1932

Abstract

Processionary moths carry urticating setae, which cause health problems in humans and other warm-blooded animals. The pine processionary moth has responded to global change (climate warming and increased global trade) by extending its distribution range. The subfamily Thaumetopoeinae consists of approximately 100 species. An important question is whether other processionary moth species will similarly respond to these specific dimensions of global change and thus introduce health hazards into new areas. We describe, for the first time, how setae are distributed on different life stages (adult, larva) of major groups within the subfamily. Using the available data, we conclude that there is little evidence that processionary moths as a group will behave like and expand their distributional range. The health problems caused by setae strongly relate to population density, which may, or may not, be connected to global change.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-034918
2017-01-31
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ento/62/1/annurev-ento-031616-034918.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-034918&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Ademuleya BA. 1.  2014. Ondo in the history of Aso-Òkè weaving in Southwestern Nigeria. Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci. 5:2127–32 [Google Scholar]
  2. Agenjo R. 2.  1941. Monografia de la familia Thaumetopoeidae (Lep.). EOS 17:69–130 [Google Scholar]
  3. Aimi A, Zocca A, Minerbi S, Hellrigl K, Gatto P, Battisti A. 3.  2006. The outbreak of the pine processionary moth in Venosta/Vinschgau: ecological and economic aspects. For. Obs. 2:/369–80 [Google Scholar]
  4. Artola-Bordás F, Arnedo-Pena A, Romeu-García MA, Bellido-Blasco JB. 4.  2008. Outbreak of dermatitis caused by pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in schoolchildren. An. Sist. Sanit. Navar. 31:289–93 [Google Scholar]
  5. Auger-Rozenberg M-A, Barbaro L, Battisti A, Blache S, Charbonnier Y. 5.  et al. 2015. Ecological responses of parasitoids, predators and associated insect communities to the climate-driven expansion of the pine processionary moth. Processionary Moths and Climate Change: An Update A Roques 311–58 Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer [Google Scholar]
  6. Avtzis DN, Papachristos DP, Michaelakis A. 5a.  2016. Pine processionary moths in Greece refined: introduction and population structure of Thaumetopoea pityocampa mtDNA ENA clade in Attica, Greece. J. Pest Sci. 89:393–402 [Google Scholar]
  7. Basso A. 6.  2017. Phylogeny of Thaumetopoeinae (Lepidoptera Notodontidae) based on morphological and molecular traits PhD Thesis, Univ. Padova, Italy
  8. Battisti A, Avcı M, Avtzis DN, Ben Jamaa ML, Berardi L. 7.  et al. 2015. Natural history of the processionary moths (Thaumetopoea spp.): new insights in relation to climate change. Processionary Moths and Climate Change: An Update A Roques 15–80 Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer [Google Scholar]
  9. Battisti A, Holm G, Fagrell B, Larsson S. 8.  2011. Urticating hairs in arthropods: their nature and medical significance. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56:203–20The first systematic analysis of urticating setae in arthropods. [Google Scholar]
  10. Battisti A, Larsson S. 9.  2015. Climate change and insect pest distribution range. Climate Change and Insect Pests C Björkman, P Niemelä 1–15 Wallingford, UK: CABI Int. [Google Scholar]
  11. Battisti A, Stastny M, Buffo E, Larsson S. 10.  2006. A rapid altitudinal range expansion in the pine processionary moth produced by the 2003 climatic anomaly. Glob. Change Biol. 12:662–71 [Google Scholar]
  12. Battisti A, Stastny M, Netherer S, Robinet C, Schopf A. 11.  et al. 2005. Expansion of geographic range in the pine processionary moth caused by increased winter temperatures. Ecol. Applic. 15:2084–96Mechanistic analysis of the response of the pine processionary moth to increased winter temperature. [Google Scholar]
  13. Belluco S, Losasso C, Maggioletti M, Alonzi CC, Paoletti MG, Ricci A. 12.  2013. Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: a critical review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 12:296–313 [Google Scholar]
  14. Berardi L, Battisti A, Negrisolo E. 13.  2016. The allergenic protein Tha p 2 of processionary moths of the genus Thaumetopoea (Thaumetopoeinae, Notodontidae, Lepidoptera): characterization and evolution. Gene 574:317–24 [Google Scholar]
  15. Blanchard G. 14.  1994. Erucisme chez le chien. A propos de 6 observations cliniques dans le Sud-Est de la France. Recl. Med. Vet. 170:9–16 [Google Scholar]
  16. Blanford WT. 15.  1888. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. London: Taylor and Francis
  17. Bonamonte D, Foti C, Vestita M, Angelini G. 16.  2013. Skin reactions to pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. Sci. World J. 2013:867431 [Google Scholar]
  18. Bosma AH, Jans HW. 17.  1998. A severe anaphylactic shock caused by spraying the oak processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea processionea) in North Brabant. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd 142:1567–69 [Google Scholar]
  19. Braque R. 18.  1999. Un cas d'envenimation par les processionnaires du chêne. Sem. Vet. 920:27 [Google Scholar]
  20. Bruchim Y, Ranen E, Saragusty J, Aroch I. 19.  2005. Severe tongue necrosis associated with pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni) ingestion in three dogs. Toxicon 45:443–47 [Google Scholar]
  21. Buffo E, Battisti A, Stastny M, Larsson S. 20.  2007. Temperature as a predictor of survival of the pine processionary moth in the Italian Alps. Agric. For. Entomol. 9:65–72 [Google Scholar]
  22. Burwell C. 21.  2011. Bag-shelter moths and processionary caterpillars. Fact sheet. South Brisbane, Aust: Queensland Mus. http://www.qm.qld.gov.au
  23. Butele CA. 22.  2012. A review of the conservation and utilization of sericigenous resources biodiversity Atl. Int. Univ Honolulu, HI: http://studylib.net/doc/7127032/butele-cosmas-alfred-id-number--um20387ssc28388
  24. Carrick JB, Perkins NR, Zalucki MP. 23.  2014. Causes of abortion in Australia (2005–2012)—proportion of cases due to Equine Amnionitis and Foetal Loss (EAFL). J. Equine Vet. Sci. 34:212–14 [Google Scholar]
  25. Cassel-Lundhagen A, Ronnås C, Battisti A, Wallén J, Larsson S. 24.  2013. Stepping-stone expansion and habitat loss explain a peculiar genetic structure and distribution of a forest insect. Mol. Ecol. 22:3362–75 [Google Scholar]
  26. Cawdell-Smith AJ, Todhunter KH, Anderson ST, Perkins NR, Bryden WL. 25.  2012. Equine amnionitis and fetal loss: mare abortion following experimental exposure to processionary caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer). Equine Vet. J. 44:282–88 [Google Scholar]
  27. Cawdell-Smith AJ, Todhunter KH, Perkins NR, Bryden WL. 26.  2013. Exposure of mares to processionary caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer) in early pregnancy: an additional dimension to equine amnionitis and foetal loss. Equine Vet. J. 45:755–60 [Google Scholar]
  28. Common IFB. 27.  1990. Moths of Australia Leiden, Nether.: CSIRO Publ.
  29. Craig CL. 28.  2007. Wild Silk Production for Communities Bordering the Makira Protected Area, Madagascar Lincoln MA: CPALI https://rmportal.net/library/content/frame/wild-silk-production-for-communities-bordering-the-makira-protected-area-madagascar/view
  30. Cuevas P, Angulo J, Giménez-Gallego G. 29.  2011. Topical treatment of contact dermatitis by pine processionary caterpillar. BMJ Case Rep. doi: 10.1136/bcr.06.2011.4351
  31. de Freina J, Witt TJ. 30.  1982. Taxonomische Veränderungen bei den Bombyces und Sphinges Europas und Nordwestafrikas. Atalanta 13:309–17 [Google Scholar]
  32. de Freina J, Witt TJ. 31.  1987. Die Bombyces und Sphinges der Westpalaearktis (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Band 1. Munich, Ger.: Forschung & Wissenschaft
  33. Démolin G. 32.  1971. Incidence de quelques facteurs agissant sur le comportement social des chenilles de Thaumetopoea pityocampa en procession de nymphose. Répercussion sur l'efficacité des parasites. Ann. For. Sci. 28:33–56 [Google Scholar]
  34. Denis M, Schiffermüller I. 33.  1776. Systematisches Verzeichnis des Schmetterlinge der Wiener Gegend Vienna, Austria: Bernardi
  35. 34. Dept. Environ. Food Rural Aff. 2015. Rapid pest risk analysis (PRA) for Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Dept. Environ. Food Rural Aff London, UK: https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/plant-health/documents/Thaumetopoea_pityocampa_PRA_2015_final.pdf
  36. Ducombs G, Lamy M, Mollard S, Guillard JM, Maleville J. 35.  1981. Contact dermatitis from processional pine caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff). Contact Dermat 7:287–88 [Google Scholar]
  37. Fagrell B, Jörneskog G, Salomonnson AC, Larsson S, Holm G. 36.  2008. Skin reactions induced by experimental exposure to setae from larvae of the northern pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pinivora). Contact Dermat 59:290–95 [Google Scholar]
  38. Fitzgerald TD. 37.  2002. The biology of the tent caterpillar as it relates to mare reproductive loss syndrome. Proc. First Workshop on Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome DG Powell, A Troppman, T Tobin 84–87 Lexington: Ky. Agric. Exp. Stn. [Google Scholar]
  39. Fitzgerald TD. 38.  2003. Role of trail pheromone in foraging and processionary behavior of pine processionary caterpillars Thaumetopoea pityocampa. J. Chem. Ecol. 29:513–32 [Google Scholar]
  40. Floater GJ. 39.  1996. Life history comparisons of ground- and canopy-nesting populations of Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae): evidence for two species?. Aust. J. Entomol. 35:223–30 [Google Scholar]
  41. Floater GJ. 40.  1998. Tuft scales and egg protection in Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae). Aust. J. Entomol. 37:34–39 [Google Scholar]
  42. Floater GJ, Zalucki MP. 41.  1999. Life tables of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera:Thaumetopoeidae) at local and regional scales. Aust. J. Entomol. 38:330–39 [Google Scholar]
  43. Fuentes Aparicio V, Zapatero Remón L, Martínez Molero I, Alonso Lebreros E, Beitia Mazuecos JM, Bartolomé Zavala B. 42.  2006. Allergy to pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in children. Allergol. Immunopathol. 34:59–63 [Google Scholar]
  44. Gaede M. 43.  1928. Thaumetopoeidae.. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Eine Systematische Bearbeitung der bis Jetzt Bekannten Gross-Schmetterlinge. Die Afrikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer 14 A Seitz 395–400 Stuttgart, Ger.: Kernen [Google Scholar]
  45. Gómez Bustillo MR. 44.  1978. Los Thaumetopoeidae (Aurivillius, 1891) de la peninsula Iberica: Nociones de sistematica, ecologia e importancia economica de la familia. (Primera parte). Rev. Lepid. SHILAP 5:283–90 [Google Scholar]
  46. Gómez Bustillo MR. 45.  1978. Los Thaumetopoeidae (Aurivillius, 1891) de la peninsula Iberica: Nociones de sistematica, ecologia e importancia economica de la familia. (Segunda parte). Rev. Lepid. SHILAP 6:113–24 [Google Scholar]
  47. Gottschling S, Meyer S. 46.  2006. An epidemic airborne disease caused by the oak processionary caterpillar. Pediatr. Dermatol. 23:64–66 [Google Scholar]
  48. Gottschling S, Meyer S, Dill-Mueller D, Wurm D, Gortner L. 47.  2007. Outbreak report of airborne caterpillar dermatitis in a kindergarten. Dermatology 215:5–9 [Google Scholar]
  49. Groenen F, Meurisse N. 48.  2012. Historical distribution of the oak processionary moth Thaumetopoea processionea in Europe suggests recolonization instead of expansion. Agric. For. Entomol. 14:147–55 [Google Scholar]
  50. Halbig P, Delb H, Henke L, Wagenhoff E, Klimetzek D. 49.  2012. Monitoring und Gefahrenanalyse des Pinienprozessionsspinners, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff. 1775) (Lep. Notodontidae), für die Oberrheinebene. Mitt. Dtsch Ges Allg Angew Ent 18:405–8 [Google Scholar]
  51. Hase A. 50.  1939. Über den Pinienprozessionsspinner und über die Gefährlichkeit seiner Raupenhaare (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff.). Anz. Schädlingskde. 15:133–42 [Google Scholar]
  52. Hesler LS, Logan TM, Benenson MW, Moser C. 51.  1999. Acute dermatitis from oak processionary caterpillars in a U.S. military community in Germany. Mil. Med. 164:767–70 [Google Scholar]
  53. Hoch G, Petrucco-Toffolo E, Netherer S, Battisti A, Schopf A. 52.  2009. Survival at low temperature of larvae of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa from an area of range expansion. Agric. For. Entomol. 11:313–20 [Google Scholar]
  54. Holm G, Andersson M, Ekberg M, Fagrell B, Sjöberg J. 53.  et al. 2014. Setae from larvae of the northern processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pinivora, TP) stimulate proliferation of human blood lymphocytes in vitro. PLOS ONE 9:12e113977An elegant experiment on the interactions between urticating setae and human blood cells in vitro. [Google Scholar]
  55. Holm G, Sjöberg J, Ekstrand C, Björkholm M, Granath F. 54.  et al. 2009. Tallprocessionsspinnare—stort hälsoproblem på södra Gotland. Resultat av en enkätstudie. Läkartidningen 106:1891–94 [Google Scholar]
  56. Ijaiya AT, Eko EO. 55.  2009. Effect of replacing dietary fish meal with silkworm (Anaphe infracta) caterpillar meal on growth, digestibility and economics of production of starter broiler chickens. Pak. J. Nutr. 8:845–49 [Google Scholar]
  57. Inal A, Altintaş DU, Güvenmez HK, Yilmaz M, Kendirli SG. 56.  2006. Life-threatening facial edema due to pine caterpillar mimicking an allergic event. Allergol. Immunopathol. 34:171–73 [Google Scholar]
  58. Jans HWA, Franssen AEM. 57.  2008. The urticating hairs of the oak processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea processionea L.), a potential problem for animals?. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. 133:424–29 [Google Scholar]
  59. Kato H. 58.  2000. Structure and thermal properties of Anaphe, Cricula and Attacus cocoon filaments. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth Silk 5:11–20 [Google Scholar]
  60. Kawamoto F, Kumada N. 59.  1984. Biology and venoms of Lepidoptera. Handbook of Natural Toxins. Vol. 2. Insect Poisons, Allergens, and other Invertebrate Venoms AT Tu 291–330 New York: Dekker [Google Scholar]
  61. Kerdelhué C, Battisti A, Burban C, Branco M, Cassel-Lundhagen A. 60.  et al. 2015. Genetic diversity and structure at different spatial scales in the processionary moths. Processionary Moths and Climate Change: An Update A Roques 163–226 Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer [Google Scholar]
  62. Kerdelhué C, Simonato M, Salvato P, Zane L, Rousselet J. 61.  et al. 2009. Quaternary history and contemporary patterns in a currently expanding species. BMC Evol. Biol. 9:220 [Google Scholar]
  63. Kiriakoff SG. 62.  1970. Lepidoptera Familia Thaumetopoeidae.. Genera Insectorum P Wytsman 1–54 Antwerp, Belg.: MercuriusThe most recent taxonomic revision of the group of processionary moths worldwide. [Google Scholar]
  64. Klapwijk MJ, Csoka G, Hirka A, Björkman C. 63.  2013. Forest insects and climate change: long-term trends in herbivore damage. Ecol Evol 3:4183–96 [Google Scholar]
  65. Kozer E, Lahat E, Berkovitch M. 64.  1999. Hypertension and abdominal pain: uncommon presentation after exposure to a pine caterpillar. Toxicon 37:1797–801 [Google Scholar]
  66. Kriticos DJ, Leriche A, Palmer DJ, Cook DC, Brockerhoff EG. 65.  et al. 2013. Linking climate suitability, spread rates and host-impact when estimating the potential costs of invasive pests. PLOS ONE 8:2e54861 [Google Scholar]
  67. Lamy M. 66.  1984. La processionnaire du colatier Anaphae venata Butler (Lépidoptère Thaumetopoeidae): papillon urticant d'Afrique. Insect Sci. Applic. 5:83–86 [Google Scholar]
  68. Lamy M. 67.  1990. Contact dermatitis (erucism) produced by processionary caterpillars (genus Thaumetopoea). J. Appl. Entomol. 110:425–37 [Google Scholar]
  69. Lamy M, Novak F, Duboscq MF, Ducombs G, Maleville J. 68.  1988. La chenille processionnaire du chêne (Thaumetopoea processionea L) et l'homme: appareil urticant et mode d'action. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 115:1023–32 [Google Scholar]
  70. Lamy M, Pastureaud MH, Novak F, Ducombs G. 69.  1984. Papillons urticants d'Afrique et d'Amérique du Sud (genus Anaphe et genus Hylesia): contribution du microscope électronique à balayage à l'étude de leur appareil urticant et à leur mode d'action. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr 109:163–77 [Google Scholar]
  71. Legac P, Lagarde J, Mulet M. 70.  1950. Papillonite en Oubangui-Chari. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 3:718–20 [Google Scholar]
  72. Li S, Daudin JJ, Piou D, Robinet C, Jactel H. 71.  2015. Periodicity and synchrony of pine processionary moth outbreaks in France. For. Ecol. Manag. 354:309–17 [Google Scholar]
  73. Licht IF, Jonker GJ. 72.  1998. Serious anaphylactic reaction related to the fight against the oak processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea processionea) in Noord-Brabant. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd 142:2488 [Google Scholar]
  74. Liu N, Todhunter KH, Hansen GB, Bryden WL, Cawdell-Smith AJ. 73.  2012. The guinea pig as a model of equine amnionitis and fetal loss. Proc. Australas. Equine Sci. Symp. Gold Coast, Aust., June 13–15
  75. Luciano P, Lentini A, Battisti A. 74.  2007. First record of Thaumetopoea pityocampa in Sardinia. Proc. Ital. Congr. Entomol., Campobasso, Italy, June 11–16273
  76. Maier H, Spiegel W, Kinaciyan T, Hönigsmann H. 75.  2004. Caterpillar dermatitis in two siblings due to the larvae of Thaumetopoea processionea L., the oak processionary caterpillar. Dermatology 208:70–73 [Google Scholar]
  77. Maier H, Spiegel W, Kinaciyan T, Krehan H, Cabaj A. 76.  et al. 2003. The oak processionary caterpillar as the cause of an epidemic airborne disease: survey and analysis. Brit. J. Dermatol. 149:990–97 [Google Scholar]
  78. Manandhar A. 77.  2011. Seasonal hyperacute panuveitis: an update. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 22:496–501 [Google Scholar]
  79. Maronna A, Stache H, Sticherling M. 78.  2008. Lepidopterism—oak processionary caterpillar dermatitis: appearance after indirect out-of-season contact. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 6:747–50 [Google Scholar]
  80. Mbahin N, Raina SK, Kioko EN, Mueke JM. 79.  2008. Spatial distribution of cocoon nests and egg clusters of the silkmoth Anaphe panda (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) and its host plant Bridelia micrantha (Euphorbiaceae) in the Kakamega Forest of western Kenya. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci 27:138–44 [Google Scholar]
  81. Mbahin N, Raina SK, Kioko EN, Mueke JM. 80.  2010. Use of sleeve nets to improve survival of the Boisduval silkworm, Anaphe panda, in the Kakamega forest of western Kenya. J. Ins. Sci. 10:6 [Google Scholar]
  82. Mbahin N, Raina SK, Kioko EN, Mueke JM. 81.  2012. Biology of the wild silkmoth Anaphe panda (Boisduval) in the Kakamega forest of western Kenya. Int. J. For. Res. 2012:186549 [Google Scholar]
  83. Meurisse N, Hoch G, Schopf A, Battisti A, Grégoire J-C. 82.  2012. Low temperature tolerance and starvation ability of the oak processionary moth: implications in a context of increasing epidemics. Agric. For. Entomol. 14:239–50 [Google Scholar]
  84. Miller JS. 83.  1991. Cladistics and classification of the Notodontidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) based on larval and adult morphology Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Number 204, New York
  85. Miller JS. 84.  1992. Host-plant associations among prominent moths: Lineages within the moth family Notodontidae show contrasting host-use patterns. BioScience 42:50–57 [Google Scholar]
  86. Mindlin MJ, le Polain de Waroux O, Case S, Walsh B. 85.  2012. The arrival of oak processionary moth, a novel cause of itchy dermatitis, in the UK: experience, lessons and recommendations. Public Health 126:778–81 [Google Scholar]
  87. Moneo I, Battisti A, Dufour B, García-Ortiz JC, González-Muñoz M. 86.  et al. 2015. Medical and veterinary impact of the urticating processionary larvae. Processionary Moths and Climate Change: An Update A Roques 359–410 Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer [Google Scholar]
  88. Netherer S, Schopf A. 87.  2010. Potential effects of climate change on insect herbivores in European forests—general aspects and the pine processionary moth as specific example. For. Ecol. Manag. 259:831–38 [Google Scholar]
  89. Neumann HA, Koekkoek WJ. 88.  1996. Dermatitis caused by the oak procession caterpillar (Thaumetopoea processionea). Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd 140:1639–41 [Google Scholar]
  90. Nielsen ES, Edwards ED, Rangsi TV. 89.  1996. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera Series 4 Melbourne, Aust.: CSIRO [Google Scholar]
  91. Niza ME, Ferreira RL, Coimbra IV, Guerreiro HM, Felix NM. 90.  et al. 2012. Effects of pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa contact in dogs: 41 cases (2002–2006). Zoonoses Public Health 59:35–38 [Google Scholar]
  92. Oliveira P, Arnaldo PS, Araújo M, Ginja M, Sousa AP. 91.  et al. 2003. Cinco casos clínicos de intoxicação por contacto com a larva Thaumetopoea pityocampa. Rev. Port. Cienc. Vet. 98:151–56 [Google Scholar]
  93. Perkins LE, Zalucki MP, Perkins NR, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Todhunter KH. 92.  et al. 2016. The urticating setae of Ochrogaster lunifer, an Australian processionary caterpillar of veterinary importance. Med. Vet. Entomol 30:241–45 [Google Scholar]
  94. Petrucco-Toffolo E, Zovi D, Perin C, Paolucci P, Roques A. 93.  et al. 2014. Size and dispersion of urticating setae in three species of processionary moths. Integr. Zool. 9:320–27 [Google Scholar]
  95. Pimentel C, Calvão T, Santos M, Ferreira C, Neves M, Nilsson JA. 94.  2006. Establishment and expansion of a Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep. Notodontidae) population with a shifted life cycle in a production pine forest, Central-Coastal Portugal. For. Ecol. Manag. 233:108–15 [Google Scholar]
  96. Pomeroy AWJ. 95.  1921. The irritating hairs of the wild silk moths of Nigeria. Bull. Imp. Inst. 19:311–18 [Google Scholar]
  97. Rahman W-U, Chaudhry MI. 96.  1992. Observations on outbreak and biology of oak defoliator, Gazalina chrysolopha Koll. Pak. J. For. 42:134–37 [Google Scholar]
  98. Raina SK, Kioko E, Zethner O, Wren S. 97.  2013. Forest habitat conservation in Africa using commercially important insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56:465–85 [Google Scholar]
  99. Razafimanantosoa T, Ravoahangimalala OR, Craig CL. 98.  2006. Indigenous silk moth farming as a means to support Ranomafana National Park. Madagascar Conserv. Develop. 1:34–39 [Google Scholar]
  100. Rivière J. 99.  2011. Les chenilles processionnaires du pin: evaluation des enjeux de santé animale PhD Thesis, National Veterinary School of Maisons-Alfort, France
  101. Robinet C, Baier P, Pennerstorfer J, Schopf A, Roques A. 100.  2007. Modelling the effects of climate change on the potential feeding activity of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep., Notodontidae) in France. Glob. Ecol. Biogeog. 16:460–71 [Google Scholar]
  102. Robinet C, Imbert CE, Rousselet J, Sauvard D, Garcia J. 101.  et al. 2012. Warming up combined with the trade of large trees allowed long-distance jumps of pine processionary moth in Europe. Biol. Invas. 14:1557–69 [Google Scholar]
  103. Robinet C, Roques A. 102.  2010. Direct impacts of recent climate warming on insect populations. Integr. Zool. 5:132–42 [Google Scholar]
  104. Robinet C, Rousselet J, Pineau P, Miard F, Roques A. 103.  2013. Are heat waves susceptible to mitigate the expansion of a species progressing with global warming?. Ecol. Evol. 3:2947–57 [Google Scholar]
  105. Robinet C, Rousselet J, Roques A. 104.  2014. Potential spread of the pine processionary moth in France: preliminary results from a simulation model and future challenges. Ann. For. Sci. 71:149–60Predictive model on the range expansion of the pine processionary moth based on climate and human-mediated dispersal. [Google Scholar]
  106. Robinson GS, Ackery PR, Kitching IJ, Beccaloni GW, Hernández LM. 105.  2010. HOSTS. A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants: Natural History Museum, London, retrieved March 2016. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosts
  107. Rodríguez-Mahillo AI, Carballeda-Sangiao N, Vega JM, Garcıa-Ortiz JC, Roques A. 106.  et al. 2015. Diagnostic use of recombinant Tha p 2 in the allergy to Thaumetopoea pityocampa. Allergy 70:1332–35Identification of allergenic proteins from the setae of the pine processionary moth and development of diagnostics. [Google Scholar]
  108. Rodriguez-Mahillo AI, Gonzalez-Muñoz M, Vega JM, López JA, Yart A. 107.  et al. 2012. Setae from the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) contain several relevant allergens. Contact Dermat 67:367–74Identification of allergenic proteins from the setae of the pine processionary moth and development of diagnostics. [Google Scholar]
  109. Roques A. 108.  2015. Processionary Moths and Climate Change: An Update Dordrecht, Neth.: SpringerThe first published synthesis on biology, ecology, genetics, distribution, impact, and management of the Thaumetopoea processionary moth species.
  110. Roques A, Rousselet J, Avci M, Avtzis D N, Basso A. 109.  et al. 2015. Climate warming and past and present distribution of the processionary moths (Thaumetopoea spp.) in Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa. Processionary Moths and Climate Change: An Update A Roques 81–162 Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer [Google Scholar]
  111. Roques L. 110.  2015. URTIRISK, a software for assessing the allergy risk. Processionary Moths and Climate Change: An Update A Roques 402–5 Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer [Google Scholar]
  112. Roques L, Rossi J-P, Rousselet J, Berestycki H, Garnier J. 111.  et al. 2015. Modeling the spatio-temporal dynamics of the pine processionary moth. Processionary Moths and Climate Change: An Update A Roques 227–63 Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer [Google Scholar]
  113. Roques L, Soubeyrand S, Rousselet J. 112.  2011. A statistical-reaction-diffusion approach for analyzing expansion processes. J. Theor. Biol. 274:43–51 [Google Scholar]
  114. Rossi J-P, Garcia J, Roques A, Rousselet J. 113.  2016. Trees outside forests in agricultural landscapes: spatial distribution and impact on habitat connectivity for forest organisms. Landsc. Ecol. 31:243 [Google Scholar]
  115. Rothschild M, Reichstein T, Lane NJ, Parsons J, Prince W, Swales SW. 114.  1970. Toxic Lepidoptera. Toxicon 8:293–99 [Google Scholar]
  116. Rousselet J, Roques A, Garcia J, Rossi J-P. 115.  2015. An exhaustive inventory of coniferous trees in an agricultural landscape. Biodiv. Data J. 3:e4660 [Google Scholar]
  117. Salman HR, Hellrigl K, Minerbi S, Battisti A. 116.  2016. Prolonged pupal diapause drives population dynamics of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in an outbreak expansion area. For. Ecol Manag. 361:375–81 [Google Scholar]
  118. Santos H, Burban C, Rousselet J, Rossi JP, Branco M, Kerdelhué C. 117.  2011a. Incipient allochronic speciation in the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae). J. Evol. Biol. 24:146–58 [Google Scholar]
  119. Santos H, Paiva MR, Tavares C, Kerdelhué C, Branco M. 118.  2011b. Temperature niche shift observed in a Lepidoptera population under allochronic divergence. J. Evol. Biol. 24:1897–905 [Google Scholar]
  120. Schabel HG. 119.  2006. Forest Entomology in East Africa Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer
  121. Schintlmeister A. 120.  2013. Notodontidae & Oenosandridae (Lepidoptera). World Catalogue of Insects 11 Leiden, Neth.: BrillThe essential and updated checklist of world species of processionary moths. [Google Scholar]
  122. Sharman KL. 121.  2015. Branching out: using a guinea pig model to explore the aetiology of Equine Amnionitis and Foetal Loss through the ingestion of lepidopteran larval integument Honours Thesis Univ. Queensland Austral., School Biol. Sci.
  123. Shchurov VI, Bondarenko AS, Skvortsov MM, Shchurova AV. 121a.  2016. Alien phytophagous insect species recorded in the tree and shrub communities in Northwest Caucasus in 2014–2016.. Proc. Kataev Meml. Read. IX, St. Petersburg, Russ., Nov. 23–25 134–35
  124. Shkalim V, Herscovici Z, Amir J, Levy Y. 122.  2008. Systemic allergic reaction to tree processionary caterpillar in children. Pediatr. Emerg. Care 24:233–35 [Google Scholar]
  125. Simonato M, Battisti A, Kerdelhué C, Burban C, Lopez-Vaamonde C. 123.  et al. 2013. Host and phenology shifts in the evolution of the social moth genus Thaumetopoea. PLOS ONE 8:2e57192 [Google Scholar]
  126. Southcott RV. 124.  1978. Lepidopterism in the Australian Region. Rec. Adelaide Child. Hosp. 2:87–173 [Google Scholar]
  127. Southcott RV. 125.  1987. Moths and butterflies. Toxic Plants and Animals. A Guide for Australia P Covacevich, P Davie, J Pearn 242–257 Brisbane, Aust.: Queensland Mus.A review of the urticating moths of Australia, including processionary moths. [Google Scholar]
  128. Stargardt K. 126.  1903. Über Pseudotuberculose und gutartige Tuberculose des Auges mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der binokularmikroskopischen Untersuchungsmethode. Albrecht von Graefe's Arch. Ophthalm. 55:469–506 [Google Scholar]
  129. Stastny M, Battisti A, Petrucco-Toffolo E, Schlyter F, Larsson S. 127.  2006. Host-plant use in the range expansion of the pine processionary moth. Thaumetopoea pityocampa Ecol. Entomol. 31:481–90 [Google Scholar]
  130. Steinbauer MJ. 128.  2009. Thigmotaxis maintains processions of late-instar caterpillars of Ochrogaster lunifer. Phys. Entomol. 34:345–49 [Google Scholar]
  131. Sureda-Negre J, Catalán-Fernández A, Comas-Forgas R, Fagan G, Llabrés-Bernat A. 129.  2011. Perception of pine trees among citizens of the Balearic islands: analysis and description of some mistaken ideas. Appl. Environm. Educ. Commun. 10:31–42 [Google Scholar]
  132. Tamburini G, Marini L, Hellrigl K, Salvadori C, Battisti A. 130.  2013. Effects of climate and density-dependent factors on population dynamics of the pine processionary moth in the Southern Alps. Clim. Ch. 121:701–12 [Google Scholar]
  133. Todhunter KH, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Bryden WL, Perkins NR, Begg AP. 131.  2014a. Processionary caterpillar setae and equine fetal loss: 1. Histopathology of experimentally exposed pregnant mares. Vet. Pathol. 51:1117–30A thorough medical description of the link between urticating setae and equine fetal loss in Australia. [Google Scholar]
  134. Todhunter KH, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Bryden WL, Perkins NR, Begg AP. 132.  2014b. Processionary caterpillar setae and equine fetal loss: 2. Histopathology of the fetal-placental unit from experimentally exposed mares. Vet. Pathol. 51:1131–42A thorough medical description of the link between urticating setae and equine fetal loss in Australia. [Google Scholar]
  135. Tomlinson I, Potter C, Baylis H. 133.  2015. Managing tree pests and diseases in urban settings: the case of oak processionary moth in London, 2006–2012. Urban For. Urban Green. 14:286–92 [Google Scholar]
  136. Townsend M. 134.  2007. Outbreaks of the oak processionary moth Thaumetopoea processionea (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoeidae) in west London. Entomol. Gaz. 58:226 [Google Scholar]
  137. Utikal J, Booken N, Peitsch WK, Kemmler N, Goebeler M, Goerdt S. 135.  2009. Caterpillar dermatitis. An increasing dermatologic problem in warmer regions of Germany. Hautarzt 60:48–50 [Google Scholar]
  138. van Bockxmeer JJ, Green J. 136.  2013. Paediatric osteomyelitis after exposure to toxic Ochrogaster lunifer moth. Med. J. Austr 199:331–32 [Google Scholar]
  139. Vega J, Vega JM, Moneo I, Armentia A, Caballero ML, Miranda A. 137.  2004. Occupational immunologic contact urticaria from pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa): experience in 30 cases. Contact Dermat 50:60–64 [Google Scholar]
  140. Vega JM, Moneo I, Armentia A, Fernández A, Vega J. 138.  et al. 1999. Allergy to the pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa). Clin. Exp. Allergy 29:1418–23 [Google Scholar]
  141. Vega JM, Moneo I, Armentia A, López-Rico R, Curiel G. 139.  et al. 1997. Anaphylaxis to a pine caterpillar. Allergy 52:1244–45 [Google Scholar]
  142. Vega JM, Moneo I, Armentia A, Vega J, De La Fuente R, Fernández A. 140.  2000. Pine processionary caterpillar as a new cause of immunologic contact urticaria. Contact Dermat 43:129–32 [Google Scholar]
  143. Vega JM, Moneo I, García-Ortiz JC, Sánchez-Palla P, Sanchís ME. 141.  et al. 2011. Prevalence of cutaneous reactions to pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in an adult population. Contact Dermat 64:220–28 [Google Scholar]
  144. Vega JM, Vega J, Vega ML, Moneo I, Armentia A, Sánchez B. 142.  2003. Skin reactions to pine processionary caterpillar. Allergy 58:87–88 [Google Scholar]
  145. Vega ML, Vega J, Vega JM, Moneo I, Sánchez E, Miranda A. 143.  2003. Cutaneous reactions to pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in pediatric population. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 14:1–5 [Google Scholar]
  146. Viseux V, Chaby G, Esquenet P, Ben Taarit I, Remond A, Lok C. 144.  2003. Phalangeal microgeodic syndrome and pine processionary caterpillar. Eur. J. Dermatol. 13:497–99 [Google Scholar]
  147. Watson PG, Sevel D. 145.  1966. Ophthalmia nodosa. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 50:209–17 [Google Scholar]
  148. Webb BA, Barney WE, Dahlman DL, DeBorde SN, Weer C. 146.  et al. 2004. Eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum) cause mare reproductive loss syndrome. J. Insect Physiol. 50:185–93 [Google Scholar]
  149. Weldeyohannes AA. 147.  2014. Silkworm production and constraints in Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. 10:517–21 [Google Scholar]
  150. Werno J, Lamy M, Vincendeau P. 148.  1993. Caterpillar hairs as allergens. Lancet 342:936–37 [Google Scholar]
  151. Yildar E, Güzel O. 149.  2013. Tongue necrosis in a dog associated with the pine processionary caterpillar and its treatment. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 37:238–41 [Google Scholar]
  152. Zahiri R, Kitching IJ, Lafontaine D, Mutanen M, Kaila L. 150.  et al. 2010. A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zool. Scr. 40:158–73 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-034918
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-034918
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error