The Reliability of Clinical Diagnoses: State of the Art

Literature Cited

1. Algina J. 1978. Comment on Bartko's “On various intraclass correlation reliability coefficients.”. Psychol. Bull. 85:135–38 [Google Scholar]
2. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc 1980. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 3rd ed..
3. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 4th ed..
4. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 5th ed..
5. Bartko JJ. 1976. On various intraclass correlation reliability coefficients. Psychol. Bull. 83:762–65 [Google Scholar]
6. Berkson J. 1946. Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics Bull. 2:47–53 [Google Scholar]
7. Berkson J. 1955. The statistical study of association between smoking and lung cancer. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin. 30:56–60 [Google Scholar]
8. Berry KF, Johnston JE, Mielke PW Jr. 2005. Exact and resampling probability values for weighted kappa. Psychol. Rep. 96:243–52 [Google Scholar]
9. Bloch DA, Kraemer HC. 1989. 2×2 kappa coefficients: measures of agreement or association. Biometrics 45:269–87 [Google Scholar]
10. Brown GW. 1976. Berkson fallacy revisited: spurious conclusions from patient surveys. Am. J. Dis. Child. 130:56–60 [Google Scholar]
11. Brown W. 1910. Some experimental results in the correlation of mental abilities. Br. J. Psychol. 3:296–322 [Google Scholar]
12. Clarke DE, Narrow WE, Regier DA, Kuramoto SJ, Kupfer DJ. et al. 2013. DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, part I: study design, sampling strategy, implementation, and analytic approaches. Am. J. Psychiatry 170:43–58 [Google Scholar]
13. Cohen J. 1968. Weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit. Psychol. Bull. 70:213–29 [Google Scholar]
14. Detre KM, Wright E, Murphy ML, Takaro T. 1975. Observer agreement in evaluating coronary angiograms. Circulation 52:979–86 [Google Scholar]
15. Donner A, Bull S. 1983. Inferences concerning a common intraclass correlation. Biometrics 39:771–75 [Google Scholar]
16. Donner A, Wells G. 1986. A comparison of confidence interval methods for the intraclass correlation coefficient. Biometrics 42:401–12 [Google Scholar]
17. Efron B. 1988. Bootstrap confidence intervals: good or bad?. Psychol. Bull. 104:293–96 [Google Scholar]
18. Efron B, Gong G. 1983. A leisurely look at the bootstrap, the jackknife, and cross-validation. Am. Stat. 37:36–48 [Google Scholar]
19. Efron B, Tibshirani R. 1995. Computer-Intensive Statistical Methods Stanford, CA: Div. Biostat. Stanford Univ.
20. Elwood RW. 1993. Psychological tests and clinical discriminations: beginning to address the base rate problem. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 13:409–19 [Google Scholar]
21. Finney DJ. 1994. On biometric language and its abuses. Biom. Bull. 11:2–4 [Google Scholar]
22. Fleiss JL. 1971. Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychol. Bull. 76:378–82 [Google Scholar]
23. Fleiss JL. 1981. Statistical Methods For Rates and Proportions New York: Wiley
24. Fleiss JL, Cicchetti DV. 1978. Inference about weighted kappa in the non-null case. Appl. Psychol. Meas. 2:113–17 [Google Scholar]
25. Fleiss JL, Cohen J, Everitt BS. 1969. Large sample standard errors of kappa and weighted kappa. Psychol. Bull. 72:323–27 [Google Scholar]
26. Frances A. 2013. Saving Normal: An Insider's Revolt Against Out-of-Control Psychiatric Diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma, and the Medicalization of Ordinary Life New York: William Morrow
27. Greenberg G. 2013. The Book of Woe: The DSM and the Unmaking of Psychiatry New York: Blue Rider Press
28. Gross RT, Spiker D, Haynes CW. 1997. Helping Low Birth Weight, Premature Babies Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
29. Koran LM. 1975a. The reliability of clinical methods, data and judgments, part 1. N. Engl. J. Med. 293:642–46 [Google Scholar]
30. Koran LM. 1975b. The reliability of clinical methods, data and judgments, part 2. N. Engl. J. Med. 293:695–701 [Google Scholar]
31. Kraemer HC. 1979. Ramifications of a population model for k as a coefficient of reliability. Psychometrika 44:461–72 [Google Scholar]
32. Kraemer HC. 1980. Extensions of the kappa coefficient. Biometrics 36:207–16 [Google Scholar]
33. Kraemer HC. 1992a. How many raters? Toward the most reliable diagnostic consensus. Stat. Med. 11:317–31 [Google Scholar]
34. Kraemer HC. 1992b. Evaluating Medical Tests: Objective and Quantitative Guidelines Newbury Park, CA: Sage
35. Kraemer HC. 2013. Validity and psychiatric diagnosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 70:138–39 [Google Scholar]
36. Kraemer HC, Kupfer DJ, Clarke DE, Narrow WE, Regier DA. 2012. DSM-5: How reliable is reliable enough?. Am. J. Psychiatry 169:13–15 [Google Scholar]
37. Landis JR, Koch GG. 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33:159–74 [Google Scholar]
38. Lord FM, Novick MR. 1968. Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
39. Ramasundarahettige CF, Donner A, Zhou GY. 2009. Confidence interval construction for a difference between two dependent intraclass correlation coefficients. Stat. Med. 28:1041–53 [Google Scholar]
40. Regier DA, Narrow WE, Clarke DE, Kraemer HC, Kuramoto SJ. et al. 2013. DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, part II: test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. Am. J. Psychiatry 170:59–70 [Google Scholar]
41. Robins LN, Barrett JE. 1989. The Validity of Psychiatric Diagnosis New York: Raven
42. Rothery P. 1979. A nonparametric measure of intraclass correlation. Biometrika 66:629–39 [Google Scholar]
43. Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. 1979. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol. Bull. 86:420–28 [Google Scholar]
44. Spearman C. 1910. Correlation calculated from faulty data. Br. J. Psychol. 3:271–95 [Google Scholar]
45. Spitzer RL, Forman JB, Nee J. 1979. DSM-III field trials: I. Initial interrater diagnostic reliability. Am. J. Psychiatry 136:815–20 [Google Scholar]
46. Spitznagel EL, Helzer JE. 1985. A proposed solution to the base rate problem in the kappa statistic. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42:725–28 [Google Scholar]
47. Veiel HOF. 1988. Base-rates, cut-points, and interaction effects: the problem with dichotomized continuous variables. Psychol. Med. 18:703–10 [Google Scholar]