1932

Abstract

We review prior research that has examined virtuality in teams (e.g., pertaining to the use of electronic media) or the global nature of teams (e.g., national and cultural differences), demonstrating that very few scholars have examined both simultaneously. Given that the global and virtual elements often coincide in the same team, this is a critical gap in research, particularly because these two features may interact in important ways, amplifying or mitigating the effects of each other. After elaborating on potential interactions, we set forth future research directions, which incorporate both global and virtual elements of teams and in doing so, better address the complexity of working in these increasingly common collaborative forms.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091240
2014-03-21
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/orgpsych/1/1/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091240.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091240&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adler NJ. 1997. International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior Cincinnati, OH: South-West. Coll. Publ.
  2. Adler NJ, Brahm R, Graham JL. 1992. Strategy implementation: a comparison of face-to-face negotiations in the People’s Republic of China and the United States. Strateg. Manag. J. 13:449–66 [Google Scholar]
  3. Au KY. 1999. Intra-cultural variation: evidence and implications for international business. J. Int. Bus. Stud. 30:799–812 [Google Scholar]
  4. Barker JR. 1993. Tightening the iron cage: concertive control in self-managing teams. Adm. Sci. Q. 38:408–37 [Google Scholar]
  5. Barsade SG, Gibson DE. 2012. Group affect: its influence on individual and group outcomes. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 21:2119–23 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bhappu AD, Griffith TL, Northcraft GB. 1997. Media effects and communication bias in diverse groups. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 70:3199–205 [Google Scholar]
  7. Brown SL, Eisenhardt KM. 1995. Product development: past research, present findings, and future directions. Acad. Manag. Rev. 20:343–78 [Google Scholar]
  8. Caligiuri P, Lazarova M, Zehetbauer S. 2004. Top managers’ national diversity and boundary spanning: attitudinal indicators of a firm’s internationalization. J. Manag. Dev. 23:9848–59 [Google Scholar]
  9. Caprar DV. 2011. Who do you think you are: investigating the salience of national identity in the self-concept of MNC employees. Presented at Annu. Meet. Acad. Int. Bus., June 24–28, Nagoya, Japan
  10. Carte T, Chidambaram L. 2004. A capabilities-based theory of technology deployment in diverse teams: leapfrogging the pitfalls of diversity and leveraging its potential with collaborative technology. J. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 5:1117 [Google Scholar]
  11. Chao GT, Moon H. 2005. The cultural mosaic: a metatheory for understanding the complexity of culture. J. Appl. Psychol. 90:1128–40 [Google Scholar]
  12. Chen G, Kirkman BL, Kim K, Farh CIC, Tangirala S. 2010. When does cross-cultural motivation enhance expatriate effectiveness? A multilevel investigation of the moderating roles of cultural distance and support. Acad. Manag. J. 53:51110–30 [Google Scholar]
  13. Chudoba KM, Wynn E, Lu M, Watson-Manheim MB. 2005. How virtual are we? Measuring virtuality and understanding its impact in a global organization. Inf. Syst. J. 15:279–306 [Google Scholar]
  14. Cohen SG, Gibson CB. 2003. Virtual Teams That Work: Creating Conditions for Virtual Team Effectiveness San Francisco: Wiley
  15. Cramton CD, Webber SS. 2005. Relationships among geographic dispersion, team processes, and effectiveness in software development work teams. J. Bus. Res. 58:758–65 [Google Scholar]
  16. Crawford ER, LePine JA. 2013. A configural theory of team processes: accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork. Acad. Manag. Rev. 38:32–48 [Google Scholar]
  17. Cummings JN, Espinosa JA, Pickering CK. 2009. Crossing spatial and temporal boundaries in globally distributed projects: a relational model of coordination delay. Inf. Syst. Res. 20:420–39 [Google Scholar]
  18. Dahlin KB, Weingart LR, Hinds PJ. 2005. Team diversity and information use. Acad. Manag. J. 48:1107–23 [Google Scholar]
  19. DeSanctis G, Monge P. 1999. Communication processes for virtual organizations. Organ. Sci. 10:693–703 [Google Scholar]
  20. Earley PC. 1989. Social loafing and collectivism: a comparison of the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Adm. Sci. Q. 334:565–81 [Google Scholar]
  21. Earley PC. 1993. East meets West meets Mideast: further explorations of collectivist and individualistic work groups. Acad. Manag. J. 36:2319–48 [Google Scholar]
  22. Earley PC, Gibson CB. 1998. Taking stock in our progress: 100 years of solidarity and community. J. Manag. 24:265–304 [Google Scholar]
  23. Earley PC, Gibson CB. 2002. Multinational Work Teams: A New Perspective Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
  24. Earley CP, Mosakowski E. 2000. Creating hybrid team cultures: an empirical test of transnational team functioning. Acad. Manag. J. 43:126–49 [Google Scholar]
  25. Edwards HK, Sridhar V. 2005. Analysis of software requirements engineering exercises in a global virtual team setup. J. Glob. Inf. Manag. 13:21–41 [Google Scholar]
  26. Elfenbein HA, Shirako A. 2006. An emotion process model for multicultural teams. Res. Manag. Groups Teams 9:263–97 [Google Scholar]
  27. Elron E. 1997. Top management teams within multinational corporations: effects of cultural heterogeneity. Leadersh. Q. 8:393–412 [Google Scholar]
  28. Espinosa JA, Cummings JN, Pickering C. 2012. Time separation, coordination, and performance in technical teams. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. 59:91–103 [Google Scholar]
  29. Fjermestad J. 2004. An analysis of communication mode in group support systems research. Decis. Support Syst. 37:239–63 [Google Scholar]
  30. Gibson CB, Cooper C, Conger J. 2009a. Do you see what I see? The complex effects of perceptual distance between leaders and teams. J. Appl. Psychol. 94:162–76 [Google Scholar]
  31. Gibson CB, Gibbs JL. 2006. Unpacking the concept of virtuality: the effects of geographic dispersion, electronic dependence, dynamic structure, and national diversity on team innovation. Adm. Sci. Q. 51:451–95 [Google Scholar]
  32. Gibson CB, Gibbs JL, Stanko T, Tesluk P, Cohen SG. 2011. Including the “I” in virtuality and modern job design: extending the job characteristics model to include the moderating effect of individual experiences of electronic dependence and co-presence. Organ. Sci. 22:1481–99 [Google Scholar]
  33. Gibson CB, Ross-Grubb A. 2005. Turning the tide in multinational teams. Adv. Int. Manag. 18:69–95 [Google Scholar]
  34. Gibson CB, Maznevski M, Kirkman BL. 2009b. When does culture matter?. Handbook of Culture, Organizations, and Work Bhagat RS, Steers RM. 46–68 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  35. Gibson CB, McDaniel D. 2010. Moving beyond conventional wisdom: advancements in cross-cultural organizational behavior theory. Psychol. Sci. 5:4450–62 [Google Scholar]
  36. Gibson CB, McDaniel D, Szkudlarek B. 2012. Tales from the (multicultural) field: toward developing research conducive to proximal theory building. Conducting Multinational Research Projects in Organizational Psychology: Challenges and Opportunities Ryan AM, Oswald FL, Leong FTL. 9–28 Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc. [Google Scholar]
  37. Gibson CB, Vermeulen F. 2003. A healthy divide: subgroups as a stimulus for team learning. Adm. Sci. Q. 48:2202–39 [Google Scholar]
  38. Gibson CB, Waller MJ, Carpenter M, Conte J. 2007. Antecedents, consequences, and moderators of time perspective heterogeneity for knowledge management in MNO teams. J. Organ. Behav. 28:1005–34 [Google Scholar]
  39. Gibson CB, Zellmer-Bruhn M. 2001. Metaphor and meaning: an intercultural analysis of the concept of teamwork. Adm. Sci. Q. 46:274–303 [Google Scholar]
  40. Gibson CB, Zellmer-Bruhn M. 2002. Minding your metaphors: applying the concept of teamwork metaphors to the management of teams in multicultural contexts. Organ. Dyn. 31:2101–16 [Google Scholar]
  41. Glikson E, Erez M. 2013. Emotion display norms in virtual teams. J. Pers. Psychol. 12:122–32 [Google Scholar]
  42. Goldman BM, Shapiro DL. 2012. The Psychology of Negotiations in the 21st Century Workplace: New Challenges and New Solutions New York: Routledge
  43. Gong Y. 2006. The impact of subsidiary top management team national diversity on subsidiary performance: knowledge and legitimacy perspectives. Manag. Int. Rev. 46:6771–90 [Google Scholar]
  44. Gordon GG. 1991. Industry determinants of organizational culture. Acad. Manag. Rev. 16:396–415 [Google Scholar]
  45. Gould SJ, Grein AF. 2008. Think glocally, act glocally: a culture-centric comment on Leung, Bhagat, Buchan, Erez and Gibson (2005). J. Int. Bus. Stud. 40:2237–54 [Google Scholar]
  46. Graf A, Koeszegi ST, Pesendorfer EM. 2010. Electronic negotiations in intercultural interfirm relationships. J. Manag. Psychol. 25:5495–512 [Google Scholar]
  47. Griffith TL, Sawyer JE, Neale MA. 2003. Virtualness and knowledge in teams: managing the love triangle of organizations, individuals, and information technology. Manag. Inf. Syst. Q. 27:265–87 [Google Scholar]
  48. Hall ET. 1983. The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time Garden City, NY: Anchor
  49. Hall ET, Hall MR. 1987. Hidden Differences: Doing Business with the Japanese. Garden City, NY: Doubleday
  50. Hinds PJ, Mortensen M. 2005. Understanding conflict in geographically distributed teams: the moderating effects of shared identity, shared context, and spontaneous communication. Organ. Sci. 16:3290–307 [Google Scholar]
  51. Hofstede G. 2001. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2nd ed. [Google Scholar]
  52. Hollingshead AB, McGrath JE. 1995. Computer-assisted groups: a critical review of the empirical research. In Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations, ed. RA Guzzo, E Salas, pp. 46–78. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
  53. Horwitz SK, Horwitz IB. 2009. The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: a meta-analytic review of team demography. J. Manag. 33:987–1015 [Google Scholar]
  54. Huang L, Gibson CB, Kirkman BL, Shapiro D. 2013. Being so far yet so close: mitigating the negative effects of geographic dispersion on innovation through shared understanding and shared values. Work. Pap., Wharton Sch. Bus., Philadelphia
  55. Humphrey S, Morgeson FP, Mannor M. 2009. Developing a theory of the strategic core of teams: a role composition model of team performance. J. Appl. Psychol. 94:48–61 [Google Scholar]
  56. Jarvenpaa SL, Keating E. 2011. Hallowed grounds: the role of cultural values, practices, and institutions in TMS in an offshored complex engineering services project.. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. 58:4786–98 [Google Scholar]
  57. Jarvenpaa SL, Knoll K, Leidner DE. 1998. Is anybody out there? Antecedents of trust in global virtual teams. J. Manag. Inf. Syst. 14:29–64 [Google Scholar]
  58. Jarvenpaa S, Leidner D. 1999. Communication and trust in global virtual teams. Organ. Sci. 10:791–815 [Google Scholar]
  59. Jehn KA, Bezrukova K. 2010. The faultline activation process and the effects of activated faultlines on coalition formation, conflict, and group outcomes. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 112:124–42 [Google Scholar]
  60. Jones JM. 1988. Cultural differences in temporal perspectives: instrumental and expressive behaviors in time. The Social Psychology of Time: New Perspectives McGrath JE. 21–38 Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage [Google Scholar]
  61. Jones R, Oyung R, Pace L. 2005. Working Virtually: Challenges of Virtual Teams Hershey, PA: IGI Glob.
  62. Karau SJ, Williams KD. 1993. Social loafing: a meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 65:4681–706 [Google Scholar]
  63. Kirkman BL, Cordery JL, Mathieu JE, Rosen B, Kukenberger M. 2013. Global organizational communities of practice: the effects of nationality diversity, psychological safety, and media richness on community performance. Hum. Relat. 66:3333–62 [Google Scholar]
  64. Kirkman BL, Gibson CB, Kim K. 2012. Across borders and technologies: advancements in virtual teams research. Oxford Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Vol. 1 Kozlowski SW. 789–858 New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  65. Kirkman BL, Lowe KB, Gibson CB. 2006a. A quarter century of Culture’s Consequences: a review of the empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural value framework. J. Int. Bus. Stud. 37:285–320 [Google Scholar]
  66. Kirkman BL, Mathieu JE. 2005. The dimensions and antecedents of team virtuality. J. Manag. 31:700–18 [Google Scholar]
  67. Kirkman BL, Rosen B. 2000. Powering up teams. Organ. Dyn. 28:348–66 [Google Scholar]
  68. Kirkman BL, Rosen B, Gibson CB, Tesluk PE, McPherson SO. 2002. Five challenges to virtual team success: lessons from Sabre, Inc. Acad. Manag. Exec. 16:367–79 [Google Scholar]
  69. Kirkman BL, Rosen B, Tesluk PE, Gibson CB. 2004. The impact of team empowerment on virtual team performance: the moderating role of face-to-face interaction. Acad. Manag. J. 47:2175–92 [Google Scholar]
  70. Kirkman BL, Rosen B, Tesluk PE, Gibson CB. 2006b. Enhancing the transfer of computer-assisted training proficiency in geographically distributed teams. J. Appl. Psychol. 91:3706–16 [Google Scholar]
  71. Kirkman BL, Shapiro DL. 2001. The impact of cultural values on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in self-managing work teams: the mediating role of employee resistance. Acad. Manag. J. 44:3557–69 [Google Scholar]
  72. Kirkman BL, Shapiro DL. 2005. The impact of cultural value diversity on multicultural team performance. In Advances in International Management, Vol. 18: Managing Multinational Teams, ed. DL Shapiro, MA Von Glinow, JLC Cheng, pp. 33–67. London: Elsevier
  73. Kluckhohn C. 1951. Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: an exploration in definition and classification. In Toward a General Theory of Action, ed. T Parsons, E Shils, pp. 388–433. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  74. Kozlowski SWJ, Klein KJ. 2000. A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: contextual, temporal, and emergent processes. In Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations: Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions, ed. KJ Klein, SWJ Kozlowski, pp. 3–90. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
  75. Kluckhohn FR, Strodtbeck FL. 1961. Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson. [Google Scholar]
  76. Krumm S, Terwiel K, Hertel G. 2013. Challenges in norm formation and adherence: the knowledge, skills, and ability requirements of virtual and traditional cross-cultural teams. J. Pers. Psychol. 12:133–44 [Google Scholar]
  77. Leung K, Bhagat RS, Buchan NR, Erez M, Gibson CB. 2005. Culture and international business: recent advances and their implications for future research. J. Int. Bus. Stud. 36:4357–78 [Google Scholar]
  78. Leung K, Bhagat RS, Buchan NR, Erez M, Gibson CB. 2011. Beyond national culture and culture-centricism: an integrating perspective on the role of culture in international business. J. Int. Bus. Stud. 42:177–81 [Google Scholar]
  79. Lewis Tyran K, Gibson CB. 2008. Is what you see what you get? The relationship between surface- and deep-level heterogeneity characteristics, group efficacy, and team reputation. Group Organ. Manag. 33:146–76 [Google Scholar]
  80. Lovelace K, Shapiro DL, Weingart LR. 2001. Maximizing cross-functional new product teams’ innovativeness and constraint adherence: a conflict communications perspective. Acad. Manag. J. 44:4779–93 [Google Scholar]
  81. Lytle AL, Brett JM, Barsness ZI, Tinsley CH, Janssens M. 1995. A paradigm for confirmatory cross-cultural research in organizational-behavior. Res. Organ. Behav. 17:167–214 [Google Scholar]
  82. Majchrzak A, Malhotra A, Stamps J, Lipnack J. 2004. Can absence make a team grow stronger?. Harv. Bus. Rev. 82:5131–37 [Google Scholar]
  83. Maloney MM, Zellmer-Bruhn M. 2006. Building bridges, windows, and cultures: mediating mechanisms between heterogeneity and performance in global teams. Manag. Int. Rev. 46:697–720 [Google Scholar]
  84. Martins LL, Gilson LL, Maynard MT. 2004. Virtual teams: What do we know and where do we go from here?. J. Manag. 30:6805–35 [Google Scholar]
  85. Martins LL, Shalley CE. 2011. Creativity in virtual work effects of demographic differences. Small Group Res. 42:5536–61 [Google Scholar]
  86. Mathieu JE, Maynard MT, Rapp T, Gilson LL. 2008. Team effectiveness 1997–2007: a review of recent advancements and a glimpse into the future. J. Manag. 34:410–76 [Google Scholar]
  87. McLeod PL. 1992. An assessment of the experimental literature on electronic support of group work: results of a meta-analysis. Hum. Comput. Interact. 7:3257–80 [Google Scholar]
  88. Mesmer-Magnus JR, DeChurch LA, Jimenez-Rodriguez M, Wildman J, Shuffler M. 2011. A meta-analytic investigation of virtuality and information sharing in teams. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 115:214–25 [Google Scholar]
  89. Mortensen M, Hinds PJ. 2001. Conflict and shared identity in geographically distributed teams. Int. J. Conflict Manag. 12:212–38 [Google Scholar]
  90. Muethel M, Gehrlein S, Hoegl M. 2012a. Socio‐demographic factors and shared leadership behaviors in dispersed teams: implications for human resource management. Hum. Resour. Manag. 51:4525–48 [Google Scholar]
  91. Muethel M, Siebdrat F, Hoegl M. 2012b. When do we really need interpersonal trust in globally dispersed new product development teams?. R&D Manag. 42:131–46 [Google Scholar]
  92. O’Leary MB, Cummings JN. 2007. The spatial, temporal, and configurational characteristics of geographic dispersion in teams. Manag. Inf. Syst. Q. 31:433–52 [Google Scholar]
  93. Polzer JT, Crisp CB, Jarvenpaa SL, Kim JW. 2006. Extending the faultline model to geographically dispersed teams: how collocated subgroups can impair group functioning. Acad. Manag. J. 49:679–92 [Google Scholar]
  94. Prasad K, Akhilesh KB. 2002. Global virtual teams: What impacts their design and performance?. Team Perform. Manag. 8:102–12 [Google Scholar]
  95. Pratt MG, Fuller MA, Northcraft GB. 2000. Media selection and identification in distributed groups: the potential costs of “rich” media. Research on Managing Groups and Teams Vol. 3 Neale MA, Mannix EA, Griffith TL. 231–55 Stamford, CT: JAI [Google Scholar]
  96. Punnett BJ, Clemens J. 1999. Cross-national diversity: implications for international expansion decisions. J. World Bus. 34:2128–38 [Google Scholar]
  97. Rains SA. 2005. Leveling the organizational playing field—virtually: a meta-analysis of experimental research assessing the impact of group support system use on member influence behaviors. Commun. Res. 32:193–234 [Google Scholar]
  98. Rogelberg SG, Barnes-Farrell JL, Lowe CA. 1992. The stepladder technique: an alternative group structure facilitating effective group decision making. J. Appl. Psychol. 77:730–37 [Google Scholar]
  99. Rohner RP. 1984. Toward a conception of culture for cross-cultural psychology. J. Cross-cult. Psychol. 15:2111–38 [Google Scholar]
  100. Rokeach M. 1973. The Nature of Human Values New York: Free Press
  101. Sarker S. 2005. Knowledge transfer and collaboration in distributed U.S.-Thai teams. J. Comput. Mediat. Commun. 104 doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00278.x
  102. Schweitzer L, Duxbury L. 2010. Conceptualizing and measuring the virtuality of teams. Inf. Syst. J. 20:267–95 [Google Scholar]
  103. Shachaf P. 2005. Bridging cultural diversity through email. J. Global Inf. Technol. Manag. 8:46–60 [Google Scholar]
  104. Shapiro DL, Von Glinow MAY, Cheng JLC. 2005. Managing Multinational Teams, Vol. 18: Global Perspectives Bingley, UK: Emerald [Google Scholar]
  105. Shokef E, Erez M. 2008. Cultural intelligence and global identity in multicultural teams. Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications, ed. S Ang, L Van Dyne, pp. 177–91. Armonk, NY: Sharpe
  106. Shweder RA, LeVine RA. 1984. Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  107. Sole D, Edmondson A. 2002. Situated knowledge and learning in dispersed teams. Br. J. Manag. 13:17–34 [Google Scholar]
  108. Song LZ, Song M. 2010. The role of information technologies in enhancing R&D–marketing integration: an empirical investigation. J. Prod. Innov. Manag. 27:382–401 [Google Scholar]
  109. Stahl GK, Maznevski ML, Voigt V, Jonsen K. 2010. Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: a meta-analysis of research in multicultural work groups. J. Int. Bus. Stud. 41:690–709 [Google Scholar]
  110. Stanko T, Gibson CB. 2009. The role of cultural elements in virtual teams. Handbook of Culture, Organizations, and Work Bhagat RS, Steers RM. 272–304 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  111. Staples DS, Zhao L. 2006. The effects of cultural diversity in virtual teams versus face-to-face teams. Group Decis. Negot. 15:389–406 [Google Scholar]
  112. Stark EM, Bierly PE III. 2009. An analysis of predictors of team satisfaction in product development teams with differing levels of virtualness. R&D Manag. 39:461–72 [Google Scholar]
  113. Swigger K, Alpaslan F, Brazile R, Monticino M. 2004. Effects of culture on computer-supported international collaborations. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 60:365–80 [Google Scholar]
  114. Taras V, Kirkman BL, Steel P. 2010. Examining the impact of Culture’s Consequences: a three-decade, multi-level, meta-analytic review of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions. J. Appl. Psychol. 95:3405–39 [Google Scholar]
  115. Taras V, Steel P, Kirkman BL. 2012. Improving national cultural indices using a longitudinal meta-analysis of Hofstede’s dimensions. J. World Bus. 47:3329–41 [Google Scholar]
  116. Verkuyten M, De Jong W, Masson C. 1993. Job satisfaction among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands. Appl. Psychol. 42:171–89 [Google Scholar]
  117. Vignovic JA, Thompson LF. 2010. Computer-mediated cross-cultural collaboration: attributing communication errors to the person versus the situation. J. Appl. Psychol. 95:2265–76 [Google Scholar]
  118. Volpe CE, Cannon-Bowers JA, Salas E, Spector P. 1996. The impact of cross-training on team functioning: an empirical investigation. Hum. Factors 38:87–100 [Google Scholar]
  119. Waller MJ, Conte JM, Gibson CB, Carpenter MA. 2001. The effect of individual perceptions of deadlines on team performance. Acad. Manag. Rev. 26:586–600 [Google Scholar]
  120. Walther JB. 1995. Relational aspects of computer-mediated communication: experimental observations over time. Organ. Sci. 6:186–203 [Google Scholar]
  121. Watson WE, Kumar K, Michaelson LK. 1993. Cultural diversity’s impact on interaction process and performance: comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Acad. Manag. J. 36:3590–602 [Google Scholar]
  122. Wiersema MF, Bantel KA. 1992. Top management team demography and corporate strategic change. Acad. Manag. J. 35:191–121 [Google Scholar]
  123. Zellmer-Bruhn M, Gibson CB. 2013. How does culture matter? A process view of cultural interaction in groups. Culture and Group Processes (Frontiers of Culture and Psychology Series) Yuki M, Brewer M. 166–94 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  124. Zellmer-Bruhn M, Gibson CB, Aldag RJ. 2001. Times flies like an arrow: tracing antecedents and consequences of temporal elements of organizational culture. The International Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate Cooper CL, Cartwright S, Earley PC. 21–52 New York: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  125. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. 1999. Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual differences metric. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 77:1271–88 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091240
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091240
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error