1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Law and Social Science
  4. Volume 11, 2015
  5. Article

Annual Review of Law and Social Science

Volume 11, 2015

Improving the Effectiveness of Suspect Interrogations

Abstract

The past two decades of research on interrogation were spurred, in large part, by the specter of false confessions and the resulting miscarriages of justice. More recently, interest in the topic has been fueled by the need to develop evidence-based methods that improve the collection of diagnostic confession evidence and accurate intelligence from human sources. In this review, we update the research on false confessions and describe recent assessments of scientifically validated approaches for obtaining cooperation, eliciting confessions, and detecting deceit. Studies are summarized through the prism of accusatorial versus information-gathering approaches to interrogation: The former rely on psychological manipulation and control-based methods, whereas the latter focus on developing rapport and cooperation to elicit an account that can be strategically addressed via evidence presentation. The review concludes with recommendations for additional research to further improve the effectiveness of interrogations across a variety of contexts.

Keyword(s): confession, credibility assessment, deception, interrogation, interviewing
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120814-121657
2015-11-03
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/lawsocsci/11/1/annurev-lawsocsci-120814-121657.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120814-121657&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abbe A, Brandon SE. 2013. The role of rapport in investigative interviewing: a review. J. Investig. Psychol. Offender Profiling 10:237–49 [Google Scholar]
  2. Abbe A, Brandon SE. 2014. Building and maintaining rapport in investigative interviews. Police Pract. Res. 15:207–20 [Google Scholar]
  3. Alison L, Alison E, Noone G, Elntib S, Waring S, Christiansen P. 2014. Whatever you say, say nothing: individual differences in counter interrogation tactics amongst a field sample of right wing, AQ inspired and paramilitary terrorists. Personal. Individ. Differ. 68:170–75 [Google Scholar]
  4. Alison LJ, Alison E, Noone G, Elntib S, Christiansen P. 2013. Why tough tactics fail and rapport gets results: observing rapport-based interpersonal techniques (ORBIT) to generate useful information from terrorists. Psychol. Public Policy Law 19:411–31 [Google Scholar]
  5. Baldwin J. 1993. Police interview techniques: Establishing truth or proof?. Br. J. Criminol. 33:325–52 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bedau HA, Radelet ML. 1987. Miscarriages of justice in potentially capital cases. Stanford Law Rev. 40:21–179 [Google Scholar]
  7. Beune K, Giebels E, Sanders K. 2009. Are you talking to me? Influencing behavior and culture in police interviews. Psychol. Crime Law 15:597–617 [Google Scholar]
  8. Beune K, Giebels E, Taylor PJ. 2010. Patterns of interaction in police interviews: the role of cultural dependency. Crim. Justice Behav. 37:904–25 [Google Scholar]
  9. Borchard EM. 1932. Convicting the Innocent: Errors of Criminal Justice New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
  10. Brandon SE. 2014. Towards a science of interrogation. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 28:945–46 [Google Scholar]
  11. Bull R. 2014. Investigative Interviewing New York: Springer
  12. Bull R, Soukara S. 2010. Four studies of what really happens in police interviews. See Lassiter & Meissner 2010 81–95
  13. Candel I, Merckelbach H, Loyen S, Reyskens H. 2005. “I hit the shift-key and then the computer crashed”: children and false admissions. Personal. Individ. Differ. 38:1381–87 [Google Scholar]
  14. Cialdini RB. 2006. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion New York: Harper Collins. Revis ed.
  15. Clare ICH, Gudjonsson GH. 1995. The vulnerability of suspects with intellectual disabilities during police interviews: a review and experimental study of decision-making. Ment. Handicap Res. 8:110–28 [Google Scholar]
  16. Clarke C, Milne R. 2001. National Evaluation of the PEACE Investigative Interviewing Course. Police Research Award Scheme. London: Home Off.
  17. Clarke C, Milne R, Bull R. 2011. Interviewing suspects of crime: the impact of PEACE training, supervision and the presence of a legal advisor. J. Investig. Psychol. Offender Profiling 8:149–62 [Google Scholar]
  18. Collins R, Lincoln R, Frank MG. 2002. The effect of rapport in forensic interviewing. Psychiatry Psychol. Law 9:69–78 [Google Scholar]
  19. Dando CJ, Bull R. 2011. Maximising opportunities to detect verbal deception: training police officers to interview tactically. J. Investig. Psychol. Offender Profiling 8:189–202 [Google Scholar]
  20. Da Silva CS, Leach A. 2013. Detecting deception in second-language speakers. Legal Criminol. Psychol. 18:115–27 [Google Scholar]
  21. DePaulo BM, Lindsay JJ, Malone BE, Muhlenbruck L, Charlton K, Cooper H. 2003. Dues to deception. Psychol. Bull. 129:74–118 [Google Scholar]
  22. Drake KE. 2010. The psychology of interrogative suggestibility: a vulnerability during interview. Personal. Individ. Differ. 49:683–88 [Google Scholar]
  23. Driskell T, Blickensderfer EL, Salas E. 2013. Is three a crowd? Examining rapport in investigative interviews. Group Dyn. 17:1–13 [Google Scholar]
  24. Drizin SA, Leo RA. 2004. The problem of false confessions in the post-DNA world. N.C. Law Rev. 82:891–1007 [Google Scholar]
  25. Duke MC. 2013. The development of the rapport scales for investigative interviews and interrogations PhD Thesis, Univ. Tex., El Paso
  26. Dunbar K, Blanchette I. 2001. The in vivo/in vitro approach to cognition: the case of analogy. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5:334–39 [Google Scholar]
  27. Evans JR, Houston KA, Meissner CA, Ross AB, LaBianca JR. et al. 2014. An empirical evaluation of intelligence-gathering interrogation techniques from the United States Army Field Manual. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 28:867–75 [Google Scholar]
  28. Evans JR, Meissner CA, Brandon SE, Russano MB, Kleinman SM. 2010. Criminal versus HUMINT interrogations: the importance of psychological science to improving interrogative practice. J. Psychiatry Law 38:215–49 [Google Scholar]
  29. Evans JR, Meissner CA, Ross AB, Houston KA, Russano MB, Horgan AJ. 2013a. Obtaining guilty knowledge in human intelligence interrogations: comparing accusatorial and information-gathering approaches with a novel experimental paradigm. J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn. 2:83–88 [Google Scholar]
  30. Evans JR, Michael SW, Meissner CA, Brandon SE. 2013b. Validating a new assessment method for deception detection: introducing a psychologically based credibility assessment tool. J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn. 2:33–41 [Google Scholar]
  31. Everington C, Fulero SM. 1999. Competence to confess: measuring understanding and suggestibility of defendants with mental retardation. Ment. Retard. 37:212–20 [Google Scholar]
  32. Ewens S, Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S, Jo E, Fisher RP. 2014. The effect of interpreters on eliciting information, cues to deceit and rapport. Legal Criminol. Psychol. In press. doi:10.1111/lcrp.12067
  33. Fein RA, Lehner P, Vossekuil B, advis. 2006. Educing Information. Interrogation—Science and Art: Foundations for the Future. Intelligence Science Board Phase 1 Report Cent. Strateg. Intell. Res. Washington, DC: Natl. Def. Intell. Coll. Press [Google Scholar]
  34. Feld BC. 2013. Kids, Cops, and Interrogation: Inside the Interrogation Room New York: N.Y. Univ. Press
  35. Fisher RP. 2010. Interviewing cooperative witnesses. Legal Criminol. Psychol. 15:25–38 [Google Scholar]
  36. Fisher RP, Geiselman RE. 1992. Memory-Enhancing Techniques for Investigative Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publ.
  37. Fisher RP, Geiselman RE. 2010. The cognitive interview method of conducting police interviews: eliciting extensive information and promoting therapeutic jurisprudence. Int. J. Law Psychiatry 33:321–28 [Google Scholar]
  38. Fisher RP, Milne R, Bull R. 2011. Interviewing cooperative witnesses. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 20:16–19 [Google Scholar]
  39. Fisher RP, Perez V. 2007. Memory-enhancing techniques for interviewing crime suspects. Offenders' Memories of Violent Crimes S Christianson 329–50 Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons [Google Scholar]
  40. Garrett BL. 2015. Contaminated confessions revisited. Va. Law Rev. 101:395–458 [Google Scholar]
  41. Geiselman RE. 2012. The cognitive interview for suspects (CIS). Am. J. Forensic Psychol. 30:5–20 [Google Scholar]
  42. Goldstein NES, Condie LO, Kalbeitzer R, Osman D, Geier JL. 2003. Juvenile offenders' Miranda rights comprehension and self-reported likelihood of offering false confessions. Assessment 10:359–69 [Google Scholar]
  43. Goodman-Delahunty J, Howes LM. 2014. Social persuasion to develop rapport in high-stakes interviews: qualitative analyses of Asian-Pacific practices. Polic. Soc. doi: 10.1080/10439463.2014.942848
  44. Goodman-Delahunty J, Martschuk N, Dhami MK. 2014. Interviewing high value detainees: securing cooperation and reliable disclosures. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 28:883–97 [Google Scholar]
  45. Goodman-Delahunty J, O'Brien K, Gumbert-Jourjon T. 2013. Police professionalism in interviews with high value detainees: cross-cultural endorsement of procedural justice. J. Inst. Justice Int. Stud. 13:65 [Google Scholar]
  46. Granhag PA, Vrij A, Verschuere B. 2015. Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches New York: Wiley & Sons
  47. Griffiths A, Milne R. 2006. Will it all end in tiers?. See Williamson 2006 167–89
  48. Grisso T, Steinberg L, Woolard J, Cauffman E, Scott E. et al. 2003. Juveniles' competence to stand trial: a comparison of adolescents' and adults' capacities as trial defendants. Law Hum. Behav. 27:333–63 doi: 10.1023/A:1024065015717 [Google Scholar]
  49. Gudjonsson GH. 2003. The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons
  50. Gudjonsson GH. 2013. Interrogative suggestibility and compliance. Suggestibility in Legal Contexts: Psychological Research and Forensic Implications AM Ridley, F Gabbert, DJ La Rooy 45–62 Oxford: Wiley & Sons [Google Scholar]
  51. Gudjonsson GH, Henry L. 2003. Child and adult witnesses with intellectual disability: the importance of suggestibility. Legal Criminol. Psychol. 8:241–52 [Google Scholar]
  52. Gudjonsson GH, Sigurdsson JF, Asgeirsdottir BB, Sigfusdottir ID. 2006. Custodial interrogation, false confession and individual differences: a national study among Icelandic youth. Personal. Individ. Differ. 41:49–59 [Google Scholar]
  53. Guyll M, Madon S, Yang Y, Lannin DG, Scherr K. 2013. Innocence and resisting confession during interrogation: effects on physiologic activity. Law Hum. Behav. 37:366–75 [Google Scholar]
  54. Häkkänen H, Ask K, Kebbell M, Alison L, Granhag PA. 2009. Police officers' views of effective interview tactics with suspects: the effects of weight of case evidence and discomfort with ambiguity. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 23:468–81 [Google Scholar]
  55. Hartwig M, Granhag PA, Luke T. 2014. Strategic use of evidence during investigative interviews: the state of the science. Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications DC Raskin, CR Honts, JC Kircher 1–36 Oxford: Academic [Google Scholar]
  56. Hartwig M, Granhag PA, Strömwall LA, Doering N. 2010. Impression and information management: on the strategic self-regulation of innocent and guilty suspects. Open Criminol. J. 3:10–26 [Google Scholar]
  57. Hartwig M, Granhag PA, Stromwall LA, Kronkvist O. 2006. Strategic use of evidence during police interviews: when training to detect deception works. Law Hum. Behav. 30:603–19 [Google Scholar]
  58. Hartwig M, Granhag PA, Strömwall LA, Vrij A. 2005. Detecting deception via strategic disclosure of evidence. Law Hum. Behav. 29:469–84 [Google Scholar]
  59. Hartwig M, Meissner CA, Semel MD. 2014. Human intelligence interviewing and interrogation: assessing the challenges of developing an ethical, evidence-based approach. See Bull 2014 209–28
  60. Hauch V, Sporer SL, Michael SW, Meissner CA. 2014. Does training improve the detection of deception? A meta-analysis. Commun. Res. In press. doi:10.1177/0093650214534974
  61. Hilgendorf EL, Irving M. 1981. A decision-making model of confessions. Psychology in Legal Contexts: Applications and Limitations M Lloyd-Bostock 67–84 London: Macmillan [Google Scholar]
  62. Hill C, Memon A, McGeorge P. 2008. The role of confirmation bias in suspect interviews: a systematic evaluation. Legal Criminol. Psychol. 13:357–71 [Google Scholar]
  63. Holmberg U, Christianson S-A. 2002. Murderers' and sexual offenders' experiences of police interviews and their inclination to admit or deny crimes. Behav. Sci. Law 20:31–45 [Google Scholar]
  64. Holmberg U, Madsen K. 2014. Rapport operationalized as a humanitarian interview in investigative interview settings. Psychiatry Psychol. Law 21:591–610 [Google Scholar]
  65. Home Off 2003. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. Codes of Practice A–E. London: Her Majesty's Station. Off. Revis ed.
  66. Horgan AJ, Russano MB, Meissner CA, Evans JR. 2012. Minimization and maximization techniques: assessing the perceived consequences of confessing and confession diagnosticity. Psychol. Crime Law 18:65–78 [Google Scholar]
  67. Horselenberg R, Merckelbach H, Josephs S. 2003. Individual differences and false confessions: a conceptual replication of Kassin and Kiechel (1996). Psychol. Crime Law 9:1–8 [Google Scholar]
  68. Horselenberg R, Merckelbach H, Smeets T, Franssens D, Ygram Peters G-J, Zeles G. 2006. False confessions in the lab: Do plausibility and consequences matter?. Psychol. Crime Law 12:61–75 [Google Scholar]
  69. Horvath AO, Greenberg LS. 1989. Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. J. Counsel. Psychol. 36:223–33 [Google Scholar]
  70. Houston KA, Meissner CA, Evans JR. 2014. Psychological processes underlying true and false confessions. See Bull 2014 19–34
  71. Inbau FE, Reid JE, Buckley JP, Jayne BC. 2013. Criminal Interrogations and Confession Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learn, 5th ed..
  72. Jayne BC. 1986. The psychological principles of criminal interrogation. Criminal Interrogations and Confession FE Inbau, JE Reid, JP Buckley 327–47 Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 3rd ed.. [Google Scholar]
  73. Kassin SM. 2005. On the psychology of confessions: Does innocence put innocents at risk?. Am. Psychol. 60:215–28 [Google Scholar]
  74. Kassin SM. 2008. False confessions: causes, consequences, and implications for reform. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 17:249–53 [Google Scholar]
  75. Kassin SM, Drizin SA, Grisso T, Gudjonsson GH, Leo RA, Redlich AD. 2010. Police-induced confessions: risk factors and recommendations. Law Hum. Behav. 34:3–38 [Google Scholar]
  76. Kassin SM, Goldstein CC, Savitsky K. 2003. Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: on the dangers of presuming guilt. Law Hum. Behav. 27:187–203 [Google Scholar]
  77. Kassin SM, Kiechel KL. 1996. The social psychology of false confessions: compliance, internalization, and confabulation. Psychol. Sci. 7:125–28 [Google Scholar]
  78. Kassin SM, Leo RA, Meissner CA, Richman KD, Colwell LH. et al. 2007. Police interviewing and interrogation: a self-report survey of police practices and beliefs. Law Hum. Behav. 31:381–400 [Google Scholar]
  79. Kassin SM, McNall K. 1991. Police interrogations and confessions: communicating promises and threats by pragmatic implication. Law Hum. Behav. 15:233–51 [Google Scholar]
  80. Kassin SM, Meissner CA, Norwick RJ. 2005. “I'd know a false confession if I saw one”: a comparative study of college students and police investigators. Law Hum. Behav. 29:211–27 [Google Scholar]
  81. Kassin SM, Norwick RJ. 2004. Why people waive their Miranda rights: the power of innocence. Law Hum. Behav. 28:211–21 [Google Scholar]
  82. Kebbell M, Alison L, Hurren E, Mazerolle P. 2010. How do sex offenders think the police should interview to elicit confessions from sex offenders?. Psychol. Crime Law 16:567–84 [Google Scholar]
  83. Kelly CE, Meissner CA. 2016. Interrogation and investigative interviewing in the United States: research and practice. International Developments and Practices in Investigative Interviewing and Interrogation. Volume 2: Suspects D Walsh, GE Oxburgh, AD Redlich, T Myklebust Abingdon, UK: Routledge. In press [Google Scholar]
  84. Kelly CE, Miller JC, Redlich AD, Kleinman SM. 2013. A taxonomy of interrogation methods. Psychol. Public Policy Law 19:165–78 [Google Scholar]
  85. Kelly CE, Redlich AD, Miller JC. 2015. Examining the meso-level domains of the interrogation taxonomy. Psychol. Public Policy Law 21:179–91 [Google Scholar]
  86. Kelman HC. 2006. Interests, relationships, identities: three central issues for individuals and groups in negotiating their social environment. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 57:1–26 [Google Scholar]
  87. Kieckhaefer JM, Vallano JP, Compo NS. 2014. Examining the positive effects of rapport building: When and why does rapport building benefit adult eyewitness memory?. Memory 22:1010–23 [Google Scholar]
  88. King L, Snook B. 2009. Peering inside a Canadian interrogation room: an examination of the Reid model of interrogation, influence tactics, and coercive strategies. Crim. Justice Behav. 36:674–94 [Google Scholar]
  89. Klauer K, Musch C. 2003. Affective priming: findings and theories. The Psychology of Evaluation: Affective Processes in Cognition and Emotion J Musch, KC Klauer 9–50 Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum [Google Scholar]
  90. Klaver JR, Lee Z, Rose VG. 2008. Effects of personality, interrogation techniques and plausibility in an experimental false confession paradigm. Legal Criminol. Psychol. 13:71–88 [Google Scholar]
  91. Lane SM, Meissner CA. 2008. A “middle road” approach to bridging the basic-applied divide in eyewitness identification research. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 22:779–87 [Google Scholar]
  92. Lassiter GD, Meissner CA. 2010. . Police Interrogations and False Confessions: Current Research, Practice, and Policy Recommendations Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
  93. Leal S, Vrij A, Warmelink L, Vernham Z, Fisher R. 2015. You cannot hide your telephone lies: providing a model statement as an aid to detect deception in insurance telephone calls. Legal Criminol. Psychol. 20:129–46 [Google Scholar]
  94. Leary TF. 1955. The theory and measurement methodology of inter-personal communication. Psychiatry Interpers. Biol. Process. 18:147–61 [Google Scholar]
  95. Leins DA, Fisher RP, Pludwinski L, Rivard J, Robertson B. 2014. Interview protocols to facilitate human intelligence sources' recollections of meetings. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 28:926–35 [Google Scholar]
  96. Leins D, Fisher RP, Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S. 2011. Using sketch drawing to induce inconsistency in liars. Legal Criminol. Psychol. 16:253–65 [Google Scholar]
  97. Leo RA. 1996. Inside the interrogation room. J. Crim. Law Criminol. 86:266–303 [Google Scholar]
  98. Leo RA. 2009. False confessions: causes, consequences, and implications. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law 37:332–43 [Google Scholar]
  99. Leo RA, Ofshe RJ. 1998. The consequences of false confessions: deprivations of liberty and miscarriages of justice in the age of psychological interrogation. Crim. Law Criminol. 88:429–96 [Google Scholar]
  100. Loftus EF. 2011. Intelligence gathering post-9/11. Am. Psychol. 66:532–41 [Google Scholar]
  101. Luke TJ, Dawson E, Hartwig M, Granhag PA. 2014. How awareness of possible evidence induces forthcoming counter-interrogation strategies. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 6:876–82 doi: 10.1002/acp.3019 [Google Scholar]
  102. Madon S, Guyll M, Scherr KC, Greathouse S, Wells GL. 2012. Temporal discounting: the differential effect of proximal and distal consequences on confession decisions. Law Hum. Behav. 36:13–20 [Google Scholar]
  103. Madon S, Yang Y, Smalarz L, Guyll M, Scherr KC. 2013. How factors present during the immediate interrogation situation produce short-sighted confession decisions. Law Hum. Behav. 37:60–74 [Google Scholar]
  104. Malloy LC, Shulman EP, Cauffman E. 2014. Interrogations, confessions, and guilty pleas among serious adolescent offenders. Law Hum. Behav. 38:181–93 [Google Scholar]
  105. Meissner CA, Hartwig M, Russano MB. 2010. The need for a positive psychological approach and collaborative effort for improving practice in the interrogation room. Law Hum. Behav. 34:43–45 [Google Scholar]
  106. Meissner CA, Kassin SM. 2002. “He's guilty!”: investigator bias in judgments of truth and deception. Law Hum. Behav. 26:469–80 [Google Scholar]
  107. Meissner CA, Redlich AD, Michael SW, Evans JR, Camilletti CR. et al. 2014. Accusatorial and information-gathering interrogation methods and their effects on true and false confessions: a meta-analytic review. J. Exp. Criminol. 10:459–86 [Google Scholar]
  108. Memon A, Meissner CA, Fraser J. 2010. The Cognitive Interview: a meta-analytic review and study space analysis of the past 25 years. Psychol. Public Policy Law 16:340–72 [Google Scholar]
  109. Miller WR, Rollnick S. 2009. Ten things that motivational interviewing is not. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 37:129–40 [Google Scholar]
  110. Milne R, Bull R. 1999. Investigative Interviewing: Psychology and Practice Chichester, UK: Wiley
  111. Moston S, Stephenson GM, Williamson T. 1992. The effects of case characteristics on suspect behaviour during police questioning. Br. J. Criminol. 32:23–39 [Google Scholar]
  112. Münsterberg H. 1908. On the Witness Stand Garden City, NY: Doubleday
  113. Narchet FM, Meissner CA, Russano MB. 2011. Modeling the influence of investigator bias on the elicitation of true and false confessions. Law Hum. Behav. 35:452–65 [Google Scholar]
  114. Nash RA, Wade KA. 2009. Innocent but proven guilty: eliciting internalized false confessions using doctored-video evidence. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 23:624–37 [Google Scholar]
  115. Neuman A, Salinas-Serrano D. 2006. Custodial interrogations: what we know, what we do, and what we can learn from law enforcement experiences. See Fein et al. 2006 141–233
  116. Niederhoffer KG, Pennebaker JW. 2002. Linguistic style matching in social interaction. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 21:337–60 [Google Scholar]
  117. O'Connell MJ, Garmoe W, Goldstein NES. 2005. Miranda comprehension in adults with mental retardation and the effects of feedback style on suggestibility. Law Hum. Behav. 29:359–69 [Google Scholar]
  118. Oxburgh G, Ost J. 2011. The use and efficacy of empathy in police interviews with suspects of sexual offences. J. Investig. Psychol. Offender Profiling 8:178–88 [Google Scholar]
  119. Perillo JT, Kassin SM. 2011. Inside interrogation: the lie, the bluff, and false confessions. Law Hum. Behav. 35:327–37 [Google Scholar]
  120. Powell M, Day A, Benson M, Vess J, Graffam J. 2014. Australian police officers' perceptions of sex offender registries. Polic. Soc. 24:120–33 [Google Scholar]
  121. Redlich AD. 2007. Double jeopardy in the interrogation room for youths with mental illness. Am. Psychol. 62:609–11 [Google Scholar]
  122. Redlich AD, Goodman GS. 2003. Taking responsibility for an act not committed: the influence of age and suggestibility. Law Hum. Behav. 27:141–56 [Google Scholar]
  123. Redlich AD, Kelly CE, Miller JC. 2014. The who, what, and why of human intelligence gathering: self-reported measures of interrogation methods. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 28:817–28 [Google Scholar]
  124. Redlich AD, Kulish R, Steadman HJ. 2011. Comparing true and false confessions among persons with serious mental illnesses. Psychol. Public Policy Law 17:394–418 [Google Scholar]
  125. Reik T. 1959. The Compulsion To Confess: On the Psychoanalysis of Crime and Punishment New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy
  126. Richardson BH, Taylor PJ, Snook B, Conchie SM, Bennell C. 2014. Language style matching and police interrogation outcomes. Law Hum. Behav. 38:357–66 [Google Scholar]
  127. Rivard JR, Fisher RP, Robertson B, Dana HM. 2014. Testing the Cognitive Interview with professional interviewers: enhancing recall of specific details of recurring events. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 28:917–25 [Google Scholar]
  128. Russano MB, Meissner CA, Narchet FM, Kassin SM. 2005. Investigating true and false confessions within a novel experimental paradigm. Psychol. Sci. 16:481–86 [Google Scholar]
  129. Russano MB, Narchet FM, Kleinman SM. 2014a. Analysts, interpreters, and intelligence interrogations: perceptions and insights. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 28:829–46 [Google Scholar]
  130. Russano MB, Narchet FM, Kleinman SM, Meissner CA. 2014b. Structured interviews of experienced HUMINT interrogators. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 28:847–59 [Google Scholar]
  131. Sellers S, Kebbell MR. 2009. When should evidence be disclosed in an interview with a suspect? An experiment with mock-suspects. J. Investig. Psychol. Offender Profiling 6:151–60 [Google Scholar]
  132. Shaw J, Porter S. 2015. Constructing rich false memories of committing crime. Psychol. Sci. 26:291–301 [Google Scholar]
  133. Sigurdsson JF, Gudjonsson GH. 1996. The relationship between types of claimed false confession made and the reasons why suspects confess to the police according to the Gudjonsson Confession Questionnaire (GCQ). Legal Criminol. Psychol. 1:259–69 [Google Scholar]
  134. Sooniste T, Granhag PA, Strömwall LA, Vrij A. 2015. Statements about true and false intentions: using the Cognitive Interview to magnify the differences. Scand. J. Psychol. 56:371–78 [Google Scholar]
  135. Soukara S, Bull R, Vrij A. 2002. Police detectives' aims regarding their interviews with suspects: Any change at the turn of the millennium?. Int. J. Police Sci. Manag. 4:101–4 [Google Scholar]
  136. Soukara S, Bull R, Vrij A, Turner M, Cherryman J. 2009. What really happens in police interviews of suspects? Tactics and confessions. Psychol. Crime Law 15:493–506 [Google Scholar]
  137. Steinberg L, Scott ES. 2003. Less guilty by reason of adolescence: developmental immaturity, diminished responsibility, and the juvenile death penalty. Am. Psychol. 58:1009–18 [Google Scholar]
  138. St-Yves M. 2006. Psychology of rapport: five basic rules. See Williamson 2006 87–106
  139. Tickle-Degnen L, Rosenthal R. 1990. The nature of rapport and its nonverbal correlates. Psychol. Inq. 1:285–93 [Google Scholar]
  140. Vallano JP, Evans JR, Schreiber Compo N, Kieckhaefer JM. 2015. Rapport-building during witness and suspect interviews: a survey of law enforcement. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 29:369–80 [Google Scholar]
  141. Vallano JP, Schreiber Compo NS. 2011. A comfortable witness is a good witness: rapport-building and susceptibility to misinformation in an investigative mock-crime interview. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 25:960–70 [Google Scholar]
  142. Vallano JP, Schreiber Compo NS. 2015. Rapport-building with cooperative witnesses and criminal suspects: a theoretical and empirical review. Psychol. Public Policy Law 21:85–99 [Google Scholar]
  143. Vanderhallen M, Vervaeke G. 2014. Between investigator and suspect: the role of working alliance in investigative interviewing. See Bull 2014 63–90
  144. Viljoen JL, Klaver J, Roesch R. 2005. Legal decisions of preadolescent and adolescent defendants: predictors of confessions, pleas, communication with attorneys, and appeals. Law Hum. Behav. 29:253–77 [Google Scholar]
  145. Vrij A. 2008. Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities New York: Wiley, 2nd ed..
  146. Vrij A, Granhag PA. 2012. Eliciting cues to deception and truth: What matters are the questions asked. J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn. 1:110–17 [Google Scholar]
  147. Vrij A, Granhag PA. 2014. Eliciting information and detecting lies in intelligence interviewing: an overview of recent research. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 28:936–44 [Google Scholar]
  148. Vrij A, Leal S, Granhag PA, Mann S, Fisher R. et al. 2009. Outsmarting the liars: the benefit of asking unanticipated questions. Law Hum. Behav. 33:159–66 [Google Scholar]
  149. Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S, Vernham Z, Brankaert F. 2015. Translating theory into practice: evaluating a cognitive lie detection training workshop. J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn. 4:110–20 [Google Scholar]
  150. Vrij A, Mann S, Fisher RP. 2006. Information-gathering versus accusatory interview style: individual differences in respondents' experiences. Personal. Individ. Differ. 41:589–99 [Google Scholar]
  151. Vrij A, Mann SA, Fisher RP, Leal S, Milne R, Bull R. 2008. Increasing cognitive load to facilitate lie detection: the benefit of recalling an event in reverse order. Law Hum. Behav. 32:253–65 [Google Scholar]
  152. Vrij A, Mann S, Kristen S, Fisher RP. 2007. Cues to deception and ability to detect lies as a function of police interview styles. Law Hum. Behav. 31:499–518 [Google Scholar]
  153. Walsh D, Bull R. 2010a. Interviewing suspects of fraud: an in-depth analysis of interviewing skills. J. Psychiatry Law 38:99–135 [Google Scholar]
  154. Walsh DW, Bull R. 2010b. What really is effective in interviews with suspects? A study comparing interviewing skills against interviewing outcomes. Legal Criminol. Psychol. 15:305–21 [Google Scholar]
  155. Walsh DW, Bull R. 2012. How do interviewers attempt to overcome suspects' denials?. Psychiatry Psychol. Law 19:151–68 [Google Scholar]
  156. Walsh DW, Bull R. 2015. Interviewing suspects: examining the association between skills, questioning, evidence disclosure, and interview outcomes. Psychol. Crime Law 21:661–80 [Google Scholar]
  157. Walsh DW, Milne R. 2008. Keeping the PEACE? A study of investigative interviewing practices in the public sector. Legal Criminol. Psychol. 13:39–57 [Google Scholar]
  158. Wigmore J. 1899. Confessions: a brief history and criticism. Am. Law Rev. 33:376 [Google Scholar]
  159. Williamson T. 2006. Investigative Interviewing: Rights, Research, Regulation Portland, OR: Willan Publ.
  160. Williamson TM. 1993. From interrogation to investigative interviewing: strategic trends in police questioning. J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 3:89–99 [Google Scholar]
  161. Wright DS, Wade KA, Watson DG. 2013. Delay and déjà vu: timing and repetition increase the power of false evidence. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 20:812–18 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120814-121657
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error