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Annual Review of Entomology

Volume 60, 2015

Whitefly Parasitoids: Distribution, Life History, Bionomics, and Utilization

Abstract

Whiteflies are small hemipterans numbering more than 1,550 described species, of which about 50 are agricultural pests. Adults are free-living, whereas late first to fourth instars are sessile on the plant. All known species of whitefly parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera; two genera, and , occur worldwide, and others are mostly specific to different continents. All parasitoid eggs are laid in—or in , under—the host. They develop within whitefly nymphs and emerge from the fourth instar, and in , from either the third or fourth instar. Parasitized hosts are recognized by conspecifics, but super- and hyperparasitism occur. Dispersal flights are influenced by gender and mating status, but no long-range attraction to whitefly presence on leaves is known. Studies on have laid the foundation for behavioral studies and biological control in general. We review past and ongoing studies of whitefly parasitoids worldwide, updating available information on species diversity, biology, behavior, tritrophic interactions, and utilization in pest management.

Keyword(s): biological control, conservation biological control, natural enemies, pest management
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2015-01-07
2024-05-03
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Whitefly Parasitoids: Distribution, Life History, Bionomics, and Utilization
Annual Review of Entomology 60, 273 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021101
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