Delivery of Lipophilic Bioactives: Assembly, Disassembly, and Reassembly of Lipid Nanoparticles

Literature Cited

1. Abumrad NA, Davidson NO. 2012. Role of the gut in lipid homeostasis. Physiol. Rev. 92:1061–85 [Google Scholar]
2. Acosta E. 2009. Bioavailability of nanoparticles in nutrient and nutraceutical delivery. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 14:3–15 [Google Scholar]
3. Ahmed K, Li Y, McClements DJ, Xiao H. 2012. Nanoemulsion- and emulsion-based delivery systems for curcumin: encapsulation and release properties. Food Chem. 132:799–807 [Google Scholar]
4. Augustin MA, Patten G, De Luca A, Abeywardena M, Lockett T. et al. 2011. Intestinal passage of microencapsulated fish oil in rats following oral administration. Food Funct. 2:684–96 [Google Scholar]
5. Barrett KE. 2006. Gastrointestinal Physiology New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
6. Basit AW. 2005. Advances in colonic drug delivery. Drugs 65:1991–2007 [Google Scholar]
7. Bateman PA, Jackson KG, Maitin V, Yaqoob P, Williams CM. 2007. Differences in cell morphology, lipid and apo B secretory capacity in Caco-2 cells following long term treatment with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1771:475–85 [Google Scholar]
8. Bauer E, Jakob S, Mosenthin R. 2005. Principles of physiology of lipid digestion. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 18:282–95 [Google Scholar]
9. Bendsen NT, Hother AL, Jensen SK, Lorenzen JK, Astrup A. 2008. Effect of dairy calcium on fecal fat excretion: a randomized crossover trial. Int. J. Obes. 32:1816–24 [Google Scholar]
10. Bermudez B, Pacheco YM, Lopez S, Abia R, Muriana FJG. 2004. Digestion and absorption of olive oil. Grasas Y Aceites 55:1–10 [Google Scholar]
11. Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Scow RO. 1971. Sites of lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue perfused with chylomicrons. Electron microscope cytochemical study. J. Cell Biol. 51:1–25 [Google Scholar]
12. Bonnaire L, Sandra S, Helgason T, Decker EA, Weiss J, McClements DJ. 2008. Influence of lipid physical state on the in vitro digestibility of emulsified lipids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:3791–97 [Google Scholar]
13. Brodskaya EN. 2012. Computer simulations of micellar systems. Colloid J. 74:154–71 [Google Scholar]
14. Bunjes H. 2011. Structural properties of solid lipid based colloidal drug delivery systems. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 16:405–11 [Google Scholar]
15. Caliph SM, Charman WN, Porter CJ. 2000. Effect of short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acid-based vehicles on the absolute oral bioavailability and intestinal lymphatic transport of halofantrine and assessment of mass balance in lymph-cannulated and non-cannulated rats. J. Pharm. Sci. 89:1073–84 [Google Scholar]
16. Chakraborty S, Shukla D, Mishra B, Singh S. 2009. Lipid—an emerging platform for oral delivery of drugs with poor bioavailability. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 73:1–15 [Google Scholar]
17. Charman WN, Porter CJH, Mithani S, Dressman JB. 1997. Physicochemical and physiological mechanisms for the effects of food on drug absorption: the role of lipids and pH. J. Pharm. Sci. 86:269–82 [Google Scholar]
18. Chitchumroonchokchai C, Schwartz SJ, Failla ML. 2004. Assessment of lutein bioavailability from meals and a supplement using simulated digestion and Caco-2 human intestinal cells. J. Nutr. 134:2280–86 [Google Scholar]
19. Cone RA. 2009. Barrier properties of mucus. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61:75–85 [Google Scholar]
20. Cooper AD. 1997. Hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants. J. Lipid Res. 38:2173–92 [Google Scholar]
21. Darwich AS, Neuhoff S, Jamei M, Rostami-Hodjegan A. 2010. Interplay of metabolism and transport in determining oral drug absorption and gut wall metabolism: a simulation assessment using the “advanced dissolution, absorption, metabolism (ADAM)” model. Curr. Drug Metab. 11:716–29 [Google Scholar]
22. Delorme V, Dhouib R, Canaan S, Fotiadu F, Carrière F, Cavalier JF. 2011. Effects of surfactants on lipase structure, activity, and inhibition. Pharm. Res. 28:1831–42 [Google Scholar]
23. Devraj R, Williams HD, Warren DB, Mullertz A, Porter CJH, Pouton CW. 2013. In vitro digestion testing of lipid-based delivery systems: calcium ions combine with fatty acids liberated from triglyceride rich lipid solutions to form soaps and reduce the solubilization capacity of colloidal digestion products. Int. J. Pharm. 441:323–33 [Google Scholar]
24. Di Maio S, Carrier RL. 2011. Gastrointestinal contents in fasted state and post-lipid ingestion: in vivo measurements and in vitro models for studying oral drug delivery. J. Control. Release 151:110–22 [Google Scholar]
25. Duraisamy Y, Lambert D, O'Neill CA, Padfield PJ. 2007. Differential incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid into distinct cholesterol-rich membrane raft domains. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 360:885–90 [Google Scholar]
26. During A, Hussain MM, Morel DW, Harrison EH. 2002. Carotenoid uptake and secretion by CaCo-2 cells: beta-carotene isomer selectivity and carotenoid interactions. J. Lipid Res. 43:1086–95 [Google Scholar]
27. Ensign LM, Cone R, Hanes J. 2012. Oral drug delivery with polymeric nanoparticles: the gastrointestinal mucus barriers. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64:557–70 [Google Scholar]
28. Fathi M, Mozafari MR, Mohebbi M. 2012. Nanoencapsulation of food ingredients using lipid based delivery systems. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 23:13–27 [Google Scholar]
29. Fave G, Coste TC, Armand M. 2004. Physicochemical properties of lipids: new strategies to manage fatty acid bioavailability. Cell. Mol. Biol. 50:815–31 [Google Scholar]
30. Fernandez-Garcia E, Carvajal-Lerida I, Jaren-Galan M, Garrido-Fernandez J, Perez-Galvez A, Hornero-Mendez D. 2012. Carotenoids bioavailability from foods: from plant pigments to efficient biological activities. Food Res. Int. 46:438–50 [Google Scholar]
31. Field FJ, Albright E, Mathur SN. 1988. Regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein secretion by fatty acids in CaCo-2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 29:1427–37 [Google Scholar]
32. Flanagan J, Singh H. 2006. Microemulsions: a potential delivery system for bioactives in food. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 46:221–37 [Google Scholar]
33. Fraser R, Cliff WJ, Courtice FC. 1968. The effect of dietary fat load on the size and composition of chylomicrons in thoracic duct lymph. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. Cogn. Med. Sci. 53:390–98 [Google Scholar]
34. Gallier S, Ye A, Singh H. 2012. Structural changes of bovine milk fat globules during in vitro digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 95:3579–92 [Google Scholar]
35. Garti N, Spernath A, Aserin A, Lutz R. 2005. Nano-sized self-assemblies of nonionic surfactants as solubilization reservoirs and microreactors for food systems. Soft Matter 1:206–18 [Google Scholar]
36. Golding M, Wooster TJ, Day L, Xu M, Lundin L. et al. 2011. Impact of gastric structuring on the lipolysis of emulsified lipids. Soft Matter 7:3513–23 [Google Scholar]
37. Gonnet M, Lethuaut L, Boury F. 2010. New trends in encapsulation of liposoluble vitamins. J. Control. Release 146:276–90 [Google Scholar]
38. Hamidi M, Foroozesh M, Zarrin A. 2006. Lipoproteins: From physiological roles to drug delivery potentials. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 23:497–523 [Google Scholar]
39. Hayashi H, Fujimoto K, Cardelli JA, Nutting DF, Bergstedt S, Tso P. 1990. Fat feeding increases size, but not number, of chylomicrons produced by small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 259:G709–19 [Google Scholar]
40. Helgason T, Weiss J, McClements DJ, Gislason J, Einarsson JM. et al. 2008. Examination of the interaction of chitosan and oil-in-water emulsions under conditions simulating the digestive system using confocal microscopy. J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. 17:216–33 [Google Scholar]
41. Holm R, Mullertz A, Christensen E, Hoy CE, Kristensen HG. 2001. Comparison of total oral bioavailability and the lymphatic transport of halofantrine from three different unsaturated triglycerides in lymph-cannulated conscious rats. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 14:331–37 [Google Scholar]
42. Hu M, Li Y, Decker EA, McClements DJ. 2010. Role of calcium and calcium-binding agents on the lipase digestibility of emulsified lipids using an in vitro digestion model. Food Hydrocoll. 24:719–25 [Google Scholar]
43. Hu SW, Niu MM, Hu FQ, Lu Y, Qi JP. et al. 2013. Integrity and stability of oral liposomes containing bile salts studied in simulated and ex vivo gastrointestinal media. Int. J. Pharm. 441:693–700 [Google Scholar]
44. Huang QR, Yu HL, Ru QM. 2010. Bioavailability and delivery of nutraceuticals using nanotechnology. J. Food Sci. 75:R50–57 [Google Scholar]
45. Humberstone AJ, Charman WN. 1997. Lipid-based vehicles for the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 25:103–28 [Google Scholar]
46. Hussain N, Jaitley V, Florence AT. 2001. Recent advances in the understanding of uptake of microparticulates across the gastrointestinal lymphatics. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 50:107–42 [Google Scholar]
47. Iqbal J, Hussain MM. 2009. Intestinal lipid absorption. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 296:E1183–94 [Google Scholar]
48. Israelachvili J. 2011. Intermolecular and Surface Forces London, UK: Academic, 3rd ed..
49. Jackson KG, Poppitt SD, Minihane AM. 2012. Postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular disease risk: Interrelationships between dietary, physiological and genetic determinants. Atherosclerosis 220:22–33 [Google Scholar]
50. Jackson KG, Wolstencroft EJ, Bateman PA, Yaqoob P, Williams CM. 2005. Acute effects of meal fatty acids on postprandial NEFA, glucose and apo E response: implications for insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein regulation?. Br. J. Nutr. 93:693–700 [Google Scholar]
51. Jagla A, Schrezenmeir J. 2001. Postprandial triglycerides and endothelial function. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 109:S533–47 [Google Scholar]
52. Jewell C, Cashman KD. 2003. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain fatty acids on transepithelial calcium transport in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells. Br. J. Nutr. 89:639–47 [Google Scholar]
53. Jingling Tang JS. 2007. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: strategy for improving oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Curr. Drug Ther. 2:85–93 [Google Scholar]
54. Johnson LR. 2001. Gastrointestinal Physiology St. Louis: Mosby, 6th ed..
55. Jores K, Mehnert W, Drechsler M, Bunjes H, Johann C, Mader K. 2004. Investigations on the structure of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by photon correlation spectroscopy, field-flow fractionation and transmission electron microscopy. J. Control. Release 95:217–27 [Google Scholar]
56. Kei AA, Filippatos TD, Tsimihodimos V, Elisaf MS. 2012. A review of the role of apolipoprotein C-II in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Metab. Clin. Exp. 61:906–21 [Google Scholar]
57. Kindel T, Lee DM, Tso P. 2010. The mechanism of the formation and secretion of chylomicrons. Atheroscler. Suppl. 11:11–16 [Google Scholar]
58. Kohli K, Chopra S, Dhar D, Arora S, Khar RK. 2010. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: an approach to enhance oral bioavailability. Drug Discov. Today 15:958–65 [Google Scholar]
59. Koroleva MY, Yurtov EV. 2012. Nanoemulsions: the properties, methods of preparation and promising applications. Russ. Chem. Rev. 81:21–43 [Google Scholar]
60. Kotake-Nara E, Nagao A. 2012. Effects of mixed micellar lipids on carotenoid uptake by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 76:875–82 [Google Scholar]
61. Kuentz M. 2012. Lipid-based formulations for oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Drug Discov. Today: Technol. 9:97–104 [Google Scholar]
62. Lairon D. 2008. Macronutrient intake and modulation on chylomicron production and clearance. Atheroscler. Suppl. 9:45–48 [Google Scholar]
63. Lehner R, Lian JH, Quiroga AD. 2012. Lumenal lipid metabolism implications for lipoprotein assembly. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 32:1087–93 [Google Scholar]
64. Leser ME, Sagalowicz L, Michel M, Watzke HJ. 2006. Self-assembly of polar food lipids. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 123:125–36 [Google Scholar]
65. Lesmes U, McClements DJ. 2009. Structure-function relationships to guide rational design and fabrication of particulate food delivery systems. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 20:448–57 [Google Scholar]
66. Li Y, Hu M, McClements DJ. 2011. Factors affecting lipase digestibility of emulsified lipids using an in vitro digestion model: proposal for a standardised pH-stat method. Food Chem. 126:498–505 [Google Scholar]
67. Li Y, Kim J, Park Y, McClements DJ. 2012a. Modulation of lipid digestibility using structured emulsion-based delivery systems: comparison of in vivo and in vitro measurements. Food Funct. 3:528–36 [Google Scholar]
68. Li Y, McClements DJ. 2010. New mathematical model for interpreting pH-stat digestion profiles: impact of lipid droplet characteristics on in vitro digestibility. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58:8085–92 [Google Scholar]
69. Li Y, McClements DJ. 2011. Inhibition of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of emulsified triglyceride oils by low-molecular weight surfactants under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 79:423–31 [Google Scholar]
70. Li Y, Zheng JK, Xiao H, McClements DJ. 2012b. Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds: influence of formulation parameters on polymethoxyflavone crystallization. Food Hydrocoll. 27:517–28 [Google Scholar]
71. Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ. 2001. Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 46:3–26 [Google Scholar]
72. Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ. 2012. Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64:4–17 [Google Scholar]
73. Liu YW, Hou ZQ, Lei F, Chang YY, Gao YX. 2012. Investigation into the bioaccessibility and microstructure changes of beta-carotene emulsions during in vitro digestion. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 15:86–95 [Google Scholar]
74. Lu Y, Kim S, Park K. 2011. In vitro-in vivo correlation: perspectives on model development. Int. J. Pharm. 418:142–48 [Google Scholar]
75. Luchoomun J, Hussain MM. 1999. Assembly and secretion of chylomicrons by differentiated Caco-2 cells. Nascent triglycerides and preformed phospholipids are preferentially used for lipoprotein assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 274:19565–72 [Google Scholar]
76. Lusis AJ, Pajukanta P. 2008. A treasure trove for lipoprotein biology. Nat. Genet. 40:129–30 [Google Scholar]
77. Mackie A, Macierzanka A. 2010. Colloidal aspects of protein digestion. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 15:102–8 [Google Scholar]
78. Madenci D, Egelhaaf SU. 2010. Self-assembly in aqueous bile salt solutions. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 15:109–15 [Google Scholar]
79. Maherani B, Arab-Tehrany E, Mozafari MR, Gaiani C, Linder M. 2011. Liposomes: a review of manufacturing techniques and targeting strategies. Curr. Nanosci. 7:436–52 [Google Scholar]
80. Marze S. 2013. Bioaccessibility of nutrients and micronutrients from dispersed food systems: impact of the multiscale bulk and interfacial structures. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 53:76–108 [Google Scholar]
81. Matalanis A, Jones OG, McClements DJ. 2011. Structured biopolymer-based delivery systems for encapsulation, protection, and release of lipophilic compounds. Food Hydrocoll. 25:1865–80 [Google Scholar]
82. Mazer NA, Benedek GB, Carey MC. 1980. Quasielastic light-scattering studies of aqueous biliary lipid systems. Mixed micelle formation in bile salt-lecithin solutions. Biochemistry 19:601–15 [Google Scholar]
83. McClements DJ. 2005. Food Emulsions: Principles, Practice, and Techniques Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
84. McClements DJ. 2010. Emulsion design to improve the delivery of functional lipophilic components. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 1:241–69 [Google Scholar]
85. McClements DJ. 2011. Edible nanoemulsions: fabrication, properties, and functional performance. Soft Matter 7:2297–316 [Google Scholar]
86. McClements DJ. 2012a. Crystals and crystallization in oil-in-water emulsions: implications for emulsion-based delivery systems. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 174:1–30 [Google Scholar]
87. McClements DJ. 2012b. Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: terminology, differences, and similarities. Soft Matter 8:1719–29 [Google Scholar]
88. McClements DJ. 2013. Edible lipid nanoparticles: Digestion, absorption, and potential toxicity. Prog. Lipid Res. 52:409–23 [Google Scholar]
89. McClements DJ, Decker EA, Park Y. 2007a. Physicochemical and structural aspects of lipid digestion. Understanding and Controlling the Microstructure of Complex Foods DJ McClements 483–503 Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press [Google Scholar]
90. McClements DJ, Decker EA, Park Y. 2009a. Controlling lipid bioavailability through physicochemical and structural approaches. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 49:48–67 [Google Scholar]
91. McClements DJ, Decker EA, Park Y, Weiss J. 2009b. Structural design principles for delivery of bioactive components in nutraceuticals and functional foods. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 49:577–606 [Google Scholar]
92. McClements DJ, Decker EA, Weiss J. 2007b. Emulsion-based delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive components. J. Food Sci. 72:R109–24 [Google Scholar]
93. McClements DJ, Li Y. 2010. Structured emulsion-based delivery systems: controlling the digestion and release of lipophilic food components. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 159:213–28 [Google Scholar]
94. McClements DJ, Rao J. 2011. Food-grade nanoemulsions: formulation, fabrication, properties, performance, biological fate, and potential toxicity. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 51:285–330 [Google Scholar]
95. McClements DJ, Xiao H. 2012. Potential biological fate of ingested nanoemulsions: influence of particle characteristics. Food Funct. 3:202–20 [Google Scholar]
96. Mohanty C, Das M, Sahoo SK. 2012. Emerging role of nanocarriers to increase the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 9:1347–64 [Google Scholar]
97. Muller RH, Mader K, Gohla S. 2000. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery—a review of the state of the art. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50:161–77 [Google Scholar]
98. Müller RH, Radtke M, Wissing SA. 2002. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54:Suppl. 1S131–55 [Google Scholar]
99. Müllertz A, Fatouros DG, Smith JR, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. 2012. Insights into intermediate phases of human intestinal fluids visualized by atomic force microscopy and cryo-transmission electron microscopy ex vivo. Mol. Pharm. 9:237–47 [Google Scholar]
100. Mun S, Decker EA, McClements DJ. 2007. Influence of emulsifier type on in vitro digestibility of lipid droplets by pancreatic lipase. Food Res. Int. 40:770–81 [Google Scholar]
101. Napolitano M, Bravo E, Avella M, Chico Y, Ochoa B. et al. 2004. The fatty acid composition of chylomicron remnants influences their propensity to oxidate. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 14:241–47 [Google Scholar]
102. Nik AM, Corredig M, Wright AJ. 2011. Release of lipophilic molecules during in vitro digestion of soy protein-stabilized emulsions. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 55:S278–89 [Google Scholar]
103. Nik AM, Langmaid S, Wright AJ. 2012. Digestibility and beta-carotene release from lipid nanodispersions depend on dispersed phase crystallinity and interfacial properties. Food Funct. 3:234–45 [Google Scholar]
104. O'Driscoll CM. 2002. Lipid-based formulations for intestinal lymphatic delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 15:405–15 [Google Scholar]
105. Pan XY, Hussain MM. 2012. Gut triglyceride production. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1821:727–35 [Google Scholar]
106. Patel AR, Velikov KP. 2011. Colloidal delivery systems in foods: a general comparison with oral drug delivery. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 44:1958–64 [Google Scholar]
107. Porsgaard T, Kansky J, Mason S, Mu H. 2005. Size and number of lymph particles measured by a particle sizer during absorption of structured oils in rats. Lipids 40:273–79 [Google Scholar]
108. Porter CJ, Charman SA, Charman WN. 1996. Lymphatic transport of halofantrine in the triple-cannulated anesthetized rat model: effect of lipid vehicle dispersion. J. Pharm. Sci. 85:351–56 [Google Scholar]
109. Porter CJ, Charman WN. 2001a. In vitro assessment of oral lipid based formulations. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 50:Suppl. 1S127–47 [Google Scholar]
110. Porter CJ, Charman WN. 2001b. Lipid-based formulations for oral administration: opportunities for bioavailability enhancement and lipoprotein targeting of lipophilic drugs. J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res. 21:215–57 [Google Scholar]
111. Porter CJ, Charman WN. 2001c. Transport and absorption of drugs via the lymphatic system. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 50:1–2 [Google Scholar]
112. Porter CJ, Trevaskis NL, Charman WN. 2007. Lipids and lipid-based formulations: optimizing the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 6:231–48 [Google Scholar]
113. Porter CJH, Charman WN. 1997. Uptake of drugs into the intestinal lymphatics after oral administration. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 25:71–89 [Google Scholar]
114. Pouton CW. 2000. Lipid formulations for oral administration of drugs: non-emulsifying, self-emulsifying and ‘self-microemulsifying’ drug delivery systems. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 11:Suppl. 2S93–98 [Google Scholar]
115. Pouton CW, Porter CJ. 2008. Formulation of lipid-based delivery systems for oral administration: materials, methods and strategies. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60:625–37 [Google Scholar]
116. Powell JJ, Faria N, Thomas-McKay E, Pele LC. 2010. Origin and fate of dietary nanoparticles and microparticles in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Autoimmun. 34:J226–33 [Google Scholar]
117. Qian C, Decker EA, Xiao H, McClements DJ. 2012. Nanoemulsion delivery systems: influence of carrier oil on beta-carotene bioaccessibility. Food Chem. 135:1440–47 [Google Scholar]
118. Ranheim T, Gedde-Dahl A, Rustan AC, Drevon CA. 1994. Effect of chronic incubation of CaCo-2 cells with eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3) and oleic acid (18:1, n-9) on triacylglycerol production. Biochem. J. 303:Pt. 1155–61 [Google Scholar]
119. Rao JJ, McClements DJ. 2011. Formation of flavor oil microemulsions, nanoemulsions and emulsions: influence of composition and preparation method. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:5026–35 [Google Scholar]
120. Reineccius GA. 1995. Liposomes for controlled-release in the food-industry. Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Food Ingredients SJ Risch, GA Reineccius 113–31 Washington, DC: ACS [Google Scholar]
121. Reis P, Holmberg K, Watzke H, Leser ME, Miller R. 2009. Lipases at interfaces: a review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 147–48:237–50 [Google Scholar]
122. Rifai N, Merrill JR, Holly RG. 1990. Postprandial effect of a high fat meal on plasma lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein measurements. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 27:Pt. 5489–93 [Google Scholar]
123. Rozner S, Shalev DE, Shames AI, Ottaviani MF, Aserin A, Garti N. 2010. Do food microemulsions and dietary mixed micelles interact?. Colloids Surf. B 77:22–30 [Google Scholar]
124. Sagalowicz L, Leser ME. 2010. Delivery systems for liquid food products. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 15:61–72 [Google Scholar]
125. Sarkar A, Horne DS, Singh H. 2010. Interactions of milk protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions with bile salts in a simulated upper intestinal model. Food Hydrocoll. 24:142–51 [Google Scholar]
126. Schwebel HJ, van Hoogevest P, Leigh MLS, Kuentz M. 2011. The apparent solubilizing capacity of simulated intestinal fluids for poorly water-soluble drugs. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 16:278–86 [Google Scholar]
127. Sharma A, Sharma US. 1997. Liposomes in drug delivery: progress and limitations. Int. J. Pharm. 154:123–40 [Google Scholar]
128. Sheehe DM, Green JB, Green MH. 1980. Influence of dietary fat saturation on lipid absorption in the rat. Atherosclerosis 37:301–10 [Google Scholar]
129. Shen H, Howles P, Tso P. 2001. From interaction of lipidic vehicles with intestinal epithelial cell membranes to the formation and secretion of chylomicrons. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 50:Suppl. 1S103–25 [Google Scholar]
130. Silva HD, Cerqueira MA, Vicente AA. 2012. Nanoemulsions for food applications: development and characterization. Food Bioprocess Technol. 5:854–67 [Google Scholar]
131. Singh H, Sarkar A. 2011. Behaviour of protein-stabilised emulsions under various physiological conditions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 165:47–57 [Google Scholar]
132. Singh H, Ye AQ, Horne D. 2009. Structuring food emulsions in the gastrointestinal tract to modify lipid digestion. Prog. Lipid Res. 48:92–100 [Google Scholar]
133. Solans C, Sole I. 2012. Nano-emulsions: formation by low-energy methods. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 17:246–54 [Google Scholar]
134. Spernath A, Aserin A. 2006. Microemulsions as carriers for drugs and nutraceuticals. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 128:47–64 [Google Scholar]
135. Spernath A, Yaghmur A, Aserin A, Hoffman RE, Garti N. 2002. Food-grade microemulsions based on nonionic emulsifiers: media to enhance lycopene solubilization. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:6917–22 [Google Scholar]
136. Sugano K. 2009. Estimation of effective intestinal membrane permeability considering bile micelle solubilisation. Int. J. Pharm. 368:116–22 [Google Scholar]
137. Sun M, Zhai X, Xue K, Hu L, Yang X. et al. 2011. Intestinal absorption and intestinal lymphatic transport of sirolimus from self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems assessed using the single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) technique and a chylomicron flow blocking approach: linear correlation with oral bioavailabilities in rats. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 43:132–40 [Google Scholar]
138. Sy C, Gleize B, Dangles O, Landrier JF, Veyrat CC, Borel P. 2012. Effects of physicochemical properties of carotenoids on their bioaccessibility, intestinal cell uptake, and blood and tissue concentrations. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 56:1385–97 [Google Scholar]
139. Taylor TM, Davidson PM, Bruce BD, Weiss J. 2005. Liposomal nanocapsules in food science and agriculture. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45:587–605 [Google Scholar]
140. Thongngam M, McClements DJ. 2005. Isothermal titration calorimetry study of the interactions between chitosan and a bile salt (sodium taurocholate). Food Hydrocoll. 19:813–19 [Google Scholar]
141. Tokle T, Lesmes U, Decker EA, McClements DJ. 2012. Impact of dietary fiber coatings on behavior of protein-stabilized lipid droplets under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Food Funct. 3:58–66 [Google Scholar]
142. Torchilin VP. 2007. Micellar nanocarriers: pharmaceutical perspectives. Pharm. Res. 24:1–16 [Google Scholar]
143. Trevaskis NL, Charman WN, Porter CJ. 2008. Lipid-based delivery systems and intestinal lymphatic drug transport: a mechanistic update. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60:702–16 [Google Scholar]
144. Troncoso E, Aguilera JM, McClements DJ. 2012a. Fabrication, characterization and lipase digestibility of food-grade nanoemulsions. Food Hydrocoll. 27:355–63 [Google Scholar]
145. Troncoso E, Aguilera JM, McClements DJ. 2012b. Influence of particle size on the in vitro digestibility of protein-coated lipid nanoparticles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 382:110–16 [Google Scholar]
146. Tso P, Drake DS, Black DD, Sabesin SM. 1984. Evidence for separate pathways of chylomicron and very low-density lipoprotein assembly and transport by rat small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 247:G599–610 [Google Scholar]
147. Tso P, Lindstrom MB, Borgstrom B. 1987. Factors regulating the formation of chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins by the rat small intestine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 922:304–13 [Google Scholar]
148. Tso P, Simmonds WJ. 1984. The absorption of lipid and lipoprotein synthesis. Lab. Res. Methods Biol. Med. 10:191–216 [Google Scholar]
149. Tsujita T, Takaichi H, Takaku T, Aoyama S, Hiraki J. 2006. Antiobesity action of epsilon-polylysine, a potent inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. J. Lipid Res. 47:1852–58 [Google Scholar]
150. Usami M, Komurasaki T, Hanada A, Kinoshita K, Ohata A. 2003. Effect of gamma-linolenic acid or docosahexaenoic acid on tight junction permeability in intestinal monolayer cells and their mechanism by protein kinase C activation and/or eicosanoid formation. Nutrition 19:150–56 [Google Scholar]
151. van Aken GA. 2010. Relating food emulsion structure and composition to the way it is processed in the gastrointestinal tract and physiological responses: What are the opportunities?. Food Biophys. 5:258–83 [Google Scholar]
152. van Greevenbroek MM, van Meer G, Erkelens DW, de Bruin TW. 1996. Effects of saturated, mono-, and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the secretion of apo B containing lipoproteins by Caco-2 cells. Atherosclerosis 121:139–50 [Google Scholar]
153. van Greevenbroek MM, Voorhout WF, Erkelens DW, van Meer G, de Bruin TW. 1995. Palmitic acid and linoleic acid metabolism in Caco-2 cells: different triglyceride synthesis and lipoprotein secretion. J. Lipid Res. 36:13–24 [Google Scholar]
154. Velikov KP, Pelan E. 2008. Colloidal delivery systems for micronutrients and nutraceuticals. Soft Matter 4:1964–80 [Google Scholar]
155. Versantvoort CHM, Van de Kamp E, Rompelberg CJM. 2004. Development and applicability of an in vitro digestion model in assessing the bioaccessibility of contaminants from food. RIVM Rep. 320102002/2004, Off. Insp. Health Insp., Bilthoven, the Netherlands. http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/320102002.pdf
156. Vine DF, Glimm DR, Proctor SD. 2008. Intestinal lipid transport and chylomicron production: possible links to exacerbated atherogenesis in a rodent model of the metabolic syndrome. Atheroscler. Suppl. 9:69–76 [Google Scholar]
157. Vors C, Pineau G, Gabert L, Drai J, Louche-Pelissier C. et al. 2013. Modulating absorption and postprandial handling of dietary fatty acids by structuring fat in the meal: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97:23–36 [Google Scholar]
158. Wang P, Liu HJ, Mei XY, Nakajima M, Yin LJ. 2012. Preliminary study into the factors modulating beta-carotene micelle formation in dispersions using an in vitro digestion model. Food Hydrocoll. 26:427–33 [Google Scholar]
159. Weiss J, Decker EA, McClements DJ, Kristbergsson K, Helgason T, Awad T. 2008. Solid lipid nanoparticles as delivery systems for bioactive food components. Food Biophys. 3:146–54 [Google Scholar]
160. Wermuth CG. 2008. The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry Burlington, MA: Academic927
161. Wilde PJ, Chu BS. 2011. Interfacial & colloidal aspects of lipid digestion. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 165:14–22 [Google Scholar]
162. Xiao C, Lewis GF. 2012. Regulation of chylomicron production in humans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1821:736–46 [Google Scholar]
163. Yaghmur A, Aserin A, Garti N. 2002. Phase behavior of microemulsions based on food-grade nonionic surfactants: effect of polyols and short-chairs alcohols. Colloids Surf. A 209:71–81 [Google Scholar]
164. Yanez JA, Wang SW, Knemeyer IW, Wirth MA, Alton KB. 2011. Intestinal lymphatic transport for drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 63:923–42 [Google Scholar]
165. Ye A, Cui J, Singh H. 2011. Proteolysis of milk fat globule membrane proteins during in vitro gastric digestion of milk. J. Dairy Sci. 94:2762–70 [Google Scholar]