1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
  4. Volume 47, 2016
  5. Article

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

Volume 47, 2016

Evolution and Extinction of Land Snails on Oceanic Islands

Abstract

Nonmarine molluscs are the major animal group with the greatest number of recorded extinctions due to anthropogenic impacts, and that number is certainly a serious underestimate. Land snails, particularly endemic land snails of oceanic islands, are the group of molluscs that have sustained the most extinctions. Understanding their ecology and the evolutionary processes that have led to their extreme vulnerability is crucial if we are to be able to conserve these diverse and important species. Oceanic island snails tend to have low α-diversity and high β-diversity, and divergence of habitat use among related species is known to occur in some radiations of land snails on oceanic islands. Processes of speciation and ecological interaction are possible major drivers of these patterns. The ecological opportunities available at the initial stage of insular evolution and the scarcity of effective predators may have led to divergence of habitat use and high β-diversity in oceanic island snails. Fewer and less diverse predators on oceanic islands lead to the evolution of fewer and less diverse defense traits in oceanic island snails, which results in their high vulnerability to non-native predators. High β-diversity of oceanic island snails also results in great vulnerability to habitat loss. Accordingly, the high susceptibility of oceanic island snails to extinction reflects their evolutionary history.

Keyword(s): adaptive radiation, biological invasion, conservation, habitat loss, nonadaptive radiation, predation, speciation, species diversity
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054331
2016-11-01
2024-04-24
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ecolsys/47/1/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054331.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054331&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Anonymous 2002. Bio-control: flatworms and nemertean worms collected and identified from Cook Islands, Niue, Tonga and Vanuatu. SAPA Newsl 6:3 [Google Scholar]
  2. Athens JS. 2009. Rattus exulans and the catastrophic disappearance of Hawai'i's native lowland forest. Biol. Invasions 11:1489–501 [Google Scholar]
  3. Barker GM, Mayhill PC. 1999. Patterns of diversity and habitat relationships in terrestrial mollusc communities of the Pukemaru Ecological District, northeastern New Zealand. J. Biogeogr. 26:215–38 [Google Scholar]
  4. Baur B. 1994. Parental care in terrestrial gastropods. Experientia 50:5–14 [Google Scholar]
  5. Baur B, Baur A. 1990. Experimental evidence for intra- and interspecific competition in two species of rock-dwelling land snails. J. Anim. Ecol. 59:301–15 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bloch CP, Willig MR. 2012. Density compensation suggests interspecific competition is weak among terrestrial snails in tabonuco forest of Puerto Rico. Caribb. J. Sci. 46:159–68 [Google Scholar]
  7. Bouchet P, Abdou A. 2001. Recent extinct land snails (Euconulidae) from the Gambier Islands with remarkable apertural barriers. Pac. Sci. 55:121–27 [Google Scholar]
  8. Bouchet P, Abdou A. 2003. Endemic land snails from the Pacific Islands and the museum record: documenting and dating the extinction of the terrestrial Assimineidae of the Gambier Islands. J. Molluscan Stud. 69:165–70 [Google Scholar]
  9. Brodie G, Barker GM, Stevens F, Fiu M. 2014. Preliminary re-survey of the land snail fauna of Rotuma: conservation and biosecurity implications. Pac. Conserv. Biol. 20:94–107 [Google Scholar]
  10. Burney DA, James HF, Burney LP, Olson SL, Kikuchi W. et al. 2001. Fossil evidence for a diverse biota from Kaua‘i and its transformation since human arrival. Ecol. Monogr. 71:615–41 [Google Scholar]
  11. Cameron RAD, Cook LM. 2001. Madeiran snails: faunal differentiation on a small island. J. Molluscan Stud. 67:257–67 [Google Scholar]
  12. Cameron RAD, Cook LM, Goodfriend GA, Seddon MB. 2006. Fossil land snail faunas of Porto Santo, Madeiran Archipelago: change and stasis in Pleistocene to recent times. Malacologia 49:25–59 [Google Scholar]
  13. Cameron RAD, Cook LM, Hallows JD. 1996. Land snails on Porto Santo: adaptive and non-adaptive radiation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 351:309–27 [Google Scholar]
  14. Cameron RAD, Pokryszko BM, Martins AMF. 2012. Land snail faunas on Santa Maria (Azores): local diversity in an old, isolated and disturbed island. J. Molluscan Stud. 78:268–74 [Google Scholar]
  15. Cameron RAD, Triantis KA, Parent CE, Guilhaumon F, Alonso MR. et al. 2013. Snails on oceanic islands: testing the general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography using linear mixed effect models. J. Biogeogr. 40:117–30 [Google Scholar]
  16. Carlquist S. 1974. Island Biology New York: Columbia Univ. Press
  17. Chiaverano M, Holland BS. 2014. Impact of an invasive predatory lizard on the endangered Hawaiian tree snail Achatinella mustelina: a threat assessment. Endanger. Species Res. 24:115–23 [Google Scholar]
  18. Chiba S. 1996. Ecological and morphological diversification and character displacement in Mandarina, an endemic land snail of the Bonin Islands. J. Evol. Biol. 9:277–91 [Google Scholar]
  19. Chiba S. 1998. Synchronized evolution in lineages of land snails in an oceanic island. Paleobiology 24:99–108 [Google Scholar]
  20. Chiba S. 1999a. Character displacement, frequency–dependent selection, and divergence of shell colour in land snails Mandarina (Pulmonata). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 66:465–79 [Google Scholar]
  21. Chiba S. 1999b. Accelerated evolution of land snails Mandarina in the oceanic Bonin Islands: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Evolution 53:460–71 [Google Scholar]
  22. Chiba S. 2004. Ecological and morphological patterns in communities of land snails of the genus Mandarina from the Bonin Islands. J. Evol. Biol. 17:131–43 [Google Scholar]
  23. Chiba S. 2007. Species richness patterns along environmental gradients in island land molluscan fauna. Ecology 88:1738–46 [Google Scholar]
  24. Chiba S. 2010a. Invasive rats alter assemblage characteristics of land snails in the Ogasawara Islands. Biol. Conserv. 143:1558–63 [Google Scholar]
  25. Chiba S. 2010b. Invasive non-native species' provision of refugia for endangered native species. Conserv. Biol. 24:1141–47 [Google Scholar]
  26. Chiba S, Davison A. 2008. Anatomical and molecular studies reveal several cryptic species of the endemic genus Mandarina in the Ogasawara Islands. J. Molluscan Stud. 74:373–82 [Google Scholar]
  27. Chiba S, Okochi I, Ohbayashi T, Miura D, Mori H. et al. 2009. Effects of habitat history and extinction selectivity on species-richness patterns of an island land snail fauna. J. Biogeogr. 36:1913–22 [Google Scholar]
  28. Chiba S, Roy K. 2011. Selectivity of terrestrial gastropod extinctions on an oceanic archipelago and insights into the anthropogenic extinction process. PNAS 108:9496–501 [Google Scholar]
  29. Clements R, Sodhi NS, Schilthuizen M, Ng PKL. 2006. Limestone karsts of southeast Asia: imperiled arks of biodiversity. BioScience 56:733–42 [Google Scholar]
  30. Cook LM. 2008. Species richness in Madeiran land snails, and its causes. J. Biogeogr. 35:647–53 [Google Scholar]
  31. Cook LM, Goodfriend GA, Cameron RAD. 1993. Changes in the land snail fauna of eastern Madeira during the Quaternary. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 339:83–103 [Google Scholar]
  32. Coote T, Loève E. 2003. From 61 species to five: endemic tree snails of the Society Islands fall prey to an ill-judged biological control programme. Oryx 37:91–96 [Google Scholar]
  33. Cowie RH. 1992. Evolution and extinction of Partulidae, endemic Pacific Island land snails. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 335:167–91 [Google Scholar]
  34. Cowie RH. 1995. Variation in species diversity and shell shape in Hawaiian land snails: in situ speciation and ecological relationships. Evolution 49:1191–202 [Google Scholar]
  35. Cowie RH. 1996. Pacific Island land snails: relationships, origins, and determinants of diversity. Origin and Evolution of Pacific Island Biotas, New Guinea to Eastern Polynesia: Patterns and Processes A Keast, SE Miller 347–72 Amsterdam: SPB Academic [Google Scholar]
  36. Cowie RH. 2001a. Can snails ever be effective and safe biocontrol agents. Int. J. Pest Manag. 47:23–40 [Google Scholar]
  37. Cowie RH. 2001b. Decline and homogenization of Pacific faunas: the land snails of American Samoa. Biol. Conserv. 99:207–22 [Google Scholar]
  38. Cowie RH. 2001c. Invertebrate invasions on Pacific Islands and the replacement of unique native faunas: a synthesis of the land and freshwater snails. Biol. Invasions 3:119–36 [Google Scholar]
  39. Cowie RH. 2013. Biology, systematics, life cycle, and distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the cause of rat lungworm disease. Hawai‘i J. Med. Public Health 72:Suppl. 26–9 [Google Scholar]
  40. Cowie RH, Cook RP. 2001. Extinction or survival: partulid tree snails in American Samoa. Biodivers. Conserv. 10:143–59 [Google Scholar]
  41. Cowie RH, Holland BS. 2006. Dispersal is fundamental to evolution on oceanic islands. J. Biogeogr. 33:193–98 [Google Scholar]
  42. Cowie RH, Jones JS. 1987. Ecological interactions between Cepaea nemoralis and Cepaea hortensis: competition, invasion, but no niche displacement. Funct. Ecol 1:91–97 [Google Scholar]
  43. Cowie RH, Robinson AC. 2003. The decline of native Pacific island faunas: changes in status of the land snails of Samoa through the 20th century. Biol. Conserv. 110:55–56 [Google Scholar]
  44. Cox GW. 1999. Alien Species in North America and Hawaii: Impacts on Natural Ecosystems Washington, DC: Island Press
  45. Davison A, Chiba S. 2006a. Labile ecotypes accompany rapid cladogenesis in a land snail adaptive radiation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 88:269–82 [Google Scholar]
  46. Davison A, Chiba S. 2006b. The recent history and population structure of five Mandarina snail species from sub-tropical Ogasawara (Bonin Islands, Japan). Mol. Ecol. 15:2905–10 [Google Scholar]
  47. Davison A, Chiba S. 2008. Contrasting response to Pleistocene climate change by ground living and arboreal Mandarina snails from the oceanic Hahajima archipelago. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363:3391–400 [Google Scholar]
  48. Eldredge LG, Smith BD. 1995. Triclad flatworm tours the Pacific. Aliens 2:11 [Google Scholar]
  49. Emberton KC. 1995. Sympatric convergence and environmental correlation between two land-snail species. Evolution 49:469–75 [Google Scholar]
  50. Gavrilets S. 2004. Fitness Landscape and the Origin of Species Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  51. Gittenberger E. 1991. What about non-adaptive radiation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 43:263–72 [Google Scholar]
  52. Gittenberger E, Groenenberg DSJ, Kokshoorn B, Preece RC. 2006. Molecular trails from hitch-hiking snails. Nature 439:409 [Google Scholar]
  53. Goodfriend GA, Cameron RAD, Cook LM, Courty MA, Fedoroff N. et al. 1996. Quaternary eolianite sequence of Madeira: stratigraphy, chronology, and paleoenvironmental interpretation. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 120:195–234 [Google Scholar]
  54. Greve C, Gimnich F, Hutterer R, Misof B, Haase M. 2012. Radiating on oceanic islands: patterns and processes of speciation in the land snail genus Theba (Risso, 1826). PLOS ONE 7:4e34339. doi: [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  55. Griffin JN, Byrnes JE, Cardinale BJ. 2013. Effects of predator richness on prey suppression: a meta-analysis. Ecology 94:2180–87 [Google Scholar]
  56. Griffiths O, Cook A, Wells SM. 1993. The diet of the introduced carnivorous snail Euglandina rosea in Mauritius and its implications for threatened island gastropod faunas. J. Zool. 229:79–89 [Google Scholar]
  57. Gulick JT. 1905. Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal Washington, DC: Carnegie Inst.
  58. Hadfield MG. 1986. Extinction in Hawaiian achatinelline snails. Malacologia 27:67–81 [Google Scholar]
  59. Hadfield MG, Saufler JE. 2009. The demographics of destruction: isolated populations of arboreal snails and sustained predation by rats on the island of Moloka'i 1982–2006. Biol. Invasions 11:1595–609 [Google Scholar]
  60. Hawksworth DL, Cowie RH. 2013. The discovery of historically extinct, but hitherto undescribed, species: an under-appreciated element in extinction-rate assessments. Biodivers. Conserv. 22:2429–32 [Google Scholar]
  61. Hickman CS. 2009. Lord Howe Island. Encyclopedia of Islands RG Gillespie, DA Clague 568–71 Berkeley: Univ. California Press [Google Scholar]
  62. Hirano T, Kameda Y, Kimura K, Chiba S. 2014. Substantial incongruence among the morphology, taxonomy, and molecular phylogeny of the land snails Aegista, Landouria, Trishoplita, and Pseudobuliminus (Pulmonata: Bradybaenidae) occurring in East Asia. Mol. Phylogenetics Evol 70:171–81 [Google Scholar]
  63. Holland BS, Cowie RH. 2009. Land snail models in island biogeography: a tale of two snails. Am. Malacol. Bull. 27:59–68 [Google Scholar]
  64. Holland BS, Hadfield MG. 2004. Origin and diversification of the endemic Hawaiian tree snails (Achatinellinae: Achatinellidae) based on molecular evidence. Mol. Phylogenetics Evol. 32:588–600 [Google Scholar]
  65. Hopper DR, Smith BD. 1992. Status of tree snails (Gastropoda: Partulidae) on Guam, with a resurvey of sites studied by H. E. Crampton in 1920.. Pac. Sci 46:77–85 [Google Scholar]
  66. Hoso M, Hori M. 2008. Divergent shell shape as an antipredator adaptation in tropical land snails. Am. Nat. 172:726–32 [Google Scholar]
  67. Hoso M, Kameda Y, Wu SP, Asami T, Kato M, Hori M. 2010. A speciation gene for left-right reversal in snails results in anti-predator adaptation. Nat. Commun. 1:133 [Google Scholar]
  68. IUCN (Int. Union Conserv. Nat.) 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2015–4, retrieved Feb. 7, 2016. http://www.iucnredlist.org
  69. Kim JR, Hayes KA, Yeung NW, Cowie RH. 2014. Diverse gastropod hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, globally and with a focus on the Hawaiian Islands. PLOS ONE 9:5e94969. doi: [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  70. Kimura K, Chiba S. 2010. Interspecific interference competition alters habitat use patterns in two species of land snails. Evol. Ecol. 24:815–25 [Google Scholar]
  71. Kimura K, Hirano T, Chiba S. 2015. Assortative mating with respect to size in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Bradybaena pellucida. Acta Ethologica 18:265–68 [Google Scholar]
  72. Konuma J, Chiba S. 2007. Trade-offs between force and fit: extreme morphologies associated with feeding behavior in carabid beetles. Am. Nat. 170:90–100 [Google Scholar]
  73. Konuma J, Nagata N, Sota T. 2011. Factors determining the direction of ecological specialization in snail-feeding carabid beetles. Evolution 65:408–418 [Google Scholar]
  74. Lee T, Li J, Churchill C, Ó Foighil D. 2014. Evolutionary history of a vanishing radiation: isolation-dependent persistence and diversification in Pacific Island partulid tree snails. BMC Evol. Biol. 14:202 [Google Scholar]
  75. Liew TS, Schilthuizen M, Lakim M. 2010. The determinants of land snail diversity along a tropical altitudinal gradient: insularity, geometry, and niches. J. Biogeogr. 37:1071–78 [Google Scholar]
  76. Losos JB, Ricklefs RE. 2009. The Theory of Island Biogeography Revisited Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  77. Lydeard C, Cowie RH, Ponder WF, Bogan AE, Bouchet P. et al. 2004. The global decline of nonmarine mollusks. BioScience 54:321–30 [Google Scholar]
  78. MacArthur RH, Wilson EO. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  79. Muniappan R, Duhamel G, Santiago RM, Acay DR. 1986. Giant African snail control in Bugsuk island, Philippines, by Platydemus manokwari. Oléagineux 41:183–86 [Google Scholar]
  80. Murray J, Clarke B, Johnson MS. 1993. Adaptive radiation and community structure of Partula on Moorea. Proc. R. Soc. B 252:205–11 [Google Scholar]
  81. Murray J, Murray E, Johnson MS, Clarke B. 1988. The extinction of Partula on Moorea. Pac. Sci. 42:150–53 [Google Scholar]
  82. Nosil P. 2012. Ecological Speciation Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  83. Ohbayashi T, Okochi I, Sato H, Ono T, Chiba S. 2007. Rapid decline of endemic snails in the Ogasawara Islands, western Pacific Ocean. Appl. Ent. Zool. 42:479–85 [Google Scholar]
  84. Olson SL, Hearty PJ. 2010. Predation as the primary selective force in recurrent evolution of gigantism in Poecilozonites land snails in Quaternary Bermuda. Biol. Lett. 6:807–10 [Google Scholar]
  85. Parent CE. 2012. Ecological and evolutionary determinants of land snail species richness on islands. Am. Malacol. Bull. 30:207–15 [Google Scholar]
  86. Parent CE, Crespi BJ. 2006. Sequential colonization and rapid diversification of Galápagos endemic land snail genus Bulimulus (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora). Evolution 60:2311–28 [Google Scholar]
  87. Parent CE, Crespi BJ. 2009. Ecological opportunity in adaptive radiation of Galápagos endemic land snails. Am. Nat. 174:898–905 [Google Scholar]
  88. Paulay G, Starmer J. 2011. Evolution, insular restriction, and extinction of oceanic land crabs, exemplified by the loss of an endemic Geograpsus in the Hawaiian Islands. PLOS ONE 6:5e19916. doi: [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  89. Pearce TA. 1997. Interference and resource competition in two land snails: adults inhibit conspecific juvenile growth in field and laboratory. J. Molluscan Stud. 63:389–99 [Google Scholar]
  90. Régnier C, Achaz G, Lambert A, Cowie RH, Bouchet P, Fontaine B. 2015a. Mass extinction in poorly known taxa. PNAS 112:7761–66 [Google Scholar]
  91. Régnier C, Bouchet P, Hayes KA, Yeung NW, Christensen CC. et al. 2015b. Extinction in a hyperdiverse endemic Hawaiian land snail family and implications for the underestimation of invertebrate extinction. Conserv. Biol. 29:1715–23 [Google Scholar]
  92. Régnier C, Fontaine B, Bouchet PH. 2009. Not knowing, not recording, not listing: numerous unnoticed mollusk extinctions. Conserv. Biol. 23:1214–21 [Google Scholar]
  93. Richling I, Bouchet P. 2013. Extinct even before scientific recognition: a remarkable radiation of helicinid snails (Helicinidae) on the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia. Biodivers. Conserv. 22:2433–68 [Google Scholar]
  94. Rundell RJ. 2008. Cryptic diversity, molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the rock- and leaf litter-dwelling land snails of Belau (Republic of Palau, Oceania). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 363:3401–12 [Google Scholar]
  95. Rundell RJ, Price TD. 2009. Adaptive radiation, nonadaptive radiation, ecological speciation and nonecological speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24:394–99 [Google Scholar]
  96. Sartori AF, Gargominy O, Fontaine B. 2013. Anthropogenic extinction of Pacific land snails: a case study of Rurutu, French Polynesia, with description of eight new species of endodontids (Pulmonata). Zootaxa 3640:343–72 [Google Scholar]
  97. Sartori AF, Gargominy O, Fontaine B. 2014. Radiation and decline of endodontid land snails in Makatea, French Polynesia. Zootaxa 3772:1–68 [Google Scholar]
  98. Schamp B, Horsák M, Hajek M. 2010. Deterministic assembly of land snail communities according to species size and diet. J. Anim. Ecol. 79:803–10 [Google Scholar]
  99. Schilthuizen M, Liew TS, Liew TH, Berlin P, King JP, Lakim M. 2013. Species diversity patterns in insular land snail communities of Borneo. J. Geol. Soc. 170:539–45 [Google Scholar]
  100. Schilthuizen M, van Til A, Salverda M, Liew TS, James SS. et al. 2006. Micro-allopatric divergence in a snail associated with behavioural differences in its predator. Evolution 60:1851–58 [Google Scholar]
  101. Schindel DE, Gould SJ. 1977. Biological interaction between fossil species: character displacement in Bermudian land snails. Paleobiology 3:259–69 [Google Scholar]
  102. Schluter D. 2000. The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  103. Seddon MB. 2008. The landsnails of Madeira. An illustrated compendium of the landsnails and slugs of the Madeiran archipelago. Studies in Biodiversity and Systematics of Terrestrial Organisms from the National Museum of Wales. BIOTIR Rep 2:i–viii, 1–196 [Google Scholar]
  104. Solem A. 1983. Endodontoid Land Snails from Pacific Islands (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Sigmurethra). Part II. Families Punctidae and Charopidae. Zoogeography. Chicago: Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
  105. Solem A. 1984. A world model of land snail diversity and abundance. World-Wide Snails: Biogeographical Studies on Non-Marine Mollusca A Solem, AC van Bruggen 6–22 Leiden, Neth: Brill/Backhuys [Google Scholar]
  106. Steadman D. 2006. Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  107. Stockdale-Walden HD, Slapcinsky J, Qvarnstrom Y, McIntosh A, Bishop HS, Rosseland B. 2015. Angiostrongylus cantonensis in introduced gastropods in southern Florida. J. Parasitol. 101:156–59 [Google Scholar]
  108. Sugiura S, Okochi I, Tamada H. 2006. High predation pressure by an introduced flatworm on land snails on the oceanic Ogasawara Islands. Biotropica 38:700–3 [Google Scholar]
  109. Sugiura S, Yamaura Y. 2010. Potential impacts of the invasive flatworm Platydemus manokwari on arboreal snails. Biol. Invasions 11:737–42 [Google Scholar]
  110. Vermeij GJ. 1987. Evolution and Escalation. An Ecological History of Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  111. Vermeij GJ. 2004. Island life: a view from the sea. Frontiers of Biogeography: New Directions in the Geography of Nature MV Lomolino, LR Heaney 239–54 Sunderland, MA: Sinauer [Google Scholar]
  112. Wada S, Kameda Y, Chiba S. 2013. Long-term stasis and short-term divergence in the phenotypes of microsnails on oceanic islands. Mol. Ecol. 22:4801–10 [Google Scholar]
  113. Walter HS. 2004. The mismeasure of islands: implications for biogeographical theory and the conservation of nature. J. Biogeog. 31:177–97 [Google Scholar]
  114. Whittaker RJ, Fernández-Palacios JM. 2007. Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 2nd ed..
  115. Winsor L, Johns PM, Barker GM. 2004. Terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) predaceous on terrestrial gastropods. Natural Enemies of Terrestrial Molluscs GM Barker 227–78 Wallingford, UK: CABI [Google Scholar]
  116. Yanes Y, Yapp CJ, Delgado A, Ibáñez M, Alonso MR. et al. 2011. Pleistocene–Holocene environmental change in the Canary archipelago as inferred from the stable isotope composition of land snail shells. Quat. Res. 75:658–69 [Google Scholar]
  117. Yong HS, Eamsobhana P. 2013. Definitive rodent hosts of the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Raffles Bull. Zool. Suppl. 29:111–15 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054331
Loading
Evolution and Extinction of Land Snails on Oceanic Islands
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 47, 123 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054331
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054331
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054331
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error