1932

Abstract

State disinvestment in higher education has been a notable characteristic of neoliberalism all over the world, and the corporatization of universities has been the typical response. It has led to a proliferation of law schools with students paying high fees. Corporatization has also engendered a culture of relentless competition between universities, which manifests itself in league tables and rankings. The pursuit of prestige has compelled law schools to prioritize research over teaching, which poses a dilemma for what is taught and how it is taught. The contradictions of the corporatization thesis are graphically illustrated by the experiences of Australia, which might be described as the canary in the mine shaft. Although corporatization plays out differently in decentralized regimes with a substantial private sector, such as the United States, its impact on the legal academy in those places has been similarly profound. It is apparent that the dilemmas posed by corporatization for the legal academy require considered scholarly attention.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030714
2014-11-03
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/lawsocsci/10/1/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030714.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030714&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. ABA (Am. Bar Assoc.) 2014. Task Force on the Future of Legal Education: Report and Recommendations Chicago: ABA http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/professional_responsibility/report_and_recommendations_of_aba_task_force.authcheckdam.pdf
  2. Abel RL. 2012. What does and should influence the number of lawyers?. Int. J. Leg. Prof. 19:131–46 [Google Scholar]
  3. Appleby G, Burdon P, Reilly A. 2013. Critical thinking in legal education: our journey. Leg. Educ. Rev. 23:345–77 [Google Scholar]
  4. Areen J. 2011. Accreditation reconsidered. Iowa Law Rev. 96:1471–94 [Google Scholar]
  5. Ariens M. 2003. Law school banking and the future of legal education. St. Mary's Law J. 34:301–61 [Google Scholar]
  6. Arthurs H. 2013. “Valour rather than prudence”: hard times and hard choices for Canada's legal academy. Sask. Law Rev. 76:73–93 [Google Scholar]
  7. Askehave I. 2007. The marketization of higher education genres—the international student prospectus as a case in point. Discourse Stud. 9:723–42 [Google Scholar]
  8. Atkinson-Grosjean J, Grosjean G. 2000. The use of performance models in higher education: a comparative international review. Educ. Policy Anal. Arch. 8:30 http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n30.html [Google Scholar]
  9. Ballakrishnen S. 2012. “I love my American job”: professional prestige in the Indian outsourcing industry and global consequences of an expanding legal profession. Int. J. Leg. Prof. 19:379–404 [Google Scholar]
  10. Baron P. 2013. A dangerous cult: response to “the effect of the market on legal education.”. Leg. Educ. Rev. 32:273–89 [Google Scholar]
  11. Beck U. 1992 (1986). Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity transl. M Ritter London: Sage (from German)
  12. Bok D. 2003. Universities in the Marketplace: The Commercialization of Higher Education Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  13. Boon A, Webb J. 2010. The legal professions as stakeholders in the academy in England and Wales. Stakeholders in the Law School F Cownie 65–95 Portland, OR: Hart [Google Scholar]
  14. Boon A, Whyte A. 2010. Will there be blood? Students as stakeholders in the legal academy. Stakeholders in the Law School F Cownie 185–224 Portland, OR: Hart [Google Scholar]
  15. Bourne RW. 2011/2012. The coming crash in legal education: how we got here, and where we go now. Creighton Law Rev. 45:651–97 [Google Scholar]
  16. Bowrey K. 2013. Audit culture: why law journals are ranked and what impact this has on the discipline of law today. Leg. Educ. Rev. 32:291–312 [Google Scholar]
  17. Breneman DW, Pusser B, Turner SE. 2006. Earnings from Learning: The Rise of For-Profit Universities Albany: State Univ. N.Y.
  18. Brennan J, Singh M. 2011. Playing the quality game: whose quality and whose higher education?. Knowledge Matters: The Public Mission of the Research University D Rhoten, C Calhoun 397–422 New York: Columbia Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  19. Broadbent G, Allen V. 2011. …A handful of dust? Some thoughts on the future funding of legal education and allied matters. Law Teach. 45:231–42 [Google Scholar]
  20. Broadbent G, Sellman P. 2013. Images of law and legal education: law school websites and the provision of information. Eur. J. Law Technol. 4: http://ejlt.org//article/viewArticle/180/280 [Google Scholar]
  21. Brown R, Carasso H. 2013. Everything for Sale? The Marketisation of UK Higher Education Abingdon, UK: Routledge/Soc. Res. High. Educ.
  22. Burrows R. 2012. Living with the h-index? Metric assemblages in the contemporary academy. Sociol. Rev. 60:355–72 [Google Scholar]
  23. Cabal AB. 1993. The University as an Institution Today: Topics for Reflection Paris: UNESCO/Ottawa, Can.: Int. Dev. Res. Cent.
  24. Carrigan F. 2013. They make a desert and call it peace. Leg. Educ. Rev. 32:313–43 [Google Scholar]
  25. Chambliss E. 2011/2012. Organizational alliances by U.S. law schools. Fordham Law Rev. 80:2615–49 [Google Scholar]
  26. Chan K. 2012. Setting the limits: Who controls the size of the legal profession in Japan?. Int. J. Leg. Prof. 19:321–37 [Google Scholar]
  27. CHEA (Counc. High. Educ. Accredit.) 2010. The Value of Accreditation Washington, DC: CHEA
  28. Collier R. 2013. Privatizing the university and the new political economy of socio-legal studies: remaking the (legal) academic subject. J. Law Soc. 40:450–67 [Google Scholar]
  29. Collins RKL, Skover DM. 2012. The guardians of knowledge in the modern state: Post's republic and the First Amendment. Washington Law Rev. 87:369–95 [Google Scholar]
  30. Cooper D, Jackson S, Mason R, Toohey M. 2011. The emergence of the JD in the Australian legal education marketplace and its impact on academic standards. Leg. Educ. Rev. 21:23–48 [Google Scholar]
  31. Cooper S, Hinkson J, Sharp G. 2002. Scholars and Entrepreneurs: The Universities in Crisis North Carlton, Aust: Arena
  32. Deem R, Mok KH, Lucas L. 2008. Transforming higher education in whose image? Exploring the concept of the “world-class” university in Europe and Asia. High. Educ. Policy 21:83–97 [Google Scholar]
  33. Demleitner NV. 2010/2011. Colliding or coalescing: leading a faculty and an administration in the academic enterprise. Univ. Toledo Law Rev. 42:605–17 [Google Scholar]
  34. Evans GR. 2002. Academics and the Real World Buckingham, UK: Soc. Res. High. Educ./Open Univ. Press
  35. Evans M. 2004. Killing Thinking: The Death of the Universities London/New York: Continuum
  36. Everett J. 2010. Some papers are uploaded to Bangalore to be graded. Chronicle of Higher Education Apr 4
  37. Faulconbridge J. 2011/2012. Alliance “capitalism” and legal education: an English perspective. Fordham Law Rev. 80:2651–59 [Google Scholar]
  38. Friedman M. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  39. Gaze B, Stevens C. 2011. Running risks of gender inequity: knowledge transfer policy in Australian higher education. J. Educ. Policy 26:621–39 [Google Scholar]
  40. Gerstmann E, Streb MJ. 2006. Academic Freedom at the Dawn of a New Century: How Terrorism, Governments, and Culture Wars Impact Free Speech Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
  41. Giroux HA. 2009. Democracy's nemesis: the rise of the corporate university. Cult. Stud./Crit. Methodol. 9:669–95 [Google Scholar]
  42. Groshoff D. 2012. Creatively financed legal education in a marketized environment: how faculty leveraged buyouts can maximize law schools' stakeholder values. Fordham J. Corp. Fin. Law 17:387–448 [Google Scholar]
  43. Gulati M, Sander R, Sockloskie R. 2001. The happy charade: an empirical examination of the third year of law school. J. Leg. Educ. 52:235–66 [Google Scholar]
  44. Hayek FA. 1960. The Constitution of Liberty London: Routledge/Kegan Paul
  45. Hayek FA. 1976. The Road to Serfdom London: Routledge/Kegan Paul
  46. Henderson W. 2013. A blueprint for change. Pepperdine Law Rev. 40:461–507 [Google Scholar]
  47. Henderson WD. 2014. From Big Law to Lean Law. Int. Rev. Law Econ. 38:Suppl.5–16 [Google Scholar]
  48. Henderson WD, Zahorsky RM. 2012. The pedigree problem: Are law school ties choking the profession?. ABA Journal Jul. 1 http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/the_pedigree_problem_are_law_school_ties_choking_the_profession/
  49. Holloway I. 2013. The evolved context of legal education. Sask. Law Rev. 76:133–39 [Google Scholar]
  50. ISBA (Ill. State Bar Assoc.) 2013. Special Committee on the Impact of Law School Debt on the Delivery of Legal Services: Final Report and Recommendations Springfield, IL: ISBA
  51. Katvan E, Silver C, Ziv N. 2012. Too many lawyers?. Int. J. Leg. Prof. 19:123–29 [Google Scholar]
  52. Kelsey J. 1996. Economic Fundamentalism East Haven, CT: Pluto
  53. Kenway J, Bullen E, Fahey J, Robb S. 2006. Haunting the Knowledge Economy London: Routledge
  54. Keohane NO. 1999. The American campus: from colonial seminary to global multiversity. The Idea of a University D Smith, AK Langslow 48–67 London: Kingsley [Google Scholar]
  55. Keyes M, Johnstone R. 2004. Changing legal education: rhetoric, reality, and prospects for the future. Sydney Law Rev. 26:537–64 [Google Scholar]
  56. Kissam PC. 2003. The Discipline of Law Schools: The Making of Modern Lawyers Durham, NC: Carolina Academic
  57. Korobkin R. 2006. Harnessing the positive power of rankings: a response to Posner and Sunstein. Indiana Law J. 81:35–45 [Google Scholar]
  58. Kritzer HM. 2012. It's the law schools stupid! Explaining the continuing increase in the number of lawyers. Int. J. Leg. Prof. 19:209–25 [Google Scholar]
  59. Le Brun M, Johnstone R. 1994. The Quiet (R)evolution: Improving Student Learning in Law Sydney: Law Book [Google Scholar]
  60. Levin A, Alkoby A. 2012. Is access to the profession access to justice? Lessons from Canada. Int. J. Leg. Prof. 19:283–99 [Google Scholar]
  61. Lorenz C. 2012. If you're so smart, why are you under surveillance? Universities, neoliberalism, and new public management. Crit. Inq.599–629
  62. Lyotard JF. 1984. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge transl G Bennington, B Massumi. Manchester, UK: Manchester Univ. Press (from French)
  63. MacCrate R, Martin PW, Winograd PA, Norwood JM, Amron CM. et al. 1992. Legal education and professional development—an education continuum Rep., Task Force Law Sch. Prof.: Narrowing the Gap, ABA, Chicago
  64. Marginson S. 2007. University mission and identity for a post post-public era. High. Educ. Res. Dev. 26:117–31 [Google Scholar]
  65. Marginson S, Considine M. 2000. The Enterprise University: Power, Governance and Reinvention in Australia Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  66. Marginson S, Ordorika I. 2011. “El central volume de la fuerza”: global hegemony in higher education and research. Knowledge Matters: The Public Mission of the Research University D Rhoten, C Calhoun 67–129 New York: Columbia Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  67. Mark S, Gordon T. 2009. Innovations in regulation—responding to a changing legal services market. Georgetown J. Leg. Ethics 22:501–33 [Google Scholar]
  68. Martin L. 1986. From apprenticeship to law school: a social history of legal education in nineteenth century New South Wales. Univ. N.S.W. Law J. 9:111–43 [Google Scholar]
  69. McDougall K, Mortenson R. 2011. Bush lawyers in New South Wales and Queensland: a spatial analysis. Deakin Law Rev. 16:75–109 [Google Scholar]
  70. McGee J, Guihot M, Connor T. 2013. Rediscovering law students as citizens: critical thinking and the public value of legal education. Altern. Law J. 38:77–81 [Google Scholar]
  71. McGettigan A. 2013. The Great University Gamble: Money, Markets and the Future of Higher Education London: Pluto
  72. McKay J. 2011/2012. Un-apologizing for context and experience in legal education. Creighton Law Rev. 45853–67
  73. Menkel-Meadow CJ. 2012. Too many lawyers? Or should lawyers be doing other things?. Int. J. Leg. Prof. 19:147–73 [Google Scholar]
  74. Merritt DJ, Merritt C. 2013. Unleashing market forces in legal education and the legal profession. Georgetown J. Leg. Ethics 26:367–86 [Google Scholar]
  75. Moliterno JE. 2013. The future of legal education reform. Pepperdine Law Rev. 40:423–36 [Google Scholar]
  76. Moran RF. 2006. Of rankings and regulation: Are the U.S. News & World Rankings really a subversive force in legal education?. Indiana Law J. 81:383–99 [Google Scholar]
  77. Moran RF. 2013. Clark Kerr and me: the future of the public law school. Indiana Law J. 88:1021–46 [Google Scholar]
  78. Morphew CC, Eckel PD. 2009. Privatizing the Public University: Perspectives from Across the Academy Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
  79. Nance CE. 2011. The value of a law degree. Iowa Law Rev. 2011:1629–48 [Google Scholar]
  80. Newman J. 1976 (1852). The Idea of a University IT Ker. Oxford, UK: Clarendon
  81. Newton BE. 2012. The ninety-five theses: systemic reforms of American legal education and licensure. S.C. Law Rev. 64:55–141 [Google Scholar]
  82. Nussbaum MC. 2003. Cultivating humanity in legal education. Univ. Chicago Law Rev. 70:265–79 [Google Scholar]
  83. OECD (Organ. Econ. Coop. Dev.) 1996. The Knowledge-Based Economy Paris: OECD
  84. Olssen M, Peters MA. 2005. Neoliberalism, higher education and the knowledge economy: from the free market to knowledge capitalism. J. Educ. Policy 20:313–45 [Google Scholar]
  85. Ortmann A. 2006. Capital romance: why Wall Street fell in love with higher education. Earnings from Learning: The Rise of For-Profit Universities DW Brennan, B Pusser, SE Turner 145–66 Albany: State Univ. N.Y. [Google Scholar]
  86. Peters M. 2002. Universities, globalisation and the knowledge economy. South. Rev.: Commun. Polit. Cult. 35:16–36 [Google Scholar]
  87. Pierce RG, Nasseri S. 2012. The virtue of low barriers to becoming a lawyer: promoting liberal and democratic values. Int. J. Leg. Prof. 19:357–78 [Google Scholar]
  88. Polanyi M. 1951. The Logic of Liberty: Reflections and Rejoinders London: Routledge
  89. Post RC. 2012. Democracy, Expertise, and Academic Freedom: A First Amendment Jurisprudence for the Modern State New Haven: Yale Univ. Press
  90. Power M. 1997. The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification Oxford UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  91. Readings B. 1996. The University in Ruins Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  92. Rhee RJ. 2011. On legal education and reform: one view formed from diverse perspectives. Md. Law Rev. 70:310–40 [Google Scholar]
  93. Ribstein LE. 2010. The death of Big Law. Wis. Law Rev. 2010:749–815 [Google Scholar]
  94. Ribstein LE. 2011. Practicing theory: legal education for the twenty-first century. Iowa Law Rev. 96:1649–76 [Google Scholar]
  95. Rose N. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  96. Sander R, Yakowitz J. 2012. The secret of my success: how status, eliteness, and school performance shape legal careers. Empir. Leg. Stud. 9:893–930 [Google Scholar]
  97. Sauder M, Espeland WN. 2009. The discipline of rankings: tight coupling and organizational change. Am. Sociol. Rev. 74:63–82 [Google Scholar]
  98. Segal D. 2011. What they don't teach law students: lawyering. The New York Times Nov. 9
  99. Sherr A, Thomson S. 2013. Tesco Law and Tesco lawyers: Will our needs change if the market develops?. Oñati Socio-Leg. Ser. 3:595–610 http://opo.iisj.net/index.php/osls/article/view/293 [Google Scholar]
  100. Shore C, McLauchlan L. 2012. “Third mission” activities, commercialisation and academic entrepreneurs. Soc. Anthropol. 20:267–86 [Google Scholar]
  101. Shore C, Wright S. 2004. Whose accountability? Governmentality and the auditing of universities. Parallax 10:100–16 [Google Scholar]
  102. Silver C. 2012. Coping with the consequences of “too many lawyers”: securing the place of international graduate law students. Int. J. Leg. Prof. 19:227–45 [Google Scholar]
  103. Slaughter S, Leslie LL. 1997. Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies, and the Entrepreneurial University Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
  104. Slaughter S, Rhoades G. 2004. Academic Capitalism and the New Economy: Markets, State, and Higher Education Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
  105. Spencer AB. 2012. The law school critique in historical perspective. Washington Lee Law Rev. 69:1949–2063 [Google Scholar]
  106. Stevens RA. 1983. Law School: Legal Education in America from the 1850s to the 1980s Chapel Hill: Univ. N.C. Press
  107. Susskind RE. 2008. The End of Lawyers? Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  108. Susskind RE. 2013. Tomorrow's Lawyers: An Introduction to Your Future Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  109. Tamanaha B. 2012. Failing Law Schools Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press
  110. Tamanaha B. 2013. The failure of the Crits and leftist law professors to defend progressive causes. Stanford Law Policy Rev. 24:309–44 [Google Scholar]
  111. Thomas DA. 2003. The law school rankings are harmful deceptions: a response to those who praise the rankings and suggestions for a better approach to evaluating law schools. Houst. Law Rev. 40:419–59 [Google Scholar]
  112. Thornton M. 2006. The dissolution of the social in the legal academy. Aust. Fem. Law J. 25:3–18 [Google Scholar]
  113. Thornton M. 2007. The law school: the market and the new knowledge economy. Leg. Educ. Rev. 17:1–26 [Google Scholar]
  114. Thornton M. 2009. Academic un-freedom in the new knowledge economy. Academic Research and Researchers A Brew, L Lucas 19–34 Maidenhead, UK: Open Univ. Press/McGraw-Hill [Google Scholar]
  115. Thornton M. 2012a. Privatising the Public University: The Case of Law Abingdon, UK: Routledge
  116. Thornton M. 2012b. The new knowledge economy and the transformation of the law discipline. Int. J. Leg. Prof. 19:265–81 [Google Scholar]
  117. Thornton M, Shannon L. 2013. “Selling the dream”: law school branding and the illusion of choice. Leg. Educ. Rev. 23:249–71 [Google Scholar]
  118. Titus JJ. 2011/2012. Pedagogy on trial: when academic freedom and education consumerism collide. J. Coll. Univ. Law 38:107–65 [Google Scholar]
  119. Tombs S, Whyte D. 2003. Unmasking the Crimes of the Powerful: Scrutinizing States and Corporations New York: Peter Long
  120. Twining W. 1996. Rethinking law schools. Law Soc. Inq. 21:1007–16 [Google Scholar]
  121. Urciuoli B. 2010. Neoliberal education: preparing students for the new workplace. Ethnographies of Neoliberalism CJ Greenhouse 162–76 Philadelphia: Univ. Pa. Press [Google Scholar]
  122. Veblen T. 1957 (1918). The Higher Learning in America: A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men New York: Sagamore
  123. Walker A. 2014. Bramble Bush revisited: Karl Llewellyn, the Great Depression, and the first law school crisis, 1929–1939. J. Leg. Educ. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2325022
  124. Wieruszowski H. 1966. The Medieval University: Masters, Students, Learning Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand
  125. World Bank 1998/1999. Knowledge for development World Dev. Rep., World Bank, Washington, DC. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/0,, contentMDK:22293493∼pagePK:478093∼piPK:477627∼theSitePK:477624,00.html
  126. Yellen D. 2013. The impact of rankings and rules on legal education reform. Conn. Law Rev. 45:1389–407 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030714
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error