol. 124:1810–47
     [Google Scholar]