1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Sociology
  4. Volume 42, 2016
  5. Article

Annual Review of Sociology

Volume 42, 2016

Racialized Assimilation of Asian Americans

Abstract

Because of the generally high socioeconomic attainments and high intermarriage rates of Asian Americans, it has been suggested that Asian Americans are reaching parity with whites and are assimilating to mainstream American society. However, other research shows the continued significance of race for Asian Americans regardless of their socioeconomic status and levels of acculturation. This article provides a review of recent research on socioeconomic attainment and intermarriage among Asian Americans as well as an overview of research on less studied but increasingly important indicators: residential outcomes, political participation, and mental health. We argue that Asian Americans are assimilating but in ways that differ from their European predecessors. In this process, racial/ethnic boundaries between Asians and whites may be solidified rather than dissolved, thus maintaining the significance of race for Asian Americans. We suggest that a racialized assimilation framework may best characterize the experiences of contemporary Asian Americans.

Keyword(s): intermarriage, labor market, mental health, political participation, residential outcomes
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074310
2016-07-30
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/soc/42/1/annurev-soc-081715-074310.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074310&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abe JS, Zane NW. 1990. Psychological maladjustment among Asian and White American college students: controlling for confounds. J. Couns. Psychol. 37:4437–44 [Google Scholar]
  2. Alba RD, Logan JR. 1993. Minority proximity to whites in suburbs: an individual-level analysis of segregation. Am. J. Sociol. 98:61388–427 [Google Scholar]
  3. Alba RD, Logan JR, Stults BJ, Marzan G, Zhang W. 1999. Immigrant groups in the suburbs: a reexamination of suburbanization and spatial assimilation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 64:3446–60 [Google Scholar]
  4. Alba RD, Nee V. 1997. Rethinking assimilation theory for a new era of immigration. Int. Migr. Rev. 31:4826–74 [Google Scholar]
  5. Alba RD, Nee V. 2003. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  6. Alegria M, Takeuchi D, Canino G, Duan N, Shrout P. et al. 2004. Considering context, place, and culture: the National Latino and Asian American Study. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 13:4208–20 [Google Scholar]
  7. Ancheta AN. 2006. Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 2nd ed..
  8. Balistreri KS, Joyner K, Kao G. 2015. Relationship involvement among young adults: Are Asian American men an exceptional case?. Popul. Res. Policy Rev. 34:5709–32 [Google Scholar]
  9. Barnes JS, Bennett CE. 2002. The Asian Population: 2000 Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bur.
  10. Bhatt W. 2013. The little brown woman: gender discrimination in American medicine. Gend. Soc. 27:5659–80 [Google Scholar]
  11. Blau P, Schwartz JE. 1997. Crosscutting Social Circles: Testing a Macrostructural Theory of Intergroup Relations New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publ.
  12. Bonilla-Silva E. 2004. From bi-racial to tri-racial: towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA. Ethn. Racial Stud. 27:6931–50 [Google Scholar]
  13. Bratter JL, Eschbach K. 2005. Race/ethnic differences in nonspecific psychological distress: evidence from the National Health Interview Survey. Soc. Sci. Q. 86:3620–44 [Google Scholar]
  14. Brown JS, Meadows SO, Elder GH. 2007. Race-ethnic inequality and psychological distress: depressive symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood. Dev. Psychol. 43:61295–311 [Google Scholar]
  15. Brown LA, Chung S-Y. 2006. Spatial segregation, segregation indices and the geographical perspective. Popul. Space Place 12:2125–43 [Google Scholar]
  16. Brown LA, Chung S-Y. 2008. Market-led pluralism: rethinking our understanding of racial/ethnic spatial patterning in U.S. cities. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 98:1180–212 [Google Scholar]
  17. Charles CZ. 2003. The dynamics of racial residential segregation. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 29:1167–207 [Google Scholar]
  18. Chaudhary AR. 2015. Racialized incorporation: the effects of race and generational status on self-employment and industry-sector prestige in the United States. Int. Migr. Rev. 49:2318–54 [Google Scholar]
  19. Cheng JKY, Fancher TL, Ratanasen M, Conner KR, Duberstein PR. et al. 2010. Lifetime suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in Asian Americans. Asian Am. J. Psychol. 1:118–30 [Google Scholar]
  20. Chou RS, Feagin JR. 2008. The Myth of the Model Minority: Asian Americans Facing Racism Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publ.
  21. Chow S. 2000. The significance of race in the private sphere: Asian Americans and spousal preferences. Sociol. Inq. 70:11–29 [Google Scholar]
  22. Chua A. 2011. The Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. New York: Penguin Books
  23. Chua A, Rubenfeld J. 2014. The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America. New York: Penguin Books
  24. Crowder K, Hall M, Tolnay SE. 2011. Neighborhood immigration and native out-migration. Am. Sociol. Rev. 76:125–47 [Google Scholar]
  25. Danico MY, Ng F. 2004. Asian American Issues. Portsmouth, NH: Greenwood Publ.
  26. David EJR, Okazaki S, Saw A. 2009. Bicultural self-efficacy among college students: initial scale development and mental health correlates. J. Couns. Psychol. 56:2211–26 [Google Scholar]
  27. Dawson MC. 1994. Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  28. Denton NA, Massey DS. 1988. Residential segregation of blacks, Hispanics, and Asians by socioeconomic status and generation. Soc. Sci. Q. 69:4797–817 [Google Scholar]
  29. DeSipio L. 1996. Counting on the Latino Vote: Latinos as a New Electorate Charlottesville: Univ. Va. Press
  30. Devos T, Banaji MR. 2005. American = white?. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 88:3447–66 [Google Scholar]
  31. Dhingra P. 2012. Life Behind the Lobby: Indian American Motel Owners and the American Dream Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
  32. Ebert K, Okamoto DG. 2015. Legitimating contexts, immigrant power, and exclusionary actions. Soc. Probl. 62:140–67 [Google Scholar]
  33. Eitzen DS, Zinn MB, Smith KE. 2013. Social Problems Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 13th ed..
  34. Emeka A, Vallejo JA. 2011. Non-Hispanics with Latin American ancestry: assimilation, race, and identity among Latin American descendants in the US. Soc. Sci. Res. 40:61547–63 [Google Scholar]
  35. Fairchild GB. 2009. Residential segregation influences on the likelihood of ethnic self-employment. Entrep. Theory Pract. 33:2373–95 [Google Scholar]
  36. Feagin JR. 2000. Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations New York: Routledge
  37. Feliciano C. 2001. Assimilation or enduring racial boundaries? Generational differences in intermarriage among Asians and Latinos in the United States. Race Soc. 4:127–45 [Google Scholar]
  38. Feliciano C, Robnett B, Komaie G. 2009. Gendered racial exclusion among white internet daters. Soc. Sci. Res. 38:139–54 [Google Scholar]
  39. Fiske ST, Cuddy AJC, Glick P, Xu J. 2002. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 82:6878–902 [Google Scholar]
  40. Fu X. 2008. Interracial marriage and family socio-economic well-being: equal status exchange or caste status exchange?. Soc. Sci. J. 45:1132–55 [Google Scholar]
  41. Gaddis SM, Ghoshal R. 2015. Arab American housing discrimination, ethnic competition, and the contact hypothesis. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Sci. 660:1282–99 [Google Scholar]
  42. Gavin AR, Walton E, Chae DH, Alegria M, Jackson JS, Takeuchi D. 2010. The associations between socioeconomic status and major depressive disorder among blacks, Latinos, Asians, and non-Hispanic whites: findings from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies. Psychol. Med. 40:151–61 [Google Scholar]
  43. Gee GC, Spencer M, Chen J, Yip T, Takeuchi D. 2007. The association between self-reported racial discrimination and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders among Asian Americans nationwide. Soc. Sci. Med. 64:101984–96 [Google Scholar]
  44. Golash-Boza T. 2006. Dropping the hyphen? Becoming Latino(a)-American through racialized assimilation. Soc. Forces 85:127–55 [Google Scholar]
  45. Golash-Boza T, Darity W. 2008. Latino racial choices: the effects of skin colour and discrimination on Latinos' and Latinas' racial self-identifications. Ethn. Racial Stud. 31:5899–934 [Google Scholar]
  46. Gong F, Xu J, Fujishiro K, Takeuchi D. 2011. A life course perspective on migration and mental health among Asian immigrants: the role of human agency. Soc. Sci. Med. 73:111618–26 [Google Scholar]
  47. Gordon MM. 1964. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origins. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  48. Hall M. 2013. Residential integration on the new frontier: immigrant segregation in established and new destinations. Demography 50:51873–96 [Google Scholar]
  49. Hall M, Iceland J, Sanchez L, Sharp G, Marsh K. 2010. Racial and ethnic residential segregation in the United States: residential patterns of Asians, 1980–2009 Chang. Am. Neighb. Communities Rep. Ser., Inst. Gov. Public Aff., Univ. Ill., Chicago
  50. Harker K. 2001. Immigrant generation, assimilation, and adolescent psychological well-being. Soc. Forces 79:3969–1004 [Google Scholar]
  51. Harris FC. 1994. Something within: religion as a mobilizer of African-American political activism. J. Polit. 56:142–68 [Google Scholar]
  52. Harris D, Ono H. 2004. How many interracial marriages would there be if all groups were of equal size in all places? A new look at national estimates of interracial marriage. Soc. Sci. Res. 38:139–54 [Google Scholar]
  53. Herman MR, Campbell ME. 2012. I wouldn't, but you can: attitudes toward interracial relationships. Soc. Sci. Res. 41:2343–58 [Google Scholar]
  54. Hurh WM, Kim KC. 1988. Study of Korean Immigrants' Mental Health: Final Report Natl. Inst. Ment. Health, U.S. Dep. Health Hum. Serv., Bethesda, MD
  55. Hwang S-S, Saenz R, Aguirre BE. 1995. The SES selectivity of interracially married Asians. Int. Migr. Rev. 29:2469–91 [Google Scholar]
  56. Hwang S-S, Saenz R, Aguirre BE. 1997. Structural and assimilationist explanations of Asian American intermarriage. J. Marriage Fam. 59:3758–72 [Google Scholar]
  57. Hwang W-C, Goto S. 2008. The impact of perceived racial discrimination on the mental health of Asian American and Latino college students. Cultur. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol. 14:4326–35 [Google Scholar]
  58. Iceland J. 2004. Beyond black and white. Soc. Sci. Res. 33:2248–71 [Google Scholar]
  59. Iceland J, Scopilliti M. 2008. Immigrant residential segregation in US metropolitan areas, 1990–2000. Demography 45:179–94 [Google Scholar]
  60. Iceland J, Weinberg D, Hughes L. 2014. The residential segregation of detailed Hispanic and Asian groups in the United States: 1980–2010. Demogr. Res. 31:593–624 [Google Scholar]
  61. Iceland J, Wilkes R. 2006. Does socioeconomic status matter? Race, class, and residential segregation. Soc. Probl. 53:2248–73 [Google Scholar]
  62. Jang S-J. 2009. Get out on behalf of your group: electoral participation of Latinos and Asian Americans. Polit. Behav. 31:4511–35 [Google Scholar]
  63. John DA, de Castro AB, Martin DP, Duran B, Takeuchi D. 2012. Does an immigrant health paradox exist among Asian Americans? Associations of nativity and occupational class with self-rated health and mental disorders. Soc. Sci. Med. 75:122085–98 [Google Scholar]
  64. Kalmijn M. 1998. Intermarriage and homogamy: causes, patterns, trends. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 24:395–421 [Google Scholar]
  65. Kao G, Thompson JS. 2003. Racial and ethnic stratification in educational achievement and attainment. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 29:417–42 [Google Scholar]
  66. Kaushal N, Kaestner R, Reimers C. 2007. Labor market effects of September 11th on Arab and Muslim residents of the United States. J. Hum. Resour. 42:2275–308 [Google Scholar]
  67. Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR. 1999. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J. Health Soc. Behav. 40:3208–30 [Google Scholar]
  68. Kibria N. 1997. The construction of “Asian American”: reflections on intermarriage and ethnic identity among second-generation Chinese and Korean Americans. Ethn. Racial Stud. 20:3523–44 [Google Scholar]
  69. Kibria N. 1998. The contested meanings of “Asian American”: racial dilemmas in the contemporary US. Ethn. Racial Stud. 21:5939–58 [Google Scholar]
  70. Kibria N. 2002. Becoming Asian American: Second-Generation Chinese and Korean American Identities Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
  71. Kim C, Sakamoto A. 2010. Have Asian American men achieved labor market parity with white men?. Am. Sociol. Rev. 75:6934–57 [Google Scholar]
  72. Kim C, Sakamoto A. 2014. The earnings of less educated Asian American men: educational selectivity and the model minority image. Soc. Probl. 61:2283–304 [Google Scholar]
  73. Kim C, Zhao Y. 2014. Are Asian American women advantaged? Labor market performance of college educated female workers. Soc. Forces 93:2623–52 [Google Scholar]
  74. Kim CJ. 1999. The racial triangulation of Asian Americans. Polit. Soc. 27:1105–38 [Google Scholar]
  75. Kim I, Chen J, Spencer MS. 2012. Social determinants of health and mental health among Asian Americans in the United States. J. Soc. Soc. Work Res. 3:4346–61 [Google Scholar]
  76. Kim NY. 2007. Critical thoughts on Asian American assimilation in the whitening literature. Soc. Forces 86:2561–74 [Google Scholar]
  77. Kristof N. 2015. The Asian advantage. The New York Times Oct. 10. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/opinion/sunday/the-asian-advantage.html
  78. Kuo WH. 1984. Prevalence of depression among Asian-Americans. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 172:8449–57 [Google Scholar]
  79. LaFromboise T, Coleman HL, Gerton J. 1993. Psychological impact of biculturalism: evidence and theory. Psychol. Bull. 114:3395–412 [Google Scholar]
  80. Lam J, Yip T, Gee GC. 2012. The physical and mental health effects of age of immigration, age, and perceived difference in social status among first generation Asian Americans. Asian Am. J. Psychol. 3:129–43 [Google Scholar]
  81. Lee J, Bean FD. 2010. The Diversity Paradox: Immigration and the Color Line in 21st Century America New York: Russell Sage Found.
  82. Lee J, Zhou M. 2015. The Asian American Achievement Paradox New York: Russell Sage Found.
  83. Lee JC. 2013. Employment and earnings in high-tech ethnic niches. Soc. Forces 91:3747–84 [Google Scholar]
  84. Lee SJ. 1996. Unraveling the Model Minority Stereotype: Listening to Asian American Youth New York: Teach. Coll. Press, 2nd ed..
  85. Lee SM, Edmonston B. 2005. New marriages, new families: U.S. racial and Hispanic intermarriage. Pop. Bull. 60:21–38 [Google Scholar]
  86. Lee SM, Fernandez M. 1998. Trends in Asian American racial/ethnic intermarriage: a comparison of 1980 and 1990 census data. Sociol. Perspect. 41:2323–42 [Google Scholar]
  87. Lee SM, Yamanaka K. 1990. Patterns of Asian American intermarriage and marital assimilation. J. Comp. Fam. Stud. 21:2287–305 [Google Scholar]
  88. Leu J, Walton E, Takeuchi D. 2011. Contextualizing acculturation: gender, family, and community reception influences on Asian immigrant mental health. Am. J. Community Psychol. 48:3–4168–80 [Google Scholar]
  89. Li W. 1998. Anatomy of a new ethnic settlement: the Chinese ethnoburb in Los Angeles. Urban Stud. 35:3479–501 [Google Scholar]
  90. Li W. 2009. Ethnoburb Honolulu: Univ. Hawaii Press
  91. Liang Z, Ito N. 1999. Intermarriage of Asian Americans in the New York City region: contemporary patterns and future prospects. Int. Migr. Rev. 33:4876–900 [Google Scholar]
  92. Lieberson S, Waters MC. 1988. From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America New York: Russell Sage Found.
  93. Lien P. 1994. Ethnicity and political participation: a comparison between Asian and Mexican Americans. Polit. Behav. 16:2237–64 [Google Scholar]
  94. Lien P. 1997. The Political Participation of Asian Americans New York: Routledge
  95. Lien P. 2001. The Making of Asian America through Political Participation Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press
  96. Lien P. 2003. Ethnicity and political adaptation: comparing Filipinos, Koreans, and the Vietnamese in southern California. Asian American Politics: Law, Participation, and Policy DT Nakanishi, JS Lai 193–210 Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield [Google Scholar]
  97. Lien P, Collet C, Wong J, Ramakrishnan SK. 2001. Asian Pacific-American public opinion and political participation. Polit. Sci. Polit. 34:3625–30 [Google Scholar]
  98. Lien P, Conway MM, Wong J. 2004. The Politics of Asian Americans: Diversity and Community New York: Routledge
  99. Light IH, Gold SJ. 2000. Ethnic Economies San Diego, CA: Emerald Group Publ.
  100. Lin K-H, Lundquist J. 2013. Mate selection in cyberspace: the intersection of race, gender, and education. Am. J. Sociol. 119:1183–215 [Google Scholar]
  101. Logan JR, Alba RD. 1995. Who lives in affluent suburbs? Racial differences in eleven metropolitan regions. Sociol. Focus 28:4353–64 [Google Scholar]
  102. Logan JR, Alba RD, Leung S-Y. 1996. Minority access to white suburbs: a multiregional comparison. Soc. Forces 74:3851–81 [Google Scholar]
  103. Logan JR, Zhang W. 2013. Separate but Equal: Asian Nationalities in the U.S. Boston: Brown Univ. Press
  104. Logan JR, Zhang W, Alba RD. 2002. Immigrant enclaves and ethnic communities in New York and Los Angeles. Am. Sociol. Rev. 67:2299–322 [Google Scholar]
  105. Martinez LM. 2005. Yes we can: Latino participation in unconventional politics. Soc. Forces 84:1135–55 [Google Scholar]
  106. Massey DS. 1985. Ethnic residential segregation: a theoretical synthesis and empirical review. Sociol. Soc. Res. 69:3315–50 [Google Scholar]
  107. Massey DS. 2001. Residential segregation and neighborhood conditions in US metropolitan areas. America Becoming: Racial Trends Their Consequences NJ Smelser, WJ Wilson, F Mitchell 391–434 Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press [Google Scholar]
  108. Massey DS, Denton NA. 1987. Trends in the residential segregation of blacks, Hispanics, and Asians: 1970–1980. Am. Sociol. Rev. 52:6802–25 [Google Scholar]
  109. Milbrath LW, Goel ML. 1977. Political Participation: How and Why Do People Get Involved in Politics? Chicago: Rand McNally Coll. Pub. Co.
  110. Min PG, Kim C. 2009. Patterns of intermarriages and cross-generational in-marriages among native-born Asian Americans. Int. Migr. Rev. 43:3447–70 [Google Scholar]
  111. Min PG, Kim R. 1999. Struggle for Ethnic Identity: Narratives by Asian American Professionals Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press
  112. Mossakowski KN. 2003. Coping with perceived discrimination: Does ethnic identity protect mental health?. J. Health Soc. Behav. 44:3318–31 [Google Scholar]
  113. Ng JC, Lee SS, Pak YK. 2007. Contesting the model minority and perpetual foreigner stereotypes: a critical review of literature on Asian Americans in education. Rev. Res. Educ. 31:195–130 [Google Scholar]
  114. Ngo B, Lee SJ. 2007. Complicating the image of model minority success: a review of Southeast Asian American education. Rev. Educ. Res. 77:4415–53 [Google Scholar]
  115. Noh S, Beiser M, Kaspar V, Hou F, Rummens J. 1999. Perceived racial discrimination, depression, and coping: a study of Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. J. Health Soc. Behav. 40:3193–207 [Google Scholar]
  116. Noh S, Kaspar V. 2003. Perceived discrimination and depression: moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. Am. J. Public Health 93:2232–38 [Google Scholar]
  117. Okamoto DG. 2007. Marrying out: a boundary approach to understanding the marital integration of Asian Americans. Soc. Sci. Res. 36:41391–414 [Google Scholar]
  118. Okamoto DG. 2014. Redefining Race: Asian American Panethnicity and Shifting Ethnic Boundaries New York: Russell Sage Found.
  119. Okamoto DG, Ebert K. 2010. Beyond the ballot: immigrant collective action in gateways and new destinations in the United States. Soc. Probl. 57:4529–58 [Google Scholar]
  120. Okazaki S. 1997. Sources of ethnic differences between Asian American and white American college students on measures of depression and social anxiety. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 106:152–60 [Google Scholar]
  121. Okazaki S, Liu JF, Longworth SL, Minn JY. 2002. Asian American–White American differences in expressions of social anxiety: a replication and extension. Cultur. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol. 8:3234–47 [Google Scholar]
  122. Okihiro G. 1994. Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture Seattle: Univ. Wash. Press
  123. Perry SL. 2013. Racial composition of social settings, interracial friendship, and whites' attitudes toward interracial marriage. Soc. Sci. J. 50:113–22 [Google Scholar]
  124. Pew Res. Cent 2012. The Rise of Asian Americans. Washington, DC: Pew Res. Cent http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2013/04/Asian-Americans-new-full-report-04-2013.pdf
  125. Portes A, Hao L. 1998. E pluribus unum: bilingualism and loss of language in the second generation. Sociol. Educ. 71:4269–94 [Google Scholar]
  126. Portes A, Rumbaut RG. 2001. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  127. Portes A, Zhou M. 1993. The new second generation: segmented assimilation and its variants. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 530:174–96 [Google Scholar]
  128. Price M, Singer A. 2008. Edge gateways: immigrants, suburbs, and the politics of reception in suburban Washington. Twenty-First Century Gateways: Immigrant Integration in Suburban America A Singer, SW Hardwick, CB Brettell 137–68 Washington, DC: Brookings Inst. Press [Google Scholar]
  129. Qian Z. 1997. Breaking the racial barriers: variations in interracial marriage between 1980 and 1990. Demography 34:2263–76 [Google Scholar]
  130. Qian Z, Blair SL, Ruf SD. 2001. Asian American interracial and interethnic marriages: differences by education and nativity. Int. Migr. Rev. 35:2557–86 [Google Scholar]
  131. Qian Z, Lichter DT. 2007. Social boundaries and marital assimilation: interpreting trends in racial and ethnic intermarriage. Am. Sociol. Rev. 72:168–94 [Google Scholar]
  132. Qian Z, Lichter DT. 2011. Changing patterns of interracial marriage in a multiracial society. J. Marriage Fam. 73:51065–84 [Google Scholar]
  133. Ramakrishnan SK. 2005. Democracy in Immigrant America: Changing Demographics and Political Participation Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
  134. Ramakrishnan SK, Espenshade TJ. 2001. Immigrant incorporation and political participation in the United States. Int. Migr. Rev. 35:3870–909 [Google Scholar]
  135. Robnett B, Feliciano C. 2011. Patterns of racial-ethnic exclusion by internet daters. Soc. Forces 89:3807–28 [Google Scholar]
  136. Ross SL, Turner MA. 2005. Housing discrimination in metropolitan America: explaining changes between 1989 and 2000. Soc. Probl. 52:2152–80 [Google Scholar]
  137. Sakamoto A, Goyette KA, Kim C. 2009. Socioeconomic attainments of Asian Americans. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 35:255–76 [Google Scholar]
  138. Sakamoto A, Kim C. 2013. The economic characteristics of Asian Americans in the 21st century. The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century RS Rycroft 236–53 Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO [Google Scholar]
  139. Sakamoto A, Takei I, Woo H. 2012. The myth of the model minority myth. Sociol. Spectrum 32:4309–21 [Google Scholar]
  140. Shen B-J, Takeuchi D. 2001. A structural model of acculturation and mental health status among Chinese Americans. Am. J. Community Psychol. 29:3387–418 [Google Scholar]
  141. Song M. 2009. Is intermarriage a good indicator of integration?. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 35:2331–48 [Google Scholar]
  142. Sue S, Cheng JKY, Saad CS, Chu JP. 2012. Asian American mental health: a call to action. Am. Psychol. 67:7532–44 [Google Scholar]
  143. Sue S, Sue DW, Sue L, Takeuchi D. 1995. Psychopathology among Asian Americans: a model minority?. Cult. Divers. Ment. Health 1:139–51 [Google Scholar]
  144. Sue S, Zane NW. 1985. Academic achievement and socioemotional adjustment among Chinese university students. J. Couns. Psychol. 32:4570–79 [Google Scholar]
  145. Takei I, Sakamoto A, Kim C. 2013. The socioeconomic attainments of non-immigrant Cambodian, Filipino, Hmong, Laotian, Thai, and Vietnamese Americans. Race Soc. Probl. 5:3198–212 [Google Scholar]
  146. Takeuchi D, Zane NW, Hong S, Chae DH, Gong F. et al. 2007. Immigration-related factors and mental disorders among Asian Americans. Am. J. Public Health 97:184–90 [Google Scholar]
  147. Tate K. 1991. Black political participation in the 1984 and 1988 presidential elections. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 85:41159–76 [Google Scholar]
  148. Tate K. 1993. From Protest to Politics Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  149. Telles EE, Sue CA. 2009. Race mixture: boundary crossing in comparative perspective. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 35:129–46 [Google Scholar]
  150. Telles EM, Ortiz V. 2008. Generations of Exclusion: Mexican Americans Assimilation and Race New York: Russell Sage Found.
  151. Torres Stone RA, Purkayastha B, Berdahl TA. 2006. Beyond Asian American: examining conditions and mechanisms of earnings inequality for Filipina and Asian Indian women. Sociol. Perspect. 49:2261–81 [Google Scholar]
  152. Tuan M. 1998. Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press
  153. Uhlaner CJ, Cain BE, Kiewiet DR. 1989. Political participation of ethnic minorities in the 1980s. Polit. Behav. 11:3195–231 [Google Scholar]
  154. Valdez Z. 2012. Self-employment as an indicator of segmented assimilation among six ethnic minority groups. Entrep. Res. J. 2:41–26 [Google Scholar]
  155. Vasquez J. 2011. Mexican Americans Across Generations: Immigrant Families, Racial Realities. New York: NYU Press
  156. Vega WA, Rumbaut RG. 1991. Ethnic minorities and mental health. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 17:351–83 [Google Scholar]
  157. Verba S, Nie NH. 1972. Participation in America Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  158. Wang W. 2012. The Rise of Intermarriage Washington, DC: Pew Res. Cent http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2012/02/SDT-Intermarriage-II.pdf
  159. Waters MC, Jiménez TR. 2005. Assessing immigrant assimilation: new empirical and theoretical challenges. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 31:105–25 [Google Scholar]
  160. Wen M, Lauderdale DS, Kandula NR. 2009. Ethnic neighborhoods in multi-ethnic America, 1990–2000: resurgent ethnicity in the ethnoburbs?. Soc. Forces 88:1425–60 [Google Scholar]
  161. White MJ, Biddlecom AE, Guo S. 1993. Immigration, naturalization, and residential assimilation among Asian Americans in 1980. Soc. Forces 72:193–117 [Google Scholar]
  162. Widner D, Chicoine S. 2011. It's all in a name: employment discrimination against Arab Americans. Sociol. Forum 26:2806–23 [Google Scholar]
  163. Wilson KL, Portes A. 1980. Immigrant enclaves: an analysis of the labor market experiences of Cubans in Miami. Am. J. Sociol. 86:2295–319 [Google Scholar]
  164. Wong J. 2005. Mobilizing Asian American voters: a field experiment. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 601:1102–14 [Google Scholar]
  165. Wong J. 2006. Democracy's Promise: Immigrants and American Civic Institutions Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
  166. Wong J, Ramakrishnan SK, Lee T, Junn J. 2011. Asian American Political Participation: Emerging Constituents and Their Political Identities New York: Russell Sage Found.
  167. Wong MG. 1989. A look at intermarriage among the Chinese in the United States in 1980. Sociol. Perspect. 32:187–107 [Google Scholar]
  168. Woo D. 2000. Glass Ceilings and Asian Americans: The New Face of Workplace Barriers Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press
  169. Xie Y, Goyette K. 2004. A Demographic Portrait of Asian Americans New York: Russell Sage Found. Popul. Ref. Bur.
  170. Xu J. 2002. The political behavior of Asian Americans: a theoretical approach. J. Polit. Mil. Sociol. 30:171–89 [Google Scholar]
  171. Xu J. 2005. Why do minorities participate less? The effects of immigration, education, and electoral process on Asian American voter registration and turnout. Soc. Sci. Res. 34:4682–702 [Google Scholar]
  172. Xu J, Lee JC. 2013. The marginalized “model” minority: an empirical examination of the racial triangulation of Asian Americans. Soc. Forces 91:41363–97 [Google Scholar]
  173. Yeh CJ. 2003. Age, acculturation, cultural adjustment, and mental health symptoms of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese immigrant youths. Cultur. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol. 9:134–48 [Google Scholar]
  174. Ying Y-W. 1988. Depressive symptomatology among Chinese-Americans as measured by the CES-D. J. Clin. Psychol. 44:5739–46 [Google Scholar]
  175. Zeng Z, Xie Y. 2004. Asian-Americans' earnings disadvantage reexamined: the role of place of education. Am. J. Sociol. 109:51075–108 [Google Scholar]
  176. Zhou M, Logan JR. 1989. Returns on human capital in ethnic enclaves: New York City's Chinatown. Am. Sociol. Rev 54:5809–20 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074310
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error