1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Phytopathology
  4. Volume 55, 2017
  5. Article

Annual Review of Phytopathology

Volume 55, 2017

Silicon's Role in Abiotic and Biotic Plant Stresses

Abstract

Silicon (Si) plays a pivotal role in the nutritional status of a wide variety of monocot and dicot plant species and helps them, whether directly or indirectly, counteract abiotic and/or biotic stresses. In general, plants with a high root or shoot Si concentration are less prone to pest attack and exhibit enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, low temperature, or metal toxicity. However, the most remarkable effect of Si is the reduction in the intensities of a number of seedborne, soilborne, and foliar diseases in many economically important crops that are caused by biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic plant pathogens. The reduction in disease symptom expression is due to the effect of Si on some components of host resistance, including incubation period, lesion size, and lesion number. The mechanical barrier formed by the polymerization of Si beneath the cuticle and in the cell walls was the first proposed hypothesis to explain how this element reduced the severity of plant diseases. However, new insights have revealed that many plant species supplied with Si have the phenylpropanoid and terpenoid pathways potentiated and have a faster and stronger transcription of defense genes and higher activities of defense enzymes. Photosynthesis and the antioxidant system are also improved for Si-supplied plants. Although the current understanding of how this overlooked element improves plant reaction against pathogen infections, pest attacks, and abiotic stresses has advanced, the exact mechanism(s) by which it modulates plant physiology through the potentiation of host defense mechanisms still needs further investigation at the genomic, metabolomic, and proteomic levels.

Keyword(s): disease management, drought, foliar diseases, host defense mechanisms, metal toxicity, pest control, plant nutrition, salt stress, soilborne diseases
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035312
2017-08-04
2024-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/phyto/55/1/annurev-phyto-080516-035312.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035312&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abbas T, Balal RM, Shahid MA, Pervez MA, Ayyub CM. 1.  et al. 2015. Silicon-induced alleviation of NaCl toxicity in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is associated with enhanced photosynthesis, osmoprotectants and antioxidant metabolism. Acta Physiol. Plant. 37:6 [Google Scholar]
  2. Abed-Ashtiani F, Kadir JB, Selamat AB, Hanif AHBM, Nasehi A. 2.  2012. Effect of foliar and root application of silicon against rice blast fungus in MR219 rice variety. Plant Pathol. J. 28:164–71 [Google Scholar]
  3. Adrees M, Ali S, Rizwan M, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Ibrahim M. 3.  et al. 2015. Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants: a review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 119:186–97 [Google Scholar]
  4. Andrade CCL, Resende RS, Rodrigues FA, Ferraz HGM, Moreira WR. 4.  et al. 2013. Silicon reduces bacterial speck development on tomato leaves. Trop. Plant Pathol. 38:436–42 [Google Scholar]
  5. Anwaar SA, Ali S, Ali S, Ishaque W, Farid M. 5.  et al. 2014. Silicon (Si) alleviates cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) from zinc (Zn) toxicity stress by limiting Zn uptake and oxidative damage. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22:3441–50 [Google Scholar]
  6. Araujo L, Paschoalino RS, Rodrigues FA. 6.  2016. Microscopic aspects of silicon-mediated rice resistance to leaf scald. Phytopathology 06:132–41 [Google Scholar]
  7. Aucique-Perez CEA, Rodrigues FA, Moreira WR, DaMatta FM. 7.  2014. Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in wheat plants supplied with silicon and infected with. Pyricularia oryzae. Phytopathology 104:143–49 [Google Scholar]
  8. Bélanger RR, Benhamou N, Menzies JG. 8.  2003. Cytological evidence of an active role of silicon in wheat resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). Phytopathology 93:402–12 [Google Scholar]
  9. Bityutskii N, Pavlovic J, Yakkonen K, Maksimovic V, Nikolic M. 9.  2014. Contrasting effect of silicon on iron, zinc and manganese status and accumulation of metal-mobilizing compounds in micronutrient-deficient cucumber. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 74:205–11 [Google Scholar]
  10. Broadley M, Brown P, Cakmak I, Ma JF, Rengel Z. 10.  et al. 2012. Beneficial elements. Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants P Marschner 249–69 London: Academic, 3rd ed.. [Google Scholar]
  11. Brunings AM, Datnoff LE, Ma JF, Mitani N, Nagamura Y. 11.  et al. 2009. Differential gene expression of rice in response to silicon and rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. . Ann. Appl. Biol. 155:161–70 [Google Scholar]
  12. Cacique IS, Domiciano GP, Moreira WR, Rodrigues FA, Cruz MFA. 12.  et al. 2013. Effect of root and leaf applications of soluble silicon on blast development in rice. Bragantia 72:304–9 [Google Scholar]
  13. Cai K, Gao D, Luo S, Zeng R, Yang J. 13.  et al. 2008. Physiological and cytological mechanisms of silicon‐induced resistance in rice against blast disease. Physiol. Plant. 134:324–33 [Google Scholar]
  14. Carré-Missio V, Rodrigues FA, Schurt DA, Pereira SC, Oliveira MGA. 14.  et al. 2009. Ineficiência do silício no controle da ferrugem do cafeeiro em solução nutritiva. Trop. Plant Pathol. 34:416–21 [Google Scholar]
  15. Carver TLW, Robbins MP, Thomas BJ, Troth K, Raistrick N. 15.  et al. 1998. Silicon deprivation enhances local autofluorescent responses and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in oat attacked by Blumeria graminis. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 52:245–57 [Google Scholar]
  16. Chain F, Côté-Beaulieu C, Belzile F, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR. 16.  2009. A comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of the effect of silicon on wheat plants under control and pathogen stress conditions. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 22:1323–30 [Google Scholar]
  17. Chen D, Cao B, Wang S, Liu P, Deng X. 17.  et al. 2016. Silicon moderated the K deficiency by improving the plant-water status in sorghum. Sci. Rep. 6:22882 [Google Scholar]
  18. Chen Y, Liu M, Wang L, Lin W, Fan X. 18.  et al. 2015. Proteomic characterization of silicon-mediated resistance against Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato. Plant Soil 387:425–40 [Google Scholar]
  19. Chérif M, Asselin A, Bélanger RR. 19.  1994. Defence responses induced by soluble silicon in cucumber roots infected by Pythium spp. Phytopathology 84:236–42 [Google Scholar]
  20. Chérif M, Benhamou N, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR. 20.  1992. Silicon induced resistance in cucumber plants against Pythium ultimum. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 41:411–25 [Google Scholar]
  21. Chiba Y, Mitani N, Yamaji N, Ma JF. 21.  2009. HvLsi1 is a silicon influx transporter in barley. Plant J 57:810–18 [Google Scholar]
  22. Cruz MFA, Debona D, Rios JA, Rodrigues FA. 22.  2015. Potentiation of defense-related gene expression by silicon increases wheat resistance to leaf blast. Trop. Plant Pathol. 40:394–400 [Google Scholar]
  23. Cruz MFA, Rodrigues FA, Polanco LR, Curvelo CRS, Nascimento KJT. 23.  et al. 2013. Inducers of resistance and silicon on the activity of defense enzymes in the soybean–Phakopsora pachyrhizi interaction. Bragantia 72:162–72 [Google Scholar]
  24. Curvelo CRS, Rodrigues FA, Pereira LF, Silva LC, DaMatta FM. 24.  et al. 2013. Trocas gasosas e estresse oxidativo em plantas de algodoeiro supridas com silício e infectadas por Ramularia areola. . Bragantia 72:346–59 [Google Scholar]
  25. Curvelo CRS, Rodrigues FA, Silva LC, Nascimento KJT, Berger PG. 25.  2013. Mecanismos bioquímicos da defesa do algodoeiro à mancha de ramularia mediados pelo silício. Bragantia 72:41–51 [Google Scholar]
  26. Dallagnol LJ, Rodrigues FA, Chaves ARM, Vale FXR, DaMatta FM. 26.  2013. Photosynthesis and sugar concentration are impaired by the defective active silicon uptake in rice plants infected with Bipolaris oryzae. Plant Pathol 62:120–29 [Google Scholar]
  27. Dallagnol LJ, Rodrigues FA, DaMatta FM, Mielli MVB, Pereira SC. 27.  2011. Deficiency in silicon uptake affects cytological, physiological, and biochemical events in the rice-Bipolaris oryzae interaction. Phytopathology 101:92–104 [Google Scholar]
  28. Dallagnol LJ, Rodrigues FA, Pascholati SF, Fortunato AA, Camargo LEA. 28.  2015. Comparison of root versus foliar applied potassium silicate in potentiating postinfection defences of melon against powdery mildew. Plant Pathol 64:1085–93 [Google Scholar]
  29. Dann EK, Muir S. 29.  2002. Peas grown in media with elevated plant-available silicon levels have higher activities of chitinases and β-1,3-glucanase, are less susceptible to a fungal leaf spot pathogen and accumulate more foliar silicon. Australas. Plant Pathol 31:9–13 [Google Scholar]
  30. da Silva WL, Cruz MFA, Fortunato AA, Rodrigues FA. 30.  2015. Histochemical aspects of wheat resistance to leaf blast mediated by silicon. Sci. Agric. 72:322–27 [Google Scholar]
  31. Datnoff LE, Deren CW, Snyder GH. 31.  1997. Silicon fertilization for disease management of rice in Florida. Crop Prot 16:525–31 [Google Scholar]
  32. Datnoff LE, Rodrigues FA. 32.  2005. The role of silicon in suppressing rice diseases. APSnet Features doi:10.1094/APSnetFeature-2005-0205
  33. Datnoff LE, Rodrigues FA. 33.  2015. History of silicon and plant disease. See Ref. 133 1–5
  34. Debona D, Rodrigues FA, Rios JA, Nascimento KJT, Silva LC. 34.  2014. The effect of silicon on antioxidant metabolism of wheat leaves infected by Pyricularia oryzae. . Plant Pathol. 63:581–89 [Google Scholar]
  35. Deshmukh RK, Vivancos J, Guérin V, Sonah H, Labbé C. 35.  et al. 2013. Identification and functional characterization of silicon transporters in soybean using comparative genomics of major intrinsic proteins in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 83:303–15 [Google Scholar]
  36. Ding X, Zhang S, Li S, Liao X, Wang R. 36.  2013. Silicon mediated the detoxification of Cr on pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) in Cr-contaminated soil. Procedia Environ. Sci. 18:58–67 [Google Scholar]
  37. Domiciano GP, Cacique IS, Freitas CC, Filippi MC, DaMatta FM, Rodrigues FA. 37.  et al. 2015. Alterations in gas exchange and oxidative metabolism in rice leaves infected by Pyricularia oryzae are attenuated by silicon. Phytopathology 105:738–47 [Google Scholar]
  38. Domiciano GP, Rodrigues FA, Guerra AMN, Vale FXR. 38.  2013. Infection process of Bipolaris sorokiniana on wheat leaves is affected by silicon. Trop. Plant Pathol. 38:258–63 [Google Scholar]
  39. Doncheva SN, Poschenrieder C, Stoyanova ZI, Georgieva K, Velichkova M. 39.  et al. 2009. Silicon amelioration of manganese toxicity in Mn-sensitive and Mn-tolerant maize varieties. Environ. Exp. Bot. 65:169–97 [Google Scholar]
  40. El-Garhy HAS, Rashid IAS, Abou-Ali RM, Moustafa MMA. 40.  2016. Field application of safe chemical elicitors induced the expression of some resistance genes against grey mold and cottony rot diseases during snap bean pods storage. Gene 576:358–65 [Google Scholar]
  41. Emam MM, Khattab HE, Helal NM, Deraz AE. 41.  2014. Effect of selenium and silicon on yield quality of rice plant grown under drought stress. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 8:596–605 [Google Scholar]
  42. Eneji AE, Inanaga S, Muranaka S, Li J, Hattori T. 42.  et al. 2008. Growth and nutrient use in four grasses under drought stress as mediated by silicon fertilizers. J. Plant Nutr. 31:355–65 [Google Scholar]
  43. Epstein E. 43.  2009. Silicon: its manifold roles in plants. Ann. Appl. Biol. 155:155–60 [Google Scholar]
  44. Farooq MA, Detterbeck A, Clemens S, Dietz K-J. 44.  2016. Silicon-induced reversibility of cadmium toxicity in rice. J. Exp. Bot. 67:3573–85 [Google Scholar]
  45. Fauteux F, Chain F, Belzile F, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR. 45.  2006. The protective role of silicon in the Arabidopsis–powdery mildew pathosystem. PNAS 103:17554–59 [Google Scholar]
  46. Fauteux F, Rémus-Borel W, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR. 46.  2005. Silicon and plant disease resistance against pathogenic fungi. FEMS Microb. Lett. 249:1–6 [Google Scholar]
  47. Fawe A, Abou-Zaid M, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR. 47.  1998. Silicon-mediated accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins in cucumber. Phytopathology 88:396–401 [Google Scholar]
  48. Fortunato AA, da Silva WL, Rodrigues FA. 48.  2014. Phenylpropanoid pathway is potentiated by silicon in the roots of banana plants during the infection process of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Phytopathology 104:597–603 [Google Scholar]
  49. Fortunato AA, Rodrigues FA, Nascimento KJT. 49.  2012. Physiological and biochemical aspects of the resistance of banana plants to Fusarium wilt potentiated by silicon. Phytopathology 102:957–66 [Google Scholar]
  50. Fortunato AA, Rodrigues FA, Datnoff LE. 50.  2015. Silicon control of soil-borne and seed-borne diseases. See Ref. 133 53–66
  51. Frantz JM, Pitchay DDS, Locke JC, Horst LE, Krause CR. 51.  2005. Silicon is deposited in leaves of New Guinea impatiens. Plant Health Prog doi:10.1094/php-2005-0217-01-rs
  52. French-Monar RD, Rodrigues FA, Korndörfer GH, Datnoff LE. 52.  2010. Silicon suppresses Phytophthora blight development on bell pepper. J. Phytopathol. 158:554–60 [Google Scholar]
  53. Gao D, Cai K, Chen J, Luo S, Zeng R. 53.  et al. 2011. Silicon enhances photochemical efficiency and adjusts mineral nutrient absorption in Magnaporthe oryzae infected rice plants. Acta Physiol. Plant. 33:675–82 [Google Scholar]
  54. Gao X, Zou C, Wang L, Zhang F. 54.  2006. Silicon decreases transpiration rate and conductance from stomata of maize plants. J. Plant. Nutr. 29:1637–47 [Google Scholar]
  55. Gatarayiha MC, Laing MD, Miller RM. 55.  2010. Combining applications of potassium silicate and Beauveria bassiana to four crops to control two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Int. J. Pest Manag. 56:291–97 [Google Scholar]
  56. Ghareeb H, Bozsó Z, Ott PG, Repenning C, Stahl F. 56.  et al. 2011. Transcriptome of silicon-induced resistance against Ralstonia solanacearum in the silicon non-accumulator tomato implicates priming effect. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 75:83–89 [Google Scholar]
  57. Gomes FB, Moraes JCD, Santos CDD, Goussain MM. 57.  2005. Resistance induction in wheat plants by silicon and aphids. Sci. Agric. 62:547–51 [Google Scholar]
  58. Goussain MM, Prado E, Moraes JC. 58.  2005. Effect of silicon applied to wheat plants on the biology and probing behaviour of the greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Neotrop. Entomol. 34:807–13 [Google Scholar]
  59. Gu HH, Qiu H, Tian T, Zhan SS, Deng THB. 59.  et al. 2011. Mitigation effects of silicon rich amendments on heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted on multi-metal contaminated acidic soil. Chemosphere 83:1234–40 [Google Scholar]
  60. Gu HH, Zhan S, Wang SZ, Tang YT, Chaney RL. 60.  et al. 2012. Silicon-mediated amelioration of zinc toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Plant Soil 350:193–204 [Google Scholar]
  61. Guerra AMNM, Rodrigues FA, Berger PG, Barros AF, Rodrigues YC. 61.  et al. 2013. Resistência do algodoeiro à ferrugem tropical potencializada pelo silício. Bragantia 72:279–91 [Google Scholar]
  62. Guerra AMNM, Rodrigues FA, Berger PG, Barros AF, Silva YCR. 62.  et al. 2013. Aspectos bioquímicos da resistência do algodoeiro à ramulose potencializada pelo silício. Bragantia 72:292–303 [Google Scholar]
  63. Habibi G, Norouzi F, Hajiboland R. 63.  2014. Silicon alleviates salt stress in pistachio plants. Prog. Biol. Sci. 4:189–202 [Google Scholar]
  64. Hamayun M, Sohn F-Y, Khan SA, Shinwari ZK, Khan AL. 64.  et al. 2010. Silicon alleviates the adverse effects of salinity and drought stress on growth and endogenous plant growth hormones of soybean (Glycine max L.). Pak. J. Bot. 42:1713–22 [Google Scholar]
  65. Han Y, Lei W, Wen L, Hou M. 65.  2015. Silicon-mediated resistance in a susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). PLOS ONE 10:e0120557 [Google Scholar]
  66. Han Y, Li P, Gong S, Yang L, Wen L, Hou M. 66.  2016. Defense responses in rice induced by silicon amendment against infestation by the leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. . PLOS ONE 11:e0153918 [Google Scholar]
  67. Hayasaka T, Fujii H, Ishiguro K. 67.  2008. The role of silicon in preventing appressorial penetration by the rice blast fungus. Phytopathology 98:1038–44 [Google Scholar]
  68. Heath MC, Stumpf MA. 68.  1986. Ultrastructural observations of penetration sites of the cowpea rust fungus in untreated and silicon-depleted French bean cells. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 29:27–39 [Google Scholar]
  69. Hemmi T, Abe T, Inoue Y. 69.  1941. Studies on the rice blast disease: relation of the environment to the development of blast disease and races of the blast fungus. Noji Kairyo Shiryo 157:1–232 [Google Scholar]
  70. Hodson MJ, Evans DE. 70.  1995. Aluminium/silicon interactions in higher plants. J. Exp. Bot. 46:161–71 [Google Scholar]
  71. Hodson MJ, White PJ, Mead A, Broadley MR. 71.  2005. Phylogenetic variation in the silicon composition of plants. Ann. Bot. 96:1027–46 [Google Scholar]
  72. Huang C-H, Roberts PD, Datnoff LE. 72.  2011. Silicon suppresses Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato. J. Phytopathol. 159:546–54 [Google Scholar]
  73. Ito S, Hayashi H. 73.  1931. On the relation of silica supply to rice blast. J. Sapporo Soc. Agric. Sci. 103:460–61 [Google Scholar]
  74. Jiang D. 74.  1993. The role of silicon in barley resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei). PhD Thesis, Univ. Minn., St. Paul
  75. Jiao-Jing L, Shao-Hang L, Pei-Lei X, Xiu-Juan W, Ji-Gang B. 75.  2009. Effects of exogenous silicon on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in chilling-stressed cucumber leaves. Agric. Sci. China 8:1075–86 [Google Scholar]
  76. Kabir AH, Hossain MM, Khatun MA, Mandal A, Haider SA. 76.  2016. Role of silicon counteracting cadmium toxicity in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Front. Plant Sci. 7:1117 [Google Scholar]
  77. Kauss H, Seehaus K, Franke R, Gilbert S, Dietrich RA. 77.  et al. 2003. Silica deposition by a strongly cationic proline-rich protein from systemically resistant cucumber plants. Plant J 33:87–95 [Google Scholar]
  78. Keeping MG, Kvedaras OL, Bruton AG. 78.  2009. Epidermal silicon in sugarcane: cultivar differences and role in resistance to sugarcane borer Eldana saccharina. . Environ. Exp. Bot. 66:54–60 [Google Scholar]
  79. Keller C, Rizwan M, Davidian JC, Pokrovsky OS, Bovet N. 79.  et al. 2015. Effect of silicon on wheat seedlings (Triticum turgidum L.) grown in hydroponic sand exposed to 0 to 30 μM Cu. Planta 241:847–60 [Google Scholar]
  80. Kidd PS, Llugany M, Poschenrieder C, Gunsé B, Barceló J. 80.  2001. The role of root exudates in aluminum resistance and silicon-induced amelioration of aluminum toxicity in three varieties of maize (Zea mays L.). J. Exp. Bot. 52:1339–53 [Google Scholar]
  81. Kim SG, Kim KW, Park EW, Choi D. 81.  2002. Silicon-induced cell wall fortification of rice leaves: a possible cellular mechanism of enhanced host resistance to blast. Phytopathology 92:1095–103 [Google Scholar]
  82. Kim YH, Khan AL, Waqas M, Shim JK, Kim DH. 82.  et al. 2014. Silicon application to rice root zone influenced the phytohormonal and antioxidant responses under salinity stress. J. Plant Growth Regul. 33:137–49 [Google Scholar]
  83. Kvedaras OL, An M, Choi YS, Gurr GM. 83.  2010. Silicon enhances natural enemy attraction and biological control through induced plant defences. Bull. Entomol. Res. 100:367–71 [Google Scholar]
  84. Kvedaras OL, Keeping MG. 84.  2007. Silicon impedes stalk penetration by the borer Eldana saccharina in sugarcane. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 125:103–10 [Google Scholar]
  85. Lee SK, Sohn EY, Hamayun M, Yoon JY, Lee IJ. 85.  2010. Effect of silicon on growth and salinity stress of soybean plant grown under hydroponic system. Agrofor. Syst. 80:333–40 [Google Scholar]
  86. Li H, Zhu Y, Hu Y, Han W, Gong H. 86.  2015. Beneficial effects of silicon in alleviating salinity stress of tomato seedlings grown under sand culture. Acta Physiol. Plant. 37:71 [Google Scholar]
  87. Li L, Zheng C, Fu Y, Wu D, Yang X. 87.  et al. 2012. Silicate-mediated alleviation of Pb toxicity in banana grown in Pb-contaminated soil. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 145:101–8 [Google Scholar]
  88. Li W, Bi Y, Ge Y, Li Y, Wang J, Wang Y. 88.  2012. Effects of postharvest sodium silicate treatment on pink rot disease and oxidative stress–antioxidative system in muskmelon fruit. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 234:137–45 [Google Scholar]
  89. Liang X, Wang H, Hu Y, Mao L, Sun L. 89.  et al. 2015. Silicon does not mitigate cell death in cultured tobacco BY-2 cells subjected to salinity without ethylene emission. Plant Cell Rep 34:331–43 [Google Scholar]
  90. Liang Y, Nikolic M, Bélanger R, Gong H, Song A. 90.  2015. Silicon in Agriculture: From Theory to Practice Amsterdam: Springer Sci.
  91. Liang Y, Zhu J, Li Z, Chu G, Ding Y. 91.  et al. 2008. Role of silicon in enhancing resistance to freezing stress in two contrasting winter wheat cultivars. Environ. Exp. Bot. 64:286–94 [Google Scholar]
  92. Liang YC, Sun WC, Si J, Römheld V. 92.  2005. Effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on the enhancement of induced resistance to powdery mildew in Cucumis sativus. . Plant Pathol. 54:678–85 [Google Scholar]
  93. Liang YC, Wong JWC, Long W. 93.  2005. Silicon-mediated enhancement of cadmium tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) grown in cadmium contaminated soil. Chemosphere 58:475–83 [Google Scholar]
  94. Liu M, Cai K, Chen Y, Luo S, Zhang Z. 94.  et al. 2014. Proteomic analysis of silicon-mediated resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 139:579–92 [Google Scholar]
  95. Liu P, Yin L, Deng X, Wang S, Tanaka K. 95.  et al. 2014. Aquaporin-mediated increase in root hydraulic conductance is involved in silicon-induced improved root water uptake under osmotic stress in Sorghum bicolor L. J. Exp. Bot. 65:4747–56 [Google Scholar]
  96. Ma D, Sun D, Wang C, Qin H, Ding H. 96.  et al. 2016. Silicon application alleviates drought stress in wheat through transcriptional regulation of multiple antioxidant defense pathways. J. Plant Growth Regul. 35:1–10 [Google Scholar]
  97. Ma J, Cai H, He C, Zhang W, Wang L. 97.  2015. A hemicellulose-bound form of silicon inhibits cadmium ion uptake in rice (Oryza sativa) cells. New Phytol 206:1063–74 [Google Scholar]
  98. Ma J, Takahashi E. 98.  1990. Effect of silicon on the growth and phosphorus uptake of rice. Plant Soil 126:115–19 [Google Scholar]
  99. Ma JF, Tamai K, Yamaji N, Mitani N, Konishi S. 99.  et al. 2006. A silicon transporter in rice. Nature 440:688–91 [Google Scholar]
  100. Ma JF, Yamaji N, Mitani N, Tamai K, Konishi S. 100.  et al. 2007. An efflux transporter of silicon in rice. Nature 448:209–12 [Google Scholar]
  101. Ma JF, Yamaji N, Mitani-Ueno N. 101.  2011. Transport of silicon from roots to panicles in plants. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B. 87:377–85 [Google Scholar]
  102. Massey FP, Hartley SE. 102.  2009. Physical defences wear you down: progressive and irreversible impacts of silica on insect herbivores. J. Anim. Ecol. 78:281–91 [Google Scholar]
  103. Mburu K, Oduor R, Mgutu A, Tripathi L. 103.  2016. Silicon application enhances resistance to Xanthomonas wilt disease in banana. Plant Pathol 65:807–18 [Google Scholar]
  104. McNaughton SJ, Tarrants JL. 104.  1983. Grass leaf silicification: natural selection for an inducible defense against herbivores. PNAS 80:790–91 [Google Scholar]
  105. Menzies JG, Ehret DL, Glass ADM, Helmer T, Koch C. 105.  et al. 1991. Effects of soluble silicon on the parasitic fitness of Sphaerotheca fuliginea on Cucumis sativus. . Phytopathology 81:84–88 [Google Scholar]
  106. Miao BH, Han XG, Zhang WH. 106.  2010. The ameliorative effect of silicon on soybean seedlings grown in potassium-deficient medium. Ann. Bot. 105:967–73 [Google Scholar]
  107. Miyake Y, Takahashi E. 107.  1983. Effect of silicon on the growth of solution-cultured cucumber plant. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 29:71–83 [Google Scholar]
  108. Mohaghegh P, Khoshgoftarmanesh AH, Shirvani M, Sharifnabi B, Nili N. 108.  2011. Effect of silicon nutrition on oxidative stress induced by Phytophthora melonis infection in cucumber. Plant Dis 95:455–60 [Google Scholar]
  109. Moldes CA, Lima Filho OF, Merini LJ, Tsai SM, Camiña JM. 109.  2016. Occurrence of powdery mildew disease in wheat fertilized with increasing silicon doses: a chemometric analysis of antioxidant response. Acta Physiol. Plant. 38:206 [Google Scholar]
  110. Montpetit J, Vivancos J, Mitani-Ueno N, Yamaji N, Rémus-Borel W. 110.  et al. 2012. Cloning, functional characterization and heterologous expression of TaLsi1, a wheat silicon transporter gene. Plant Mol. Biol. 79:35–46 [Google Scholar]
  111. Moraes JC, Goussai MM, Basagli MAB, Carvalho GA, Ecole CC. 111.  et al. 2004. Silicon influence on the tritrophic interaction: wheat plants, the greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and its natural enemies, Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Aphidius colemani viereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Neotrop. Entomol. 33:619–24 [Google Scholar]
  112. Motomura H, Fujii T, Suzuki M. 112.  2004. Silica deposition in relation to ageing of leaf tissues in Sasa veitchii (Carrière) Rehder (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Ann. Bot. 93:235–48 [Google Scholar]
  113. Nwugo CC, Huerta AJ. 113.  2010. The effect of silicon on the leaf proteome of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants under cadmium-stress. J. Proteom. Res. 10:518–28 [Google Scholar]
  114. Owino-Gerroh C, Gascho GJ. 114.  2004. Effect of silicon on low pH soil phosphorus sorption and on uptake and growth of maize. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 35:2369–78 [Google Scholar]
  115. Pavlovic J, Samardzic J, Masimović V, Timotijevic G, Stevic N. 115.  et al. 2013. Silicon alleviates iron deficiency in cucumber by promoting mobilization of iron in the root apoplast. New Phytol 198:1096–107 [Google Scholar]
  116. Pereira TS, Lobato AKS, Tan DKY, Costa DV, Uchôa EB. 116.  et al. 2013. Positive interference of silicon on water relations, nitrogen metabolism, and osmotic adjustment in two pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars under water deficit. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 7:1064–71 [Google Scholar]
  117. Perumalla CJ, Heath MC. 117.  1991. The effect of inhibitors of various cellular processes on the wall modifications induced in bean leaves by the cowpea rust fungus. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 38:293–300 [Google Scholar]
  118. Polanco LR, Rodrigues FA, Nascimento KJT, Cruz MFA, Curvelo CRS. 118.  et al. 2014. Photosynthetic gas exchange and antioxidative system in common bean plants infected by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and supplied with silicon. Trop. Plant Pathol. 39:35–42 [Google Scholar]
  119. Qian L, Chen B, Chen M. 119.  2016. Novel alleviation mechanisms of aluminum phytotoxicity via released biosilicon from rice straw-derived biochars. Sci. Rep. 6:29346 [Google Scholar]
  120. Rafi MM, Epstein E. 120.  1999. Silicon absorption by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Soil 211:223–30 [Google Scholar]
  121. Rahman A, Wallis CM, Uddin W. 121.  2015. Silicon-induced systemic defense responses in perennial ryegrass against infection by Magnaporthe oryzae. Phytopathology 105:748–57 [Google Scholar]
  122. Rains DW, Epstein E, Zasoski RJ, Aslam M. 122.  2006. Active silicon uptake by wheat. Plant Soil 280:223–28 [Google Scholar]
  123. Ranger CM, Singh AP, Frantz JM, Cañas L, Locke JC. 123.  et al. 2009. Influence of silicon on resistance of Zinnia elegans to Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Environ. Entomol. 38:129–36 [Google Scholar]
  124. Ratnayake RMRNK, Daundasekera WAM, Ariyarathne HM, Ganehenege MY. 124.  2016. Some biochemical defense responses enhanced by soluble silicon in bitter gourd-powdery mildew pathosystem. Australas. Plant Pathol. 45:425–33 [Google Scholar]
  125. Rémus-Borel W, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR. 125.  2005. Silicon induces antifungal compounds in powdery mildew-infected wheat. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 66:108–15 [Google Scholar]
  126. Rémus-Borel W, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR. 126.  2009. Aconitate and methyl aconitate are modulated by silicon in powdery mildew-infected wheat plants. J. Plant Physiol. 166:1413–22 [Google Scholar]
  127. Resende RS, Rodrigues FA, Cavatte PC, Martins SCV, Moreira WR. 127.  et al. 2012. Leaf gas exchange and oxidative stress in sorghum plants supplied with silicon and infected by Colletotrichum sublineolum. . Phytopathology 102:892–98 [Google Scholar]
  128. Resende RS, Rodrigues FA, Costa RV, Silva DD. 128.  2013. Silicon and fungicide effects on anthracnose in moderately resistant and susceptible sorghum lines. J. Phytopathol. 161:11–17 [Google Scholar]
  129. Reynolds OL, Padula MP, Zeng R, Gurr GF. 129.  2016. Silicon: potential to promote direct and indirect effects on plant defense against arthropod pests in agriculture. Front. Plant Sci. 7:744 [Google Scholar]
  130. Rizwan M, Ali S, Ibrahim M, Farid M, Adrees M. 130.  et al. 2015. Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: a review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22:15416–31 [Google Scholar]
  131. Rizwan M, Meunier JD, Miche H, Keller C. 131.  2012. Effect of silicon on reducing cadmium toxicity in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. cv. Claudio W.) grown in a soil with aged contamination. J. Hazard. Mater. 209–210:326–34 [Google Scholar]
  132. Rodrigues FA, Dallagnol LJ, Duarte HSS, Datnoff LE. 132.  2015. Silicon control of foliar diseases in monocots and dicots. See Ref. 133 67–108
  133. Rodrigues FA, Datnoff LE. 133.  2015. Silicon and Plant Diseases Cham, Switz.: Springer
  134. Rodrigues FA, Datnoff LE, Korndörfer GH, Seebold KW, Rush MC. 134.  2001. Effect of silicon and host resistance on sheath blight development in rice. Plant Dis 85:827–32 [Google Scholar]
  135. Rodrigues FA, Resende RS, Dallagnol LJ, Datnoff LE. 135.  2015. Silicon potentiates host defense mechanisms against infection by plant pathogens. See Ref. 133 109–38
  136. Rogalla H, Romheld V. 136.  2002. Role of leaf apoplast in silicon-mediated manganese tolerance of Cucumis sativus L. Plant Cell Environ 25:549–55 [Google Scholar]
  137. Samuels AL, Glass ADM, Ehret DL, Menzies JG. 137.  1991. Mobility and deposition of silicon in cucumber plants. Plant Cell Environ 41:485–92 [Google Scholar]
  138. Savant NK, Synder GH, Datnoff LE. 138.  1997. Silicon management and sustainable rice production. Adv. Agron. 58:151–91 [Google Scholar]
  139. Seebold KW, Datnoff LE, Correa-Victoria FJ, Kucharek TA, Snyder GH. 139.  2000. Effect of silicon rate and host resistance on blast, scald, and yield of upland rice. Plant Dis 84:871–76 [Google Scholar]
  140. Seebold KW, Kucharek TA, Datnoff LE, Correa-Victoria FJ, Marchetti MA. 140.  2001. The influence of silicon on components of resistance to blast in susceptible, partially resistant, and resistant cultivars of rice. Phytopathology 91:63–69 [Google Scholar]
  141. Shakir HU, Saeed M, Anjum NA, Farid A, Khan IA. 141.  et al. 2015. Combined effect of entomopathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana), imidacloprid and potassium silicate against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in rice crop. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 3:173–77 [Google Scholar]
  142. Shetty R, Fretté X, Jensen B, Shetty NP, Jensen JD. 142.  et al. 2011. Silicon-induced changes in antifungal phenolic acids, flavonoids, and key phenylpropanoid pathway genes during the interaction between miniature roses and the biotrophic pathogen Podosphaera pannosa. . Plant Physiol. 157:2194–205 [Google Scholar]
  143. Shetty R, Jensen B, Shetty NP, Hansen M, Hansen CW. 143.  et al. 2012. Silicon induced resistance against powdery mildew of roses caused by Podosphaera pannosa. . Plant Pathol. 61:120–31 [Google Scholar]
  144. Shi Y, Zhang Y, Han W, Feng R, Hu Y. 144.  et al. 2016. Silicon enhances water stress tolerance by improving root hydraulic conductance in Solanum lycopersicum L. Front. Plant Sci. 7:196 [Google Scholar]
  145. Shim J, Shea PJ, Oh BT. 145.  2014. Stabilization of heavy metals in mining site soil with silica extracted from corn cob. Water Air Soil Pollut 225:2152 [Google Scholar]
  146. Shtienberg D. 146.  1992. Effects of foliar diseases on gas exchange processes: a comparative study. Phytopathology 82:760–65 [Google Scholar]
  147. Sidhu JK, Stout MJ, Datnoff LE. 147.  2013. Effect of silicon soil amendment on performance of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on rice. Bull. Entomol. Res. 103:656–64 [Google Scholar]
  148. Silva RV, Oliveira RDL, Nascimento KJT, Rodrigues FA. 148.  2010. Biochemical responses of coffee resistance against Meloidogyne exigua mediated by silicon. Plant Pathol 59:586–93 [Google Scholar]
  149. Song A, Xue G, Cui P, Fan F, Liu H. 149.  et al. 2016. The role of silicon in enhancing resistance to bacterial blight of hydroponic- and soil-cultured rice. Sci. Rep. 6:24640 [Google Scholar]
  150. Sousa RS, Rodrigues FA, Schurt DA, Souza NFA, Cruz MFA. 150.  2013. Cytological aspects of the infection process of Pyricularia oryzae on leaves of wheat plants supplied with silicon. Trop. Plant Pathol. 38:472–77 [Google Scholar]
  151. Stanley JN, Baqir HA, McLaren TI. 151.  2014. Effect on larval growth of adding finely ground silicon-bearing minerals (wollastonite or olivine) to artificial diets for Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Austral. Entomol. 53:436–43 [Google Scholar]
  152. Sun W, Zhang J, Fan Q, Xue G, Li Z. 152.  et al. 2010. Silicon-enhanced resistance to rice blast is attributed to silicon mediated defence resistance and its role as physical barrier. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 128:39–49 [Google Scholar]
  153. Suzuki H. 153.  1940. On the relationship between rice susceptibility and penetration into host plants. Ngyo Oyobi Engei 10:1999–2010 [Google Scholar]
  154. Takahashi E, Ma JF, Miyake Y. 154.  1990. The possibility of silicon as an essential element for higher plants. Comm. Agric. Food Chem. 2:99–122 [Google Scholar]
  155. Tatagiba SD, DaMatta FM, Rodrigues FA. 155.  2016. Silicon partially preserves the photosynthetic performance of rice plants infected by Monographella albescens. . Ann. Appl. Biol. 168:111–21 [Google Scholar]
  156. Tatagiba SD, Rodrigues FA, Filippi MCC, Silva GB, Silva LC. 156.  2014. Physiological responses of rice plants supplied with silicon to Monographella albescens infection. J. Phytopathol. 162:596–606 [Google Scholar]
  157. Tripathi DK, Singh S, Singh VP, Prasad SM, Chauhan DK, Dubey NK. 157.  2016. Silicon nanoparticles more efficiently alleviate arsenate toxicity than silicon in maize cultivar and hybrid differing in arsenate tolerance. Front. Environ. Sci. 4:46 [Google Scholar]
  158. Tripathi DK, Singh S, Singh VP, Prasad SM, Dubey NK, Chauhan DK. 158.  2017. Silicon nanoparticles more effectively alleviated UV-B stress than silicon in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 110:70–81 [Google Scholar]
  159. Tubana BS, Babu T, Datnoff LE. 159.  2016. A review of silicon in soils and plants and its role in US agriculture: history and future perspectives. Soil Sci 181:393–411 [Google Scholar]
  160. Tubana BS, Heckman JR. 160.  2015. Silicon in soils and plants. See Ref. 133, pp. 7–51
  161. Van Bockhaven J, Spíchal L, Novák O, Strnad M, Asano T. 161.  et al. 2015. Silicon induces resistance to the brown spot fungus Cochliobolus miyabeanus by preventing the pathogen from hijacking the rice ethylene pathway. New Phytol 206:761–73 [Google Scholar]
  162. Van Bockhaven J, Steppe K, Bauweraerts I, Kikuchi S, Asano T. 162.  et al. 2015. Primary metabolism plays a central role in moulding silicon-inducible brown spot resistance in rice. Mol. Plant Pathol. 16:811–24 [Google Scholar]
  163. Wang S, Liu P, Chen D, Yin L, Li H. 163.  et al. 2015. Silicon enhanced salt tolerance by improving the root water uptake and decreasing the ion toxicity in cucumber. Front. Plant Sci. 6:759 [Google Scholar]
  164. Whan JA, Dann EK, Aitken EAB. 164.  2016. Effects of silicon treatment and inoculation with Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum on cellular defences in root tissues of two cotton cultivars. Ann. Bot. 118:219–26 [Google Scholar]
  165. Williams ED, Vlamis J. 165.  1957. The effect of silicon on yield and manganese-54 uptake and distribution in the leaves of barley plants grown in culture solutions. Plant Physiol. 32:404–9 [Google Scholar]
  166. Xu CX, Ma YP, Liu YL. 166.  2015. Effects of silicon (Si) on growth, quality and ionic homeostasis of aloe under salt stress. S. Afr. J. Bot. 98:26–36 [Google Scholar]
  167. Ye M, Songa Y, Longa J, Wanga R, Baersonc SR. 167.  et al. 2013. Priming of jasmonate-mediated antiherbivore defense responses in rice by silicon. PNAS 110:3631–39 [Google Scholar]
  168. Yin L, Wang S, Liu P, Wang W, Cao D. 168.  et al. 2014. Silicon-mediated changes in polyamine and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid are involved in silicon-induced drought resistance in Sorghum bicolor L. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 80:268–77 [Google Scholar]
  169. Yin L, Wang S, Tanaka K, Fujihara S, Itai A. 169.  et al. 2016. Silicon-mediated changes in polyamines participate in silicon-induced salt tolerance in Sorghum bicolor L. Plant Cell Environ 39:245–58 [Google Scholar]
  170. Yoshida S, Ohnishi Y, Kitagishi K. 170.  1962. Chemical forms, mobility, and deposition of silicon in the rice plant. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 8:107–11 [Google Scholar]
  171. Zeyen RJ, Ahlstrand GG, Carver TLW. 171.  1993. X-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated, freeze-dried, and critical point dried leaf specimens: determination of soluble and insoluble chemical elements at Erysiphe graminis epidermal cell papilla sites in barley isolines containing Ml-o and ml-o alleles. Can. J. Bot. 71:284–96 [Google Scholar]
  172. Zhang G, Cui Y, Ding X, Dai Q. 172.  2013. Stimulation of phenolic metabolism by silicon contributes to rice resistance to sheath blight. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 176:118–24 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035312
Loading
Silicon's Role in Abiotic and Biotic Plant Stresses
Annual Review of Phytopathology 55, 85 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035312
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035312
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035312
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error