1932

Abstract

Once regarded as mere pawns of their regimes, courts in authoritarian states are now the subject of considerable attention within the field of comparative judicial politics. New research examines the ways in which law and courts are deployed as instruments of governance, how they structure state-society contention, and the circumstances in which courts are transformed into sites of active resistance. This new body of research constitutes an emergent field of inquiry, while simultaneously contributing to a number of related research agendas, including authoritarian durability and regime transition, human rights, transitional justice, law and development, and rule-of-law promotion. Moreover, this research offers important insights into the erosion of rights and liberties in “consolidated democracies.”

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030532
2014-11-03
2024-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/lawsocsci/10/1/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030532.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030532&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aguilar P. 2013. Judicial involvement in authoritarian repression and transitional justice: the Spanish case in comparative perspective. Int. J. Transitional Justice 7:245–66 [Google Scholar]
  2. Albertus M, Menaldo V. 2012. Dictators as founding fathers? The role of constitutions under autocracy. Econ. Polit. 24:279–306 [Google Scholar]
  3. Aziz S. 2012. Liberal protagonists? The lawyers' movement in Pakistan. See Halliday et al. 2012 305–39
  4. Bali AU. 2012. The perils of judicial independence: constitutional transition and the Turkish example. Va. J. Int. Law 52:235–320 [Google Scholar]
  5. Balme S, Dowdle M. 2009. Building Constitutionalism in China New York: Palgrave Macmillan
  6. Barros R. 2002. Constitutionalism and Dictatorship: Pinochet, the Junta, and the 1980 Constitution Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  7. Belge C. 2006. Friends of the court: the republican alliance and selective activism of the Constitutional Court of Turkey. Law Soc. Rev. 40:3653–92 [Google Scholar]
  8. Bogaards M. 2009. How to classify hybrid regimes? Defective democracy and electoral authoritarianism. Democratization 16.2:399–423 [Google Scholar]
  9. Bourchier D. 1999. Magic memos, collusion and judges with attitude: notes on the politics of law in contemporary Indonesia. Law, Capitalism, and Power in Asia: The Rule of Law and Legal Institutions K Jayasuriya 233–52 New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  10. Brown N. 1997. The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  11. Brown N. 2002. Constitutions in a Nonconstitutional World: Arab Basic Laws and the Prospects for Accountable Government Albany: State Univ. N.Y. Press
  12. Brownlee J. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  13. Chavez RB. 2004. The Rule of Law in Nascent Democracies: Judicial Politics in Argentina Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
  14. Cheesman N. 2011. How an authoritarian regime in Burma used special courts to defeat judicial independence. Law Soc. Rev. 45:801–30 [Google Scholar]
  15. Chen F, Xu X. 2012. “Active judiciary”: judicial dismantling of workers' collective action in China. China J. 67:87–108 [Google Scholar]
  16. Chua L. 2014. Mobilizing Gay Singapore: Rights and Resistance in an Authoritarian State Philadelphia, PA: Temple Univ. Press
  17. Del Carmen R. 1973. Constitutionalism and the Supreme Court in a changing Philippine polity. Asian Surv. 13:1050–61 [Google Scholar]
  18. Diamant N, Lubman S, O'Brien K. 2005. Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
  19. Diamond LJ. 2002. Thinking about hybrid regimes. J. Democr. 13:21–35 [Google Scholar]
  20. El-Ghobashy M. 2008. Constitutionalist contention in contemporary Egypt. Am. Behav. Sci. 51:1590–610 [Google Scholar]
  21. Ellett R. 2013. Pathways to Judicial Power in Transitional States: Perspectives from African Courts Abingdon, UK: Routledge
  22. Epp C. 1998. The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  23. Fraenkel E. 1941. The Dual State New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  24. Galanter M. 1974. Why the “haves” come out ahead: speculations on the limits of social change. Law Soc. Rev. 9:95–160 [Google Scholar]
  25. Ghias SA. 2010. Miscarriage of chief justice: judicial power and the legal complex in Pakistan under Musharraf. Law Soc. Inq. 35:985–1022 [Google Scholar]
  26. Ginsburg T. 2003. Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  27. Ginsburg T, Moustafa T. 2008. Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  28. Ginsburg T, Simpser A. 2013. Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  29. Graber M. 1993. The nonmajoritarian difficulty: legislative deference to the judiciary. Stud. Am. Polit. Dev. 7:35–73 [Google Scholar]
  30. Guarnieri C, Magalhaes P. 1996. Democratic consolidation, judicial reform, and the judicialization of politics in southern Europe. The Changing Role of the State in Southern Europe R Gunther, P Diamandouros, G Pasquino 137–96 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  31. Halliday T, Karpik L. 1997. Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism: Europe and North America from the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  32. Halliday T, Karpik L, Feeley M. 2007. Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism Oxford, UK: Hart
  33. Halliday T, Karpik L, Feeley M. 2012. Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post-Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  34. Halliday T, Liu S. 2007. Birth of a liberal moment? Looking through a one-way mirror at lawyers' defense of criminal defendants in China. See Halliday et al. 2007 65–107
  35. He X. 2014. Maintaining stability by law: protest-supported housing demolition litigation and social change in China. Law Soc. Inq. In press
  36. Helmke G. 2002. The logic of strategic defection: court-executive relations in Argentina under dictatorship and democracy. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 96:291–303 [Google Scholar]
  37. Helmke G. 2005. Courts Under Constraints: Judges, Generals, and Presidents in Argentina Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  38. Hendley K. 2009. “Telephone law” and the “rule of law”: the Russian case. Hague J. Rule Law 1:241–64 [Google Scholar]
  39. Hilbink E. 2007. The Politics of Judicial Apoliticism: Chile in Comparative Perspective Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  40. Hirschl R. 2000. The political origins of judicial empowerment through constitutionalization: lessons from four constitutional revolutions. Law Soc. Inq. 25:91–149 [Google Scholar]
  41. Hufnagel S, Roach K. 2012. Emergency Law Farnham, UK: Ashgate
  42. Ip EC. 2012. Judicial review in China: a positive political economy analysis. Rev. Law Econ. 8:331–66 [Google Scholar]
  43. Karpik L, Halliday TC. 2011. The legal complex. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 7:217–36 [Google Scholar]
  44. Keith LC. 2011. Political Repression: Courts and the Law Philadelphia: Univ. Pa. Press
  45. Kennedy D, Stiglitz JE. 2013. Law and Economics with Chinese Characteristics: Institutions for Promoting Development in the Twenty-First Century Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  46. Kirchheimer O. 1961. Political Justice: The Use of Legal Procedure for Political Ends Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  47. Landau D. 2013. Abusive constitutionalism. UC Davis Law Rev. 47:189–260 [Google Scholar]
  48. Landes W, Posner R. 1975. The independent judiciary in an interest-group perspective. J. Law Econ. 18:875–901 [Google Scholar]
  49. Law DS. 2010. How to rig the federal courts. Georgetown Law Rev. 99:779–835 [Google Scholar]
  50. Lazar NC. 2009. States of Emergency in Liberal Democracies New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  51. Levitsky S, Way L. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  52. Liebman B. 2014. Legal reform: China's law-stability paradox. Daedalus 143:96–109 [Google Scholar]
  53. Lovell GI. 2003. Legislative Deferrals: Statutory Ambiguity, Judicial Power, and American Democracy New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  54. Loveman B. 1993. The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America Pittsburgh, PA: Univ. Pittsburgh Press
  55. Lubman S. 1999. Bird in a Cage: Legal Reform in China after Mao Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
  56. Magaloni B. 2003. Authoritarianism, democracy and the Supreme Court: horizontal exchange and the rule of law in Mexico. Democratic Accountability in Latin America S Mainwaring, C Welna 266–305 New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  57. Mahmud T. 1993. Praetorianism and common law in post-colonial settings: judicial responses to constitutional breakdowns in Pakistan. Utah Law Rev. 1993:1225–305 [Google Scholar]
  58. Mahmud T. 1994. Jurisprudence of successful treason: coup d'etat & common law. Cornell Int. Law J. 27:49–140 [Google Scholar]
  59. Massoud MF. 2013. Law's Fragile State: Colonial, Authoritarian, and Humanitarian Legacies in Sudan New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  60. Massoud MF. 2014. International arbitration and judicial politics in authoritarian states. Law Soc. Inq. 39:1–30 [Google Scholar]
  61. Merryman JH. 1969. The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
  62. Minzner CF. 2011. China's turn against law. Am. J. Comp. Law 59:935–84 [Google Scholar]
  63. Moustafa T. 1999. The expansion of judicial power in authoritarian regimes Presented at Am. Polit. Sci. Assoc. Conf., Sept. 2–5, Atlanta
  64. Moustafa T. 2002. Law versus the state: the expansion of constitutional power in Egypt, 1980–2001 PhD Thesis, Dep. Polit. Sci., Univ. Wash., Seattle
  65. Moustafa T. 2003. Law versus the state: the judicialization of politics in Egypt. Law Soc. Inq. 28:883–930 [Google Scholar]
  66. Moustafa T. 2007a. Mobilising the law in an authoritarian state: the legal complex in contemporary Egypt. See Halliday et al. 2007 193–218
  67. Moustafa T. 2007b. The Struggle for Constitutional Power: Law, Politics, and Economic Development in Egypt New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  68. Muller I. 1991. Hitler's Justice: The Courts of the Third Reich Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  69. Munir D. 2012. From judicial autonomy to regime transformation: the role of the lawyers' movement in Pakistan.. See Halliday et al. 2012 378–411
  70. Nardi D. 2010. Discipline-flourishing constitutional review: a legal and political analysis of Myanmar's new constitutional tribunal. Aust. J. Asian Law 12:1–34 [Google Scholar]
  71. Newberg PR. 1995. Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  72. Osiel M. 1995. Dialogue with dictators: judicial resistance in Argentina and Brazil. Law Soc. Inq. 20:481–560 [Google Scholar]
  73. Peerenboom R. 2002. China's Long March Toward Rule of Law Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  74. Peerenboom R. 2010. Judicial Independence in China New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  75. Pereira A. 1998. “Persecution and farce”: the origins and transformation of Brazil's trials, 1964–1979. Latin Am. Res. Rev. 33:43–66 [Google Scholar]
  76. Pereira A. 2005. Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina Pittsburgh, PA: Univ. Pittsburgh Press
  77. Rajah J. 2012. Authoritarian Rule of Law: Legislation, Discourse and Legitimacy in Singapore New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  78. Ramraj VV. 2008. Emergencies and the Limits of Legality Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  79. Reid D. 1981. Lawyers and Politics in the Arab World, 1880–1960 Chicago: Bibl. Islam.
  80. Rosberg J. 1995. Roads to the rule of law: the emergence of an independent judiciary in contemporary Egypt PhD Thesis, Dep. Polit. Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA
  81. Rose-Ackerman S. 2003. Public participation in Hungary and Poland. J. East Eur. Law 10:225–98 [Google Scholar]
  82. Scheppele KL. 2004a. Constitutional ethnography: an introduction. Law Soc. Rev. 38:389–406 [Google Scholar]
  83. Scheppele KL. 2004b. Law in a time of emergency: states of exception and the temptations of 9/11. Univ. Pa. J. Const. Law 6:1001–83 [Google Scholar]
  84. Scheppele KL. 2004c. Other people's PATRIOT Acts: Europe's response to September 11. Loyola Law Rev. 50:89–148 [Google Scholar]
  85. Scheppele KL. 2013a. Not your father's authoritarianism: the creation of the “Frankenstate.”. Am. Polit. Sci. Assoc. Eur. Polit. Soc. Newsl. Winter 2003:5–9 [Google Scholar]
  86. Scheppele KL. 2013b. The rule of law and the Frankenstate: why governance checklists do not work. Gov.: Int. J. Policy Admin. Inst. 2:559–62 [Google Scholar]
  87. Shapiro M. 1981. Courts: A Comparative and Political Analysis Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  88. Sidel M. 2008. Law and Society in Vietnam: The Transition from Socialism in Comparative Perspective New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  89. Silverstein G. 2008. Singapore: the exception that proves rules matter. See Ginsburg & Moustafa 2008 73–101
  90. Skidmore T. 1988. The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964–85 New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  91. Slaughter A-M. 2004. A New World Order Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  92. Solomon P. 1996. Soviet Criminal Justice Under Stalin Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  93. Solomon P. 2010. Authoritarian legality and informal practices: judges, lawyers and the state in Russia and China. Communist Post-Communist Stud. 43:351–62 [Google Scholar]
  94. Stepan A. 1971. The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  95. Stern RE. 2010. On the frontlines: making decisions in Chinese civil environmental lawsuits. Law Policy 32.1:79–103 [Google Scholar]
  96. Stern RE. 2013. Environmental Litigation in China: A Study in Political Ambivalence New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  97. Su Y, He X. 2010. Street as courtroom: state accommodation of labor protest in South China. Law Soc. Rev. 44:157–84 [Google Scholar]
  98. Tam W. 2013. Legal Mobilization Under Authoritarianism: The Case of Post-Colonial Hong Kong New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  99. Tate CN. 1995. Why the expansion of judicial power?. See Tate & Vallinder 1995 27–37
  100. Tate CN, Haynie S. 1993. Authoritarianism and the functions of courts: a time series analysis of the Philippine Supreme Court, 1961–1987. Law Soc. Rev. 27:707–40 [Google Scholar]
  101. Tate CN, Vallinder T. 1995. The Global Expansion of Judicial Power New York: NYU Press
  102. Tezcür GM. 2009. Judicial activism in perilous times: the Turkish case.. Law Soc. Rev. 43:305–36 [Google Scholar]
  103. Thomson EP. 1975. Whigs and Hunters: The Origins of the Black Act New York: Pantheon Books
  104. Toharia J. 1975. Judicial independence in an authoritarian regime: the case of contemporary Spain. Law Soc. Rev. 9:475–96 [Google Scholar]
  105. Trochev A. 2004. Less democracy, more courts: a puzzle of judicial review in Russia. Law Soc. Rev. 38:513–48 [Google Scholar]
  106. Trochev A. 2008. Judging Russia: Constitutional Court in Russian Politics New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  107. Trochev A, Ellett R. 2014. Judges and their allies: rethinking judicial autonomy through the prism of off-bench resistance. J. Law Courts 2:67–91 [Google Scholar]
  108. Urribarri RS. 2011. Courts between democracy and hybrid authoritarianism: evidence from the Venezuelan Supreme Court. Law Soc. Inq. 36:854–84 [Google Scholar]
  109. Verner JG. 1984. The independence of supreme courts in Latin America: a review of the literature. J. Latin Am. Stud. 16:463–506 [Google Scholar]
  110. Woo M, Gallagher ME. 2011. Chinese Justice: Civil Dispute Resolution in Contemporary China New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  111. Zemans F. 1983. Legal mobilization: the neglected role of the law in the political system. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 77:690–703 [Google Scholar]
  112. Ziadeh FJ. 1968. Lawyers, the Rule of Law and Liberalism in Modern Egypt Stanford, CA: Hoover Inst. War Revolut. Peace, Stanford Univ.
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030532
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error