1932

Abstract

In the contemporary world, archaeology has become drawn, sometimes in dramatic fashion, into the violence of war. Archaeologists have taken part in monitoring and attempting to protect sites, museums, and monuments. However, they have engaged to a lesser extent with the underlying connections between damage to and destruction of archaeological remains and the reasons why archaeology has become increasingly both a target and a weapon of war. To highlight the complex intertwining of archaeology and war, this review examines the relationships among archaeologists' conceptions of their profession, the spiraling commodification of remains of the past, understandings and practices of cultural heritage, and the willful destruction of archaeological sites and objects, with a focus on Western Asia.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-095913
2016-10-21
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/anthro/45/1/annurev-anthro-102215-095913.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-095913&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abu el-Haj N. 2001. Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  2. Adams RMcC. 2005. Contexts of Iraqi looting. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 149:156–62 [Google Scholar]
  3. Al Hamdani A. 2008. Protecting and recording our archaeological heritage in southern Iraq. Near East. Archaeol. 71:4221–30 [Google Scholar]
  4. Al Quntar S. 2013. Syrian cultural property in the crossfire: reality and effectiveness of protection efforts. J.East. Mediterr. Archaeol. Herit. Stud. 1:4348–51 [Google Scholar]
  5. Al Quntar S, Hanson K, Daniels BI, Wegener C. 2015. Responding to a cultural heritage crisis: the example of the Safeguarding the Heritage of Syria and Iraq project. Near East. Archaeol. 78:3154–60 [Google Scholar]
  6. Al-Houdalieh SHA. 2013. Physical hazards encountered by antiquities looters: a case study from the Palestinian National Territories. Palest. Explor. Q. 145:4320–33 [Google Scholar]
  7. Al-Houdalieh SHA. 2014a. Tomb raiding in western Ramallah Province, Palestine: an ethnographic study. Material Culture Matters: Essays on the Archaeology of the Southern Levant in Honor of Seymour Gitin JR Spencer, RA Mullins, AJ Brody 95–109 Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns [Google Scholar]
  8. Al-Houdalieh SHA. 2014b. Vandalised and looted, rock-cut tombs of the Roman and Byzantine periods: a case study from Saffa village, Ramallah Province. Palest. Explor. Q. 146:3224–40 [Google Scholar]
  9. Al-Hussainy A, Matthews R. 2008. The archaeological heritage of Iraq in historical perspective. Public Archaeol 7:291–100 [Google Scholar]
  10. Albarella U. 2009. Archaeologists in conflict: empathizing with which victims. Herit. Manag. 2:1105–14 [Google Scholar]
  11. Am. Sch. Orient. Res 2015. Policy on professional conduct Approved by the ASOR Board of Trustees on April 18. http://www.asor.org/about/policies/conduct.html
  12. Archaeol. Inst. Am. 2005. Archaeologists teach U.S. troops Iraq and Afghan heritage. Aug. 19, Archaeol. Inst. Am., Boston. https://www.archaeological.org/news/advocacy/97
  13. Bahrani Z. 1998. Conjuring Mesopotamia: imaginative geography and a world past. See Meskell 1998 159–74
  14. Bahrani Z. 2008. Response to: In what ways have artists, academics, and cultural institutions responded to the U.S.-led invasion and occupation of Iraq. October 123:11–13 [Google Scholar]
  15. Bernbeck R. 2008. Who has, and who should have power over the past and its remains? Presented at “Culture Wars: Heritage and Armed Conflict in the 21st Century,” Cent. Res. Arts, Soc. Sci. Humanit., Cambridge, UK
  16. Bernbeck R. 2010. Heritage politics: learning from Mullah Omar?. See Boytner et al. 2010 27–54
  17. Bernbeck R. 2013. Heritage void and the void as heritage. Archaeol.: J. World Archaeol. Congr. 9:3526–45 [Google Scholar]
  18. Bernhardsson MT. 2005. Reclaiming a Plundered Past: Archaeology and Nation Building in Modern Iraq Austin: Univ. Tex. Press
  19. Bevan R. 2006. The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War London: Reaktion Books
  20. Bogdanos M. 2005. The casualties of war: the truth about the Iraq Museum. Am. J. Archaeol. 109:3477–526 [Google Scholar]
  21. Bohrer F. 2015. The destruction of art and antiquities in our time. Los Angeles Rev. Books May 14. https://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/the-destruction-of-art-and-antiquities-in-our-time
  22. Boytner R, Dodd LS, Parker BJ. 2010. Controlling the Past, Owning the Future: The Political Use of Archaeology in the Middle East Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
  23. Brodie N. 2008. The market background to the April 2003 plunder of the Iraq National Museum. See Stone & Bajjaly 2008 41–54
  24. Brodie N, Doole J, Watson P. 2000. Stealing History: The Illicit Trade in Cultural Material Cambridge, UK: McDonald Inst. for Archaeol. Res http://www2.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk/projects/iarc/research/illicit_trade.pdf
  25. Brodie N, Renfrew C. 2005. Looting and the world's archaeological heritage: the inadequate response. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 34:343–61 [Google Scholar]
  26. Byrne D. 1991. Western hegemony in archaeological heritage management. Hist. Anthropol. 5:269–76 [Google Scholar]
  27. Byrne D. 1995. Buddhist stupa and Thai social practice. World Archaeol 27:2266–81 [Google Scholar]
  28. Casana J. 2014. New approaches to spatial archaeometry: applications from the Near East. Near East. Archaeol. 77:3171–75 [Google Scholar]
  29. Casana J. 2015a. Satellite imagery-based analysis of archaeological looting in Syria. See Casana 2015b 142–52
  30. Casana J. 2015b. Special Issue: The Cultural Heritage Crisis in the Middle East. Near East. Archaeol 78:3) [Google Scholar]
  31. Casana J, Panahipour M. 2014. Satellite-based monitoring of looting and damage to archaeological sites in Syria. J. East. Mediterr. Archaeol. Herit. Stud. 2:2128–51 [Google Scholar]
  32. Colwell-Chanthaphonh C. 2003. Dismembering/disremembering the Buddhas: renderings on the Internet during the Afghan purge of the past. J. Soc. Archaeol. 3:175–98 [Google Scholar]
  33. Cunliffe E. 2014. Archaeological site damage in the cycle of war and peace: a Syrian case study. J. East. Mediterr. Archaeol. Herit. Stud. 2:3229–47 [Google Scholar]
  34. Dawdy SL. 2010. Clockpunk anthropology and the ruins of modernity. Curr. Anthropol. 51:761–93 [Google Scholar]
  35. De Cesari C. 2010. Creative heritage: Palestinian heritage NGOs and defiant arts of government. Am. Anthropol. 112:4625–37 [Google Scholar]
  36. De Cesari C. 2015. Post-colonial ruins: archaeologies of political violence and IS. Anthropol. Today 31:622–26 [Google Scholar]
  37. De Cesari C, Herzfeld M. 2015. Urban heritage and social movements. See Meskell 2015 171–95
  38. Dietzler J. 2013. On ‘organized crime’ in the illicit antiquities trade: moving beyond the definitional debate. Trends Organ. Crime 16:3329–42 [Google Scholar]
  39. Dodge M, Perkins C. 2009. Spatial politics and cultural significance of high-resolution satellite imagery. Geoforum 40:497–501 [Google Scholar]
  40. Eiselt BS. 2009. Americanist archaeologies: 2008 in review. Am. Anthropol. 111:2137–45 [Google Scholar]
  41. Emberling G. 2008. Archaeologists and the military in Iraq, 2003–2008: compromise or contribution?. See Starzmann et al. 2008 445–59
  42. Emberling G, Hanson K. 2008. Catastrophe! The Looting and Destruction of Iraq's Past Orient. Inst. Mus. Publ. 28 Chicago: Oriental Inst.
  43. Ferguson RB. 2012. Anthropology as we know it: a casualty of war?. See Stroeken 20 12b, pp. 62–79
  44. Fernández-Hernandez J, González-Aguilera D, Rodríguez-Gonzálvez P, Mancera-Taboada J. 2015. Image-based modelling from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry: an effective, low-cost tool for archaeological applications. Archaeometry 57:1128–45 [Google Scholar]
  45. Fibiger T. 2015. Heritage erasure and heritage transformation: how heritage is created by destruction in Bahrain. Int. J. Herit. Stud. 21:4390–404 [Google Scholar]
  46. Flood FB. 2002. Between cult and culture: Bamiyan, Islamic iconoclasm, and the museum. Art Bull 84:4641–59 [Google Scholar]
  47. Fraser B. 2010. The ills of aerial photography: Latin America from above. Chasqui: Revista Lit. Latinoam. 39:270–84 [Google Scholar]
  48. Foster BR, Foster KP, Gerstenblith P. 2005. Iraq Beyond the Headlines: History, Archaeology, and War Singapore/Hackensack, NJ/London: World Sci. Publ.
  49. George D. 2008. The looting of the Iraq Museum. See Stone & Bajjaly 2008 97–107
  50. Gerstenblith P. 2008. The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict: its background and prospects for ratification in the United States. Antiquities under Siege: Cultural Heritage Protection after the Iraq War L Rothfield 79–88 Lanham, MD: Altamira [Google Scholar]
  51. Gerstenblith P. 2009. Archaeology in the context of war: legal frameworks for protecting cultural heritage during armed conflict. Archaeol.: J. World Archaeol. Congr. 5:118–31 [Google Scholar]
  52. Gibson McG. 2008. The looting of the Iraq Museum in context. See Emberling & Hanson 2008 13–18
  53. Giroux H. 2004. What might education mean after Abu Ghraib: revisiting Adorno's politics of education. Comp. Stud. South Asia Africa Middle East 24:13–22 [Google Scholar]
  54. González RJ. 2010. Militarizing Culture: Essays on the Warfare State Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
  55. González RJ. 2015. Seeing into hearts and minds. Part 1: the Pentagon's quest for a ‘social radar.’. Anthropol. Today 31:38–13 [Google Scholar]
  56. González R, Gusterson H, Price D. 2009. Introduction: war, culture, and counterinsurgency. See Netw. Concerned Anthropol. Steer. Comm. 2009 1–20
  57. González-Ruibal A, Hall M. 2015. Heritage and violence. See Meskell 2015 150–70
  58. González-Ruibal A, Moshenska G. 2015. Ethics and the Archaeology of Violence New York/London: Springer
  59. Gossman L. 2013. The Passion of Max von Oppenheim: Archaeology and Intrigue in the Middle East from Wilhelm II to Hitler Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publ.
  60. Greenberg R. 2009. Towards an inclusive archaeology in Jerusalem: the case of Silwan/the City of David. Public Archaeol 8:135–50 [Google Scholar]
  61. Gusterson H. 2007. Anthropology and militarism. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 36:155–75 [Google Scholar]
  62. Hamilakis Y. 1999. La trahison des archéologues: archaeological practice as intellectual activity in postmodernity. J. Mediterr. Archaeol. 12:160–79 [Google Scholar]
  63. Hamilakis Y. 2003. Iraq, stewardship, and the ‘record’: an ethical crisis for archaeology. Public Archaeol 3:2104–11 [Google Scholar]
  64. Hamilakis Y. 2007. From ethics to politics. Archaeology and Capitalism: From Ethics to Politics Y Hamilakis, P Duke 15–40 Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press [Google Scholar]
  65. Hamilakis Y. 2009. The ‘war on terror’ and the military-archaeology complex: Iraq, ethics, and neo-colonialism. Archaeol.: J. World Archaeol. Congr. 5:139–65 [Google Scholar]
  66. Hamilakis Y. 2012. “…Not being at home in one's home”: ontology, temporality, critique. Forum Krit. Archäol. 1:12–23 [Google Scholar]
  67. Hanna M. 2013. What has happened to Egyptian heritage after the 2011 unfinished revolution?. J. East. Mediterr. Archaeol. Herit. Stud. 1:4371–75 [Google Scholar]
  68. Hardy S. 2015. Virtues impracticable and extremely difficult: the human rights of subsistence diggers. See González-Ruibal & Moshenska 2015 229–39
  69. Harmanşah Ö. 2015. ISIS, heritage, and the spectacles of destruction in the global media. Near East. Archaeol. 78:3170–77 [Google Scholar]
  70. Hassan H. 2015. Beheading of Khaled al-Asaad, keeper of Palmyra, unites Syria in condemnation. The Guardian Aug. 22. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/22/beheading-of-khaled-al-asaad-keeper-of-palmyra-unites-syria-in-condemnation
  71. Hazbun W. 2008. Beaches, Ruins, Resorts: The Politics of Tourism in the Arab World Minneapolis/London: Univ. Minn. Press
  72. Heine P. 2006. Die “Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient” und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit. Spektrum Iran 19:28–13 [Google Scholar]
  73. Herzfeld M. 2006. Spatial cleansing: monumental vacuity and the idea of the West. J. Mater. Cult. 11:1–2127–49 [Google Scholar]
  74. Holtorf C. 2006. Can less be more? Heritage in the age of terrorism. Public Archaeol 5:101–9 [Google Scholar]
  75. Holtorf C, Kristensen TM. 2015. Heritage erasure: rethinking ‘protection’ and ‘preservation. Int. J. Herit. Stud 21:4313–17 [Google Scholar]
  76. Keeley LH. 1997. War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage New York/Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  77. Kersel MM. 2007. Transcending borders: objects on the move. Archaeol.: J. World Archaeol. Congr. 3:281–98 [Google Scholar]
  78. Kersel MM. 2008. Imperial intersections: archaeologists, war and violence—comments. See Starzmann et al. 2008 506–16
  79. Kersel MM, Chesson MS. 2013. Looting matters: Early Bronze Age cemeteries of Jordan's southeast Dead Sea Plain in the past and present. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial LN Stutz, S Tarlow 677–94 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  80. Kohl P. 1998. Nationalism and archaeology: on the constructions of nations and the reconstructions of the remote past. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 27:223–46 [Google Scholar]
  81. La Piscopia P. 2013. The archeologists, the military and the law. Archaeol.: J. World Archaeol. Congr. 9:171–90 [Google Scholar]
  82. Lawler A. 2010. ‘The Cobra’ uncovers ancient civilizations—and Cold War political secrets. Science 328:1101 [Google Scholar]
  83. Levy T. 2014. Special Issue: Cyber-Archaeology. Near East. Archaeol 773 [Google Scholar]
  84. Löw U. 2003a. Die Plünderung der kulturellen Einrichtungen im Irak unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Nationalmuseums in Baghdad. Mitt. dtsch. Orient Ges. 135:13–56 [Google Scholar]
  85. Löw U. 2003b. Raubgrabungen im Irak. Mitt. dtsch. Orient Ges. 135:57–80 [Google Scholar]
  86. Lutz C. 2009a. Anthropology in an era of permanent war. Anthropologica 51:2367–79 [Google Scholar]
  87. Lutz C. 2009b. The military normal. See Netw. Concerned Anthropol. Steer. Comm. 2009 23–37
  88. Malin-Boyce S, Trimble MK. 2009. Archaeology in zones of armed conflict. Herit. Manag. 2:1115–16 [Google Scholar]
  89. McFate M. 2015. Mind the gap: bridging the military/academic divide. See McFate & Laurence 2015 45–89
  90. McFate M, Laurence JH. 2015. Social Science Goes to War: The Human Terrain System in Iraq and Afghanistan Oxford/New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  91. Meskell L. 1998. Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East London: Routledge
  92. Meskell L. 2002. Negative heritage and past mastering in archaeology. Anthropol. Q. 75:3557–74 [Google Scholar]
  93. Meskell L. 2015. Global Heritage: A Reader Malden, MA: Wiley
  94. Meyer K. 1996. Who owns the spoils of war?. Archaeological Ethics KD Vitelli 137–50 Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira [Google Scholar]
  95. Moshenska G. 2009. Resonant materiality and violent remembering: archaeology, memory and bombing. Int. J. Herit. Stud. 15:144–56 [Google Scholar]
  96. Moshenska G, González-Ruibal A. 2015. Introduction: the only way is ethics. See González-Ruibal & Moshenska 2015 1–17
  97. Myers A. 2010. Camp Delta, Google Earth and the ethics of remote sensing in archaeology. World Archaeol 42:3455–67 [Google Scholar]
  98. Netw. Concerned Anthropol. Steer. Comm. 2009. The Counter Counter-Insurgency Manual, or, Notes on Demilitarizing American Society Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press
  99. Nicholas LH. 1994. The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War New York: Alfred A. Knopf
  100. Parenti C. 2003. The Soft Cage: Surveillance in America from Slavery to the War on Terror New York: Basic Books
  101. Pollock S. 2003. The looting of the Iraq Museum: thoughts on archaeology in a time of crisis. Public Archaeol 3:117–24 [Google Scholar]
  102. Pollock S. 2005. Archaeology goes to war at the newsstand. See Pollock & Bernbeck 2005 78–96
  103. Pollock S. 2008. Archaeology as a means for peace or a source of violence? An introduction. See Starzmann et al. 2008 356–67
  104. Pollock S, Bernbeck R. 2005. Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives Malden, MA/Oxford, UK: Blackwell
  105. Pollock S, Lutz C. 1994. Archaeology deployed for the Gulf War. Crit. Anthropol. 14:3263–84 [Google Scholar]
  106. Price D. 2007. Buying a piece of anthropology. Part 1: Human ecology and unwitting anthropological research for the CIA. Anthropol. Today 23:38–13 [Google Scholar]
  107. Price D. 2011. Weaponizing Anthropology: Social Science in Service of the Militarized State Petrolia, CA: CounterPunch
  108. Proulx BB. 2013. Archaeological site looting in “glocal” perspective: nature, scope, and frequency. Am. J. Archaeol. 117:1111–25 [Google Scholar]
  109. Pullan W, Gwiazda M. 2009. ‘City of David’: urban design and frontier heritage. Jerus. Q. 39:29–38 [Google Scholar]
  110. Renfrew C. 2000. Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership: The Ethical Crisis in Archaeology London: Duckworth
  111. Richter T. 2008. Espionage and Near Eastern archaeology: a historiographical survey. Public Archaeol 7:4212–40 [Google Scholar]
  112. Robben ACGM. 2009. Anthropology and the Iraq war: an uncomfortable engagement. Anthropol. Today 25:11–3 [Google Scholar]
  113. Rose CB. 2008. Talking to the troops about the archaeology of Iraq and Afghanistan. The Acquisition and Exhibition of Classical Antiquities: Professional, Legal, and Ethical Perspectives R Rhodes 139–51 Notre Dame, IN: Univ. Notre Dame Press [Google Scholar]
  114. Rush LW. 2014. Military personnel training in archaeology. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology C Smith 4940–43 New York/London: Springer [Google Scholar]
  115. Rush LW. 2015. Partnership versus guns: military advocacy of peaceful approaches for cultural property protection. See González-Ruibal & Moshenska 2015 181–97
  116. SAA (Soc. Am. Archaeol.) 1996. Principles of archaeological ethics Adopted by SAA Exec. Board on April 10. http://www.saa.org/AbouttheSociety/PrinciplesofArchaeologicalEthics/tabid/203/Default.aspx
  117. Sayej GJ. 2010. Palestinian archaeology: knowledge, awareness and cultural heritage. Present Pasts 2:1 doi: http://doi.org/10.5334/pp.22 [Google Scholar]
  118. Scham SA, Yahya A. 2003. Heritage and reconciliation. J. Soc. Archaeol. 3:3399–416 [Google Scholar]
  119. Schipper FT, Eichberger H. 2010. The protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict: the cultural property protection officer as a liaison between the military and the civil sector. Present Pasts 2:1 doi: http://doi.org/10.5334/pp.31 [Google Scholar]
  120. Seymour M. 2004. Ancient Mesopotamia and modern Iraq in the British press, 1980–2003. Curr. Anthropol. 45:3351–68 [Google Scholar]
  121. Shabi R. 2015. Looted in Syria—and sold in London: the British antiques shops dealing in artefacts smuggled by Isis. The Guardian July 3. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/03/antiquities-looted-by-isis-end-up-in-london-shops
  122. Shaw WMK. 2015. Destroy your idols. X-tra: Contemp. Art Q. 18:1 http://x-traonline.org/article/destroy-your-idols/ [Google Scholar]
  123. Silliman SW. 2008. The “Old West” in the Middle East: US military metaphors in real and imagined Indian country. Am. Anthropol. 110:2237–47 [Google Scholar]
  124. Smith C, Burke H, de Leiuen C, Jackson G. 2015. The Islamic State's symbolic war: Da'esh's socially mediated terrorism as a threat to cultural heritage. J. Soc. Archaeol. 16:2164–88 [Google Scholar]
  125. Starzmann MT, Pollock S, Bernbeck R. 2008. Special Issue: Imperial Inspections: Archaeology, War and Violence. Archaeol.: J. World Archaeol. Congr. 4:3 [Google Scholar]
  126. Stone EC. 2008. Patterns of looting in southern Iraq. Antiquity 82:125–38 [Google Scholar]
  127. Stone PG. 2005. The identification and protection of cultural heritage during the Iraq conflict: a peculiarly English tale. Antiquity 79:933–43 [Google Scholar]
  128. Stone PG. 2009. Protecting cultural heritage in times of conflict: lessons from Iraq. Archaeol.: J. World Archaeol. Congr. 5:132–38 [Google Scholar]
  129. Stone PG. 2013. A four-tier approach to the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict. Antiquity 87:166–77 [Google Scholar]
  130. Stone PG, Bajjaly JF. 2008. The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Iraq Woodbridge, UK: Boydell
  131. Stroeken K. 2012a. Introduction: war-technology anthropology. See Stroeken 2012b 1–18
  132. Stroeken K. 2012b. War, Technology, Anthropology New York/Oxford, UK: Berghahn
  133. Teijgeler R. 2008. Embedded archaeology: an exercise in self-reflection. See Stone & Bajjaly 2008 173–82
  134. Tully G, Hanna M. 2013. One landscape, many tenants: uncovering multiple claims, visions and meanings on the Theban necropolis. Archaeol.: J. World Archaeol. Congr. 9:3362–97 [Google Scholar]
  135. UNESCO 1954. Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict The Hague: UNESCO http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/armed-conflict-and-heritage/the-hague-convention/
  136. UNESCO 2016. World heritage UNESCO Paris: http://whc.unesco.org/en/about/
  137. Ur J. 2013. Spying on the past: declassified intelligence satellite photographs and Near Eastern landscapes. Near East. Archaeol. 76:128–36 [Google Scholar]
  138. Varisco DM. 2015. When heritage turns to rubble. Anthropol. News 56:63 [Google Scholar]
  139. WAC (World Archaeol. Congr.) 2014a. Dead Sea Accord. Adopted by WAC on May 21. http://worldarch.org/code-of-ethics/
  140. WAC (World Archaeol. Congr.) 2014b. WAC Dead Sea Accord announcement WAC Counc. http://worldarch.org/blog/wac-dead-sea-accord-announcemen/
  141. Wegener C. 2010. The looting of the Iraq National Museum and the future of cultural property during armed conflict. SAA Archaeol. Rec. 10:428–30 [Google Scholar]
  142. Weizman E. 2007. Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation London/New York: Verso
  143. Wickstead H. 2009. The Uber archaeologist. Art, GIS and the male gaze revisited. J. Soc. Archaeol. 9:2249–71 [Google Scholar]
  144. Wylie A. 2005. The promise and perils of an ethic of stewardship. Embedding Ethics L Meskell, P Pels 47–68 Oxford, UK/New York: Berg [Google Scholar]
  145. Yahya A. 2005. Archaeology and nationalism in the Holy Land. See Pollock & Bernbeck 2005 66–77
  146. Yahya A. 2010a. Heritage appropriation in the Holy Land. See Boytner et al. 2010 142–58
  147. Yahya A. 2010b. The Palestinian-Israeli draft agreement on archaeological heritage. Present Pasts 2:1 doi: http://doi.org/10.5334/pp.23 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-095913
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error