1932

Abstract

Pastoral nomadism encompasses an array of specialized knowledge concerned with the daily rhythms and long-term tempos of caring for herd animals in order to extract subsistence livelihoods. It also embodies the relational lives of herders and the diverse ways in which herd animals structure the social and symbolic worlds of mobile pastoralists. This article reviews the latest research on ancient pastoral nomadic communities that is emerging in many parts of the world. We emphasize the importance of revolutionary advances in archaeological methods and biomolecular approaches that have made visible mobile pastoralist behaviors and decision-making processes previously concealed in the archaeological record. Archaeologists are gradually producing the high-resolution, multiscalar data sets required to link together the individual, community, and regional interactions that, over time, structured pastoral nomadic economies, social and ritual lives, and political organization.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-095827
2016-10-21
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/anthro/45/1/annurev-anthro-102215-095827.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-095827&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abu-Azizeh W. 2011. Structures cultuelles et funéraires des IV-IIIème millénaires dans le sud Jordanien désertique: l'occupation de la région de Al-Thulaythuwat. Pierres levées, stèles anthropomorphes et dolmens. Aspects cultuels des 4–3ème millénaires en Arabie et au Levant sud T Steimer-Herbet, 21–39 BAR Int. Ser. 2317 Lyon, Fr.: Maison Orient Méditer. [Google Scholar]
  2. Alizadeh A. 2010. The rise of the highland Elamite state in southwestern Iran ‘enclosed’ or enclosing nomadism. Curr. Anthropol. 51:353–83 [Google Scholar]
  3. Allentuck A. 2015. Temporalities of human-livestock relationships in the late prehistory of the southern Levant. J. Soc. Archaeol. 15:194–115 [Google Scholar]
  4. Anthony D, Brown D. 2007. The herding-and-gathering economy at Krasnosamarskoe, Russia, and the end of the dependency model of steppe pastoralism. Social Orders and Social Landscapes L Popova, C Hartley, A Smith 393–415 Newcastle, UK: Camb. Sch. [Google Scholar]
  5. Arbuckle B. 2012. Animals in the ancient world. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East D Potts 201–19 Malden, MA: Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  6. Arbuckle B. 2014a. Inequality and the origins of wool production in Central Anatolia. Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World B Arbuckle, S McCarty 209–29 Boulder: Univ. Press Colo. [Google Scholar]
  7. Arbuckle B. 2014b. Pace and process in the emergence of animal husbandry in Neolithic Southwest Asia. Bioarchaeol. Near East 8:53–81 [Google Scholar]
  8. Argent G. 2010. Do the clothes make the horse? Relationality, roles and statuses in Iron Age Inner Asia. World Archaeol 42:157–74 [Google Scholar]
  9. Argent G. 2013. Inked: human-horse apprenticeship, tattoos, and time in the Pazyryk world. Soc. Anim. 21:2178–93 [Google Scholar]
  10. Armstrong Oma K. 2010. Between trust and domination: social contracts between humans and animals. World Archaeol 42:175–87 [Google Scholar]
  11. Armstrong Oma K, Birke L. 2013. Guest editors' introduction. Archaeology and human-animal studies. Soc. Anim. 21:113–19 [Google Scholar]
  12. Armstrong Oma K, Hedeager L. 2010. Introduction. World Archaeol 42:2155–56 [Google Scholar]
  13. Baird D, Garrard A, Martin L, Wright K. 1992. Prehistoric environment and settlement in the Azraq Basin: an interim report on the 1989 excavation season. Levant 24:1–31 [Google Scholar]
  14. Balasse M, Ambrose SH, Smith AB, Price TD. 2002. The seasonal mobility model for prehistoric herders in the south-western Cape of South Africa assessed by isotopic analysis of sheep tooth enamel. J. Archaeol. Sci. 29:917–32 [Google Scholar]
  15. Bar-Yosef O. 2000. The context of animal domestication in Southwestern Asia. Archaeozoology of the Near East IVA: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwest Asia and Adjacent Areas M Mashkour, AM Choyke, F Poplin 185–95 Groningen, Neth.: Archaeol. Res. Consult. Publ. [Google Scholar]
  16. Bar-Yosef O, Khazanov A. 1992. Pastoralism in the Levant: Archaeological Materials in Anthropological Perspectives Madison, Wis.: Prehist. Press
  17. Barfield T. 1993. The Nomadic Alternative Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
  18. Barker G. 2012. The desert and the sown: nomad-farmer interactions in the Wadi Faynan, southern Jordan. J. Arid Environ. 86:82–96 [Google Scholar]
  19. Barnard H, Wendrich W. 2008. The Archaeology of Mobility: Old World and New World Nomadism Los Angeles: Univ. Calif. Press
  20. Beaudry MC, Parno TG. 2013. Introduction: mobilities in contemporary and historical archaeology. Archaeologies of Mobility and Movement MC Beaudry, TG Parno 1–14 New York: Springer [Google Scholar]
  21. Bendrey R, Vella D, Zazzo A, Balasse M, Lepetz S. 2015. Exponentially decreasing tooth growth rate in horse teeth: implications for isotopic analyses. Archaeometry 57:61104–24 [Google Scholar]
  22. Bernbeck R. 2008. An archaeology of multisited communities. See Barnard & Wendrich 2008 43–77
  23. Betts A. 2013. The Later Prehistory of the Badia. Excavations and Survey in Eastern Jordan 2 Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books
  24. Biagetti S. 2016. Resilience in montane range: the case of the Tadrart Asacus (SW Libya). Nomadic Peoples In press
  25. Blench R. 2001. You can't go home again: pastoralism in the new millennium Rep., Overseas Dev. Inst., London
  26. Bollig M, Schnegg M, Wotzka HP. 2013. Pastoralism in Africa: Past, Present, and Future New York: Berghahn
  27. Brass M. 2015. Interactions and pastoralism along the southern and southeastern frontiers of the Meroitic State, Sudan. J. World. Prehist. 28:255–88 [Google Scholar]
  28. Brittain M, Overton N. 2013. The significance of others: a prehistory of rhythm and interspecies participation. Soc. Anim. 21:134–49 [Google Scholar]
  29. Broadbent N. 2010. Lapps and Labyrinths: Saami Prehistory, Colonization and Cultural Resilience Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst. Sch. Press, Arctic Stud. Cent.
  30. Browman D. 2008. Pastoral nomadism in the Central Andes: a retrospective example. See Barnard & Wendrich 2008 160–73
  31. Buckley M, Kansa SW. 2011. Collagen fingerprinting of archaeological bone and teeth remains from Domuztepe, Southeast Turkey. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 3:271–80 [Google Scholar]
  32. Capriles J. 2014. The Economic Organization of Early Camelid Pastoralism in the Andean Highlands of Bolivia. BAR Int. Ser. 2597 Oxford, UK: Archaeopress [Google Scholar]
  33. Capriles J, Tripcevich N. 2016. The Archaeology of Andean Pastoralism Albuquerque: Univ. N. M. Press
  34. Chang C. 2015. The study of nomads in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Ecology of Pastoralism PN Kardulias 17–40 Boulder: Univ. Press Colo. [Google Scholar]
  35. Chang C, Koster HA. 1986. Beyond bones: toward an archaeology of pastoralism. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory MB Shiffer 997–148 New York: Academic [Google Scholar]
  36. Chatty D. 2006. Introduction: Nomads of the Middle East and North Africa facing the 21st century. Nomadic Societies in the Middle East and North Africa: Entering the 21st Century D Chatty 1–29 Leiden, Neth: E. J. Brill [Google Scholar]
  37. Clark J, Crabtree S. 2015. Examining social adaptations in a volatile landscape in northern Mongolia via the agent-based model Ger Grouper. Land 4:1157–81 [Google Scholar]
  38. Cribb R. 1991. Nomads in Archaeology Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  39. deFrance SD. 2009. Zooarchaeology in complex societies: political economy, status, and ideology. J. Archaeol. Res. 17:2105–68 [Google Scholar]
  40. Di Lernia S. 2006. Building monuments, creating identity: cattle cult as a social response to rapid environmental changes in the Holocene Sahara. Quat. Int. 151:50–62 [Google Scholar]
  41. Di Lernia S, Manzi G. 2002. Sand, Stones, and Bones: The Archaeology of Death in the Wadi Tanezzuft Valley (5000–2000 BP) Florence, Italy: All'insegna del Giglio
  42. Doumani P, Frachetti M, Beardmore R, Schmaus T, Spengler R, Mar'yashev A. 2015. Burial ritual, agriculture, and craft production among Bronze Age pastoralists at Tasbas (Kazakhstan). Archaeol. Res. Asia 1:17–32 [Google Scholar]
  43. Dransart P. 2002. Earth, Water, Fleece and Fabric. An Ethnography and Archaeology of Andean Camelid Herding London/New York: Routledge
  44. Dransart P. 2011. Social principles of Andean camelid pastoralism and archaeological interpretations. Ethnozoarchaeology: The Present and Past of Human-Animal Relationships U Albarella, A Trentacoste 123–30 Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books [Google Scholar]
  45. Dudd SN, Evershed RP. 1998. Direct demonstration of milk as an element of archaeological economies. Science 282:1478–81 [Google Scholar]
  46. Dunne J, Evershed RP, Salque M, Cramp L, Bruni S. et al. 2012. First dairying in green Saharan Africa in the fifth millennium BC. Nature 486:390–94 [Google Scholar]
  47. Dyson-Hudson R, Dyson-Hudson N. 1980. Nomadic pastoralism. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 9:15–61 [Google Scholar]
  48. Evershed RP, Payne S, Sherratt AG, Copley MS, Coolidge J. et al. 2008. Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding. Nature 455:528–31 [Google Scholar]
  49. Fijn N. 2011. Living with Herds: Human-Animal Coexistence in Mongolia Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  50. Frachetti M. 2008. Pastoralist Landscapes and Social Interaction in Bronze Age Eurasia Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  51. Frachetti M. 2012. Multiregional emergence of mobile pastoralism and nonuniform institutional complexity across Eurasia. Curr. Anthropol. 53:2–38 [Google Scholar]
  52. Galvin K. 2009. Transitions: pastoralists living with change. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 38:98–185 [Google Scholar]
  53. Gardner W. 2016. Early political complexity and community organization on the Mongolian steppe PhD diss., Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn.
  54. Gatto MC. 2011. The Nubian pastoral culture as link between Egypt and Africa: a view from the archaeological record. Egypt in Its African Context K Exell 21–29 BAR Int. Ser. 2204 Oxford, UK: Archaeopress [Google Scholar]
  55. Gifford-Gonzalez D. 2013. Genetics and African archaeology: why it matters. Afr. Archaeol. Rev. 30:1–20 [Google Scholar]
  56. Gifford-Gonzalez D, Hanotte O. 2011. Domesticating animals in Africa: implications of genetic and archaeological findings. J. World Prehist. 24:1–23 [Google Scholar]
  57. Gilbert A. 1983. On the origins of specialized nomadic pastoralism in western Iran. World Archaeol 15:105–18 [Google Scholar]
  58. Greenfield H. 2010. The secondary products revolution: the past, the present and the future. World Archaeol 42:29–54 [Google Scholar]
  59. Greenfield H, Arnold E. 2015. ‘Go(a)t milk?’ New perspectives on the zooarchaeological evidence for the earliest intensification of dairying in south eastern Europe. World Archaeol 47:5792–818 [Google Scholar]
  60. Grillo K, Hildebrand E. 2013. The context of early megalithic architecture in eastern Africa: the Turkana Basin c. 5000–4000 BP. Azania 48:2193–217 [Google Scholar]
  61. Guedes JA. 2015. Rethinking the spread of agriculture to the Tibetan Plateau. Holocene 25:91498–510 [Google Scholar]
  62. Hamilakis Y, Overton N. 2013. A multi-species archaeology. Archaeol. Dialogues 20:2159–73 [Google Scholar]
  63. Hammer E. 2014. Local landscape organization of mobile pastoralists in southeastern Turkey. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 35:269–88 [Google Scholar]
  64. Hammer E, Arbuckle B. 2016. 10,000 years of pastoralism in Anatolia: a review of evidence for variability in pastoral lifeways. Nomadic Peoples 20:1 In press [Google Scholar]
  65. Hanks B. 2010. Archaeology of the Eurasian steppes and Mongolia. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 39:469–86 [Google Scholar]
  66. Haruda A. 2014. The potential for detecting livestock exchange in Late Bronze Age Kazakhstan: tracking sheep breeds across the steppe Presented at Annu. Meet. Assoc. Environ. Archaeol. , , 35th., Plymouth: UK
  67. Hildebrand E, Grillo K. 2012. Early herders and monumental sites in eastern Africa: dating and interpretation. Antiquity 86:338–52 [Google Scholar]
  68. Hill E. 2013. Archaeology and animal persons: toward a prehistory of human-animal relations. Environ. Soc.: Adv. Res. 4:117–36 [Google Scholar]
  69. Hole F. 2009. Pastoral mobility as an adaptation. See Szuchman 2009b 261–83
  70. Honeychurch W. 2013. The nomad as state builder: historical theory and material evidence from Mongolia. J. World Prehist. 26:4283–321 [Google Scholar]
  71. Honeychurch W. 2014. Alternative complexities: the archaeology of nomadic states. J. Archaeol. Res. 22:277–326 [Google Scholar]
  72. Honeychurch W. 2015. Inner Asia and the Spatial Politics of Empire: Archaeology, Mobility, and Culture Contact New York: Springer
  73. Honeychurch W. Amartuvshin Ch; 2007. Hinterlands, urban centers, and mobile settings: the ‘new’ Old World archaeology from the Eurasian steppe. Asian Perspect 46:36–64 [Google Scholar]
  74. Horwitz LK, Tchernov E, Ducos P, Becker C, von den Dreisch A. et al. 1999. Animal domestication in the Southern Levant. Paleorient 25:63–80 [Google Scholar]
  75. Humphrey C, Sneath D. 1999. The End of Nomadism? Society, State and the Environment in Inner Asia Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  76. Ingold T. 2000. From trust to domination: an alternative history of human-animal relations. The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill T Ingold 61–67 London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  77. Ingold T. 2015. From the master's point of view: Hunting is sacrifice. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 21:24–27 [Google Scholar]
  78. Irons W. 1979. Political stratification among pastoral nomads. L'Equipe écologie et anthropologie des sociétés pastorals Pastor. Prod. Soc. 361–74 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  79. Khazanov A. 1994. Nomads and the Outside World Madison: Univ. Wis. Press
  80. Khazanov A. 2009. Specific characteristics of Chalcolithic and Bronze Age pastoralism in the Near East. See Szuchman 2009b 119–27
  81. Köhler-Rollefson I. 1988. The aftermath of the Levantine Neolithic revolution in light of the ecological and ethnographic evidence. Paleorient 14:87–105 [Google Scholar]
  82. Kradin N, Bondarenko D, Barfield T. 2003. Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution Moscow: Russ. Acad. Sci. Cent. Civiliz. Reg. Stud.
  83. Kuznar L, Sedlmeyer R. 2008. NOMAD: an agent-based model (ABM) of pastoralist-agriculturalist interaction. See Barnard & Wendrich 2008 557–83
  84. LaBianca Ø. 1990. Sedentarization and Nomadization: Food System Cycles at Hesban and Vicinity in Transjordan Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews Univ. Press
  85. LaBianca Ø, Witzel K. 2007. Nomad, empires and civilizations: great and little traditions and the historical landscape of the southern Levant. On the Fringe of Society: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives on Pastoral and Agricultural Societies B Saidel, E van der Steen 63–74 Oxford, UK: Oxford [Google Scholar]
  86. Laland KN, O'Brien MJ. 2010. Niche construction theory and archaeology. J. Archaeol. Method Theory 17:303–22 [Google Scholar]
  87. Lane K. 2006. Through the looking glass: re-assessing the role of agro-pastoralism in the north-central Andean highlands. World Archaeol 38:493–510 [Google Scholar]
  88. Lane P. 2011. An outline of the Later Holocene archaeology and precolonial history of the Ewaso Basin, Kenya. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 632:11–30 [Google Scholar]
  89. Lane P. 2013. Trajectories to pastoralism in northern and central Kenya: an overview of the archaeological and environmental evidence. See Bollig et al. 2013 105–43
  90. Leary J. 2014a. Past mobilities: an introduction. See Leary 2014b 1–19
  91. Leary J. 2014b. Past Mobilities: Archaeological Approaches to Movement and Mobility Farnham, UK: Ashgate
  92. Lees S, Bates D. 1974. The origins of specialized nomadic populations: a systemic model. Am. Antiq. 39:187–93 [Google Scholar]
  93. Lindsay I, Greene A. 2013. Sovereignty, mobility, and political cartographies in Late Bronze Age southern Caucasia. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 32:691–712 [Google Scholar]
  94. Linseele V. 2010. Did specialized pastoralism develop differently in Africa than in the Near East? An example from the West African Sahel. J. World Prehist. 23:43–77 [Google Scholar]
  95. Linseele V, Van Neer W, Thys S, Phillipps R, Cappers R. et al. 2014. New archaeozoological data from the Fayum ‘Neolithic’ with a critical assessment of the evidence for early stock keeping in Egypt. PLOS ONE 9:10e108517 [Google Scholar]
  96. Makarewicz C. 2013a. A pastoralist manifesto: breaking stereotypes and re-conceptualizing pastoralism in the Near Eastern Neolithic. Levant 45:159–74 [Google Scholar]
  97. Makarewicz C. 2013b. More than meat: diversity in caprine harvesting strategies and the emergence of complex production systems during the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Levant 45:236–61 [Google Scholar]
  98. Makarewicz C. 2014. Winter pasturing practices and variable fodder provisioning detected in nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotopes in sheep dentinal collagen. J. Archaeol. Sci. 41:502–10 [Google Scholar]
  99. Makarewicz C. 2015. Winter is coming: seasonality of ancient pastoral nomadic practices revealed in the carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic record of Xiongnu caprines. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. doi: 10.1007/s12520-015-0289-5
  100. Makarewicz C, Tuross N. 2006. Foddering by Mongolian pastoralists as recorded in the stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes of caprine dentinal collagen. J. Archaeol. Sc. 33:862–70 [Google Scholar]
  101. Makarewicz C, Tuross N. 2012. Finding fodder and tracking transhumance: isotopic detection of goat domestication processes in the Near East. Curr. Anthropol. 53:495–505 [Google Scholar]
  102. Manning K, Pelling R, Higham T, Schwenniger JL, Fuller DQ. 2011. 4500-year old domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway. J. Archaeol. Sci. 38:312–22 [Google Scholar]
  103. Marshall F. 1990. Origins of specialized pastoral production in East Africa. Am. Anthropol. 92:873–894 [Google Scholar]
  104. Marshall F, Hildebrand E. 2002. Cattle before crops: the beginnings of food production in Africa. J. World Prehist. 16:99–143 [Google Scholar]
  105. Marshall F, Weissbrod L. 2011. Domestication processes and morphological change: through the lens of the donkey and African pastoralism. Curr. Anthropol. 52:Suppl. 4397–413 [Google Scholar]
  106. Martin L. 1999. Mammal remains from the Eastern Jordanian Neolithic, and the nature of caprine herding in the Steppe. Paléorient 25:287–104 [Google Scholar]
  107. McClure S. 2015. The pastoral effect: niche construction, domestic animals, and the spread of farming in Europe. Curr. Anthropol. 56:6901–10 [Google Scholar]
  108. McCorriston J. 2013. Pastoralism and pilgrimage: Ibn Khaldun's Bayt-State model and the rise of Arabian kingdoms. Curr. Anthropol. 54:607–41 [Google Scholar]
  109. McCorriston J, Martin L. 2009. Southern Arabia's early pastoral population history: some recent evidence. The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia MD Petraglia, JI Rose 237–50 New York: Springer [Google Scholar]
  110. McDonald MM. 2016. The pattern of neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara. Quat. Intern. 410:181–97 [Google Scholar]
  111. Meadow RH, Patel AK. 2003. Prehistoric pastoralism in Northwestern South Asia from the Neolithic through the Harappan Period. Indus Ethnobiology: New Perspectives from the Field S Weber, W Belcher 65–93 Lanham, MD: Lexington Books [Google Scholar]
  112. Mengoni Goňalons GL. 2008. Camelids in ancient Andean societies: a review of the zooarchaeological evidence. Quat. Int. 185:59–68 [Google Scholar]
  113. Mori L. 2013. Life and Death of a Rural Village in Garamantian Times: Archaeological Investigations in the Oasis of Fewet (Libyan Sahara) Florence, Italy: All'insegna del Giglio
  114. Orton D. 2010. Both subject and object: herding, inalienability and sentient property in prehistory. World Archaeol 42:188–200 [Google Scholar]
  115. Outram AK, Kasparov A, Stear NA, Varfolomeev V, Usmanova E, Evershed RP. 2012. Patterns of pastoralism in later Bronze Age Kazakhstan: new evidence from faunal and lipid residue analyses. J. Archaeol. Sci. 39:2424–35 [Google Scholar]
  116. Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasparov A. et al. 2009. The earliest horse harnessing and milking. Science 323:1332–35 [Google Scholar]
  117. Overton N, Hamilakis Y. 2013. A manifesto for a social zooarchaeology: swans and other beings in the Mesolithic. Archaeol. Dialogues 20:2111–36 [Google Scholar]
  118. Patel AK. 2009. Occupational histories, settlements, and subsistence in western India: what bones and genes can tell us about the origins and spread of pastoralism. Anthropozoologica 44:1173–88 [Google Scholar]
  119. Porter A. 2012. Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations: Weaving Together Society Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  120. Prendergast M. 2011. Hunters and herders at the periphery: the spread of herding in eastern Africa. People and Animals in Holocene Africa: Recent Advances in Archaeozoology H Jousse, J Lesur 43–58 Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag [Google Scholar]
  121. Quintero L, Rollefson G, Wilke P. 2004. Highland towns and desert settlements: origins of nomadic pastoralism in the Jordanian Neolithic. Central Settlements in Neolithic Jordan, Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 5 H Bienert, H Gebel, R Neef 201–13 Berlin: Ex Oriente [Google Scholar]
  122. Riemer H. 2007. When hunters started herding: pastro-foragers and the complexity of Holocene economic change in the Western Desert of Egypt. Aridity, Change and Conflict in Africa M Bollig, O Bubenzer, R Vogelsang, HP Wotzka 105–44 Köln, Ger.: Heinrich-Barth-Institut [Google Scholar]
  123. Robertshaw P. 1990. Early Pastoralists of South-Western Kenya Nairobi: Br. Inst. East. Afr.
  124. Rogers JD. 2012. Inner Asian states and empires: theories, data, and synthesis. J. Archaeol. Res. 20:205–56 [Google Scholar]
  125. Rogers JD, Cioffi-Revilla C, Linford SJ. 2015. The sustainability of wealth among nomads: methods in agent-based modeling. Mathematics in Archaeology J Barcelo, I Bogdanovic 431–47 London: CRC Press [Google Scholar]
  126. Rollefson G, Rowan Y, Wasse A. 2014. The Late Neolithic colonization of the Eastern Badia of Jordan. Levant 46:285–301 [Google Scholar]
  127. Rosen SA. 2003. Early multi-resource nomadism: excavations at the Camel site in the central Negev. Antiquity 77:749–60 [Google Scholar]
  128. Rosen SA. 2008. Desert pastoral nomadism in the Longue Durée: a case study from the Negev and the southern Levantine deserts. See Barnard & Wendrich 2008 115–40
  129. Rosen SA. 2013. Evolution in the desert: scale and discontinuity in the Central Negev in the fourth millennium BCE. Paléorient 39:139–48 [Google Scholar]
  130. Rosen SA, Saidel BA. 2010. The camel and the tent: an exploration of technological change among early pastoralists. J. Near-East. Stud. 69:63–77 [Google Scholar]
  131. Rossel S, Marshall F, Peters J, Pilgram T, Adams MD, O'Connor D. 2008. Domestication of the donkey: timing, processes, and indicators. PNAS 105:3715–20 [Google Scholar]
  132. Russell N. 2002. The wild side of animal domestication. Soc. Anim. 10:285–302 [Google Scholar]
  133. Russell N. 2012. Social Zooarchaeology: Humans and Animals in Prehistory Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  134. Sadr K. 1991. The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa Philadelphia: Univ. Pa. Press
  135. Sadr K. 2008. Invisible herders? The archaeology of Khoekhoe pastoralists. South. Afr. Humanit. 20:179–203 [Google Scholar]
  136. Salque M, Bogucki P, Pyzel J, Sobkowiak-Tabaka I, Grygiel R. et al. 2013. Earliest evidence for cheese making in the sixth millennium BC in northern Europe. Nature 493:522–25 [Google Scholar]
  137. Salzman P. 2004. Pastoralists: Equality, Hierarchy, and the State Boulder, CO: Westview
  138. Seitsonen O, Houle JL, Broderick L. 2014. GIS approaches to past mobility and accessibility: an example from the Bronze Age Khanuy Valley, Mongolia. See Leary 2014b 79–110
  139. Shahack-Gross R, Marshall F, Weiner S. 2003. Geo-ethnoarchaeological of pastoral sites: the identification of livestock enclosures in abandoned Maasai settlements. J. Archaeol. Sci. 30:439–59 [Google Scholar]
  140. Shaw B. 1982. Eaters of flesh, drinkers of milk: the ancient Mediterranean ideology of the pastoral nomad. Anc. Soc. 13:5–31 [Google Scholar]
  141. Shelach G. 2005. Early pastoral societies of northeast China: local change and interregional interaction during c. 1100–600 BC. Mongols, Turks and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Outside World R Amitai, M Biran 15–58 Leiden, Neth.: E. J. Brill [Google Scholar]
  142. Sherratt A. 1981. Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution. Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke I Hodder, G Isaac, N Hammond 261–305 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  143. Sherratt A. 1983. The secondary exploitation of animals in the old world. World Archaeol 15:90–104 [Google Scholar]
  144. Smith AB. 2005. African Herders: Emergence of Pastoral Traditions Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira
  145. Smith BD. 2007. The ultimate ecosystem engineers. Science 315:1797–98 [Google Scholar]
  146. Spengler R. 2014. Niche dwelling versus niche construction: landscape modification in the Bronze and Iron Ages of Central Asia. Hum. Ecol. 42:813–21 [Google Scholar]
  147. Spengler R, Chang C, Tourtellotte P. 2013. Agricultural production in the Central Asian mountains: Tuzusai, Kazakhstan (410–150 B.C.). J. Field Archaeol. 38:68–85 [Google Scholar]
  148. Stacy E. 2008. Stable isotopic analysis of equid teeth from Mongolia MA Thesis, Univ. Pitts., Pittsburgh
  149. Sykes N. 2014. Beastly Questions: Animal Answers to Archaeological Issues London: Bloomsbury
  150. Szuchman J. 2009a. Integrating approaches to nomads, tribes, and the state in the ancient Near East. See Szuchman 2009b 1–13
  151. Szuchman J. 2009b. Nomads, Tribes, and the State in the Ancient Near East: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives Chicago: Orient. Inst., Univ. Chicago
  152. Ur J, Hammer E. 2009. Pastoral nomads of the second and third millennia BC on the Upper Tigris River, Turkey: archaeological evidence from the Hirbemerdon Tepe Survey. J. Field Archaeol. 34:37–56 [Google Scholar]
  153. Vigne JD, Briois F, Zazzo A, Willcox G, Cucchi T. et al. 2012. First wave of cultivators spread to Cyprus at least 10,600 y ago. PNAS 109:8445–49 [Google Scholar]
  154. Vigne JD, Helmer D. 2007. Was milk a ‘secondary product’ in the Old World Neolithisation process? Its role in the domestication of cattle, sheep and goats. Anthropozoologica 42:9–40 [Google Scholar]
  155. Willerslev R, Vitebsky P, Alekseyev A. 2015. Sacrifice as the ideal hunt: a cosmological explanation for the origin of reindeer domestication. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 21:1–23 [Google Scholar]
  156. Wright J. 2014. Landscapes of inequality? A critique of monumental hierarchy in the Mongolian Bronze Age. Asian Perspect 51:139–63 [Google Scholar]
  157. Wright J. 2016. Households without houses: mobility and moorings on the Eurasian steppe. J. Anthropol. Res. 72:133–57 [Google Scholar]
  158. Wright J, Makarewicz C. 2015. Perceptions of pasture: the role of skill and networks in maintaining stable pastoral nomadic systems in Inner Asia. Ancient Society and Climate S Kerner, R Dann, PB Jensen 267–88 Copenhagen: Mus. Tusculanum Press [Google Scholar]
  159. Zeder M. 2012. The domestication of animals. J. Anthropol. Res. 68:2161–90 [Google Scholar]
  160. Zeder M. 2016. Domestication as a model system for niche construction theory. Evol. Ecol. 30:325–48 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-095827
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error