1932

Abstract

In this article, we review the growing literature on financial technology (FinTech) lending—the provision of credit facilitated by technology that improves the customer–lender interaction or used in lenders’ screening and monitoring of borrowers. FinTech lending has grown rapidly, though in developed economies like the United States it still accounts for only a small share of total credit. An increase in convenience and speed appears to have been more central to FinTech lending's growth than improved screening or monitoring, though there is certainly potential for the latter, as is the case for increased financial inclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown potential vulnerabilities of FinTech lenders, although in certain segments they have displayed rapid growth.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-financial-101521-112042
2022-11-01
2024-05-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/financial/14/1/annurev-financial-101521-112042.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-financial-101521-112042&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Afterpay 2021. Afterpay limited FY20 annual report Afterpay, Southbank Aust. https://afterpay-corporate.yourcreative.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2-FINAL-APT_FY20-Annual-Report.pdf
  2. Agarwal S, Alok S, Ghosh P, Gupta S. 2020. Financial inclusion and alternate credit scoring for the millennials: role of big data and machine learning in FinTech Work. Pap., Natl. Univ. Singapore
  3. Agarwal S, Zhang J. 2020. FinTech, lending and payment innovation: a review. Asia-Pacific J. Financ. Stud. 49:3353–67
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Allen F, Gu X, Jagtiani J. 2021. A survey of Fintech research and policy discussion. Rev. Corp. Finance 1:3–4259–339
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Armantier O, Doerr S, Frost J, Fuster A, Shue K. 2021. Whom do consumers trust with their data? US survey evidence Bank Int. Settl. Bull. 42, Bank Int. Settl., Basel, Switz.
  6. Balyuk T, Berger AN, Hackney J. 2020. What is fueling FinTech lending? The role of banking market structure SSRN Work. Pap 3633907
  7. Balyuk T, Davydenko S. 2019. Reintermediation in FinTech: evidence from online lending SSRN Work. Pap 3189236
  8. Balyuk T, Prabhala NR, Puri M. 2021. Small bank financing and funding hesitancy in a crisis: evidence from the paycheck protection program SSRN Work. Pap 3717259
  9. Bao Z, Huang D. 2021. Shadow banking in a crisis: evidence from FinTech during COVID-19. J. Financ. Quant. Anal. 56:72320–55
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Barkley B, Schweitzer M. 2021. The rise of Fintech lending to small businesses: businesses’ perspectives on borrowing. Int. J. Cent. Bank. 17:135–65
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bartlett R, Morse A, Stanton R, Wallace N 2021. Consumer-lending discrimination in the FinTech era. J. Financ. Econ. 143:30–56
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Basten C, Ongena S. 2020. The geography of mortgage lending in times of FinTech Disc. Pap. DP14918, Cent. Econ. Pol. Res London:
  13. Beaumont P, Tang H, Vansteenberghe E. 2021. The role of FinTech in small business lending Work. Pap., McGill Univ Montreal:
  14. Ben-David I, Johnson M, Stulz RM 2021. Why did small business fintech lending dry up during March 2020? Work. Pap. 2021-03-014 Fisher Coll. Bus., The Ohio State Univ. Columbus:
  15. Benton M, Meier S, Sprenger C. 2007. Overborrowing and undersaving: lessons and policy implications from research in behavioral economics. Comm. Dev. Disc. Pap. 2007–4 Fed. Res. Bank Boston
  16. Berg T. 2015. Playing the devil's advocate: the causal effect of risk management on loan quality. Rev. Financ. Stud. 28:123367–406
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Berg T, Burg V, Gombović A, Puri M. 2020. On the rise of FinTechs: credit scoring using digital footprints. Rev. Financ. Stud. 33:72845–97
    [Google Scholar]
  18. BIS (Bank Int. Settl.) 2018. Sound practices: implications of FinTech developments for banks and bank supervisors Rep., Basel Comm. Bank. Superv., BIS, Basel, Switz.
  19. Board Gov. Fed. Reserve Syst 2022. Consumer credit – G.19. Board Gov. Fed. Reserve Syst Washington, DC: updated July 8. https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g19/current/
  20. Branzoli N, Supino I. 2020. FinTech credit: a critical review of the empirical research literature Occas. Pap. 549, Banca d'Italia, Rome
  21. Buchak G, Matvos G, Piskorski T, Seru A. 2018. Fintech, regulatory arbitrage, and the rise of shadow banks. J. Financ. Econ. 130:3453–83
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Chava S, Ganduri R, Paradkar N, Zhang Y. 2021. Impact of marketplace lending on consumers’ future borrowing capacities and borrowing outcomes. J. Financ. Econ. 142:31186–1208
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Chen S, Doerr S, Frost J, Gambacorta L, Shin H S. 2021. The FinTech gender gap Work. Pap. 931, Bank Int. Settl., Basel Switz:.
  24. Chernenko S, Scharfstein D. 2022. Racial disparities in the paycheck protection program NBER Work. Pap29748
  25. Choi J, Kaul K, Goodman L. 2019. FinTech innovation in the home purchase and financing market. Work. Pap., Urban Inst Washington, DC:
  26. Claessens S, Frost J, Turner G, Zhu F. 2018. Fintech credit markets around the world: size, drivers and policy issues. BIS Q. Rev Sept 29–49
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Cornelli G, Davidson V, Frost J, Gambacorta L, Oishi K 2019. SME finance in Asia: recent innovations in fintech credit, trade finance, and beyond. Central Bank Digital Currency and FinTech in Asia, ed. M Amstad, B Huang, PJ Moran, S Shirai 61–74 Tokyo: Asian Dev. Bank Inst.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Cornelli G, Frost J, Gambacorta L, Rau R, Wardrop R, Ziegler T. 2020. Fintech and big tech credit: a new data base. Work. Pap. 887, Bank Int. Settl Basel, Switz:.
  29. Costello A, Down A, Mehta M. 2020. Machine + man: a field experiment on the role of discretion in augmenting AI-based lending models. J. Account. Econ. 70:2–3101360
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Crosman P. 2017. The high-tech, low-effort loans winning over online shoppers. American Banker July 6. https://www.americanbanker.com/news/the-high-tech-low-effort-loans-winning-over-online-shoppers
    [Google Scholar]
  31. D'Acunto F, Ghosh P, Jain R, Rossi AG. 2021. How costly are cultural biases? Evidence from FinTech SSRN Work. Pap3736117
  32. Datastream 2021. Datastream database Refinitiv, LSEG New York, NY: retrieved 2021. https://solutions.refinitiv.com/datastream-macroeconomic-analysis
  33. de Roure C, Pelizzon L, Thakor A. 2022. P2P lenders versus banks: cream skimming or bottom fishing?. Rev. Corp. Finance Stud. 11:2213–62
    [Google Scholar]
  34. DeFusco AA, Tang H, Yannelis C. 2021. Measuring the welfare cost of asymmetric information in consumer credit markets NBER Work. Pap29270
  35. Di Maggio M, Ratnadiwakara D, Carmichael D. 2022. Invisible primes: Fintech lending with alternative data NBER Work. Pap 29840
  36. Di Maggio M, Yao V. 2021. Fintech borrowers: Lax screening or cream-skimming?. Rev. Financ. Stud. 34:104546–618
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Dobbie WA, Liberman A, Paravisini D, Pathania V. 2021. Measuring bias in consumer lending. Rev. Econ. Stud. 88:62799–832
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Dolson E, Jagtiani J. 2021. Which lenders are more likely to reach out to underserved consumers: banks versus Fintechs versus other nonbanks? Work. Pap. 21-17, Fed. Reserve Bank Philadelphia
  39. Dorfleitner G, Priberny C, Schuster S, Stoiber J, Weber M et al. 2016. Description-text related soft information in peer-to-peer lending—evidence from two leading European platforms. J. Bank. Finance 64:169–87
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Eça A, Ferreira M, Prado M, Rizzo AE. 2021. The real effects of Fintech lending on SMEs: evidence from loan applications. Disc. Pap. DP16684, Cent. Econ. Policy Res London:
  41. Erel I, Liebersohn J. 2020. Does Fintech substitute for banks? Evidence from the paycheck protection program NBER Work. Pap 27659
  42. FCA (Financ. Conduct Auth.) 2021. The Woolard Review—a review of change and innovation in the unsecured credit market Rep., FCA Board London:
  43. Fed. Reserve 2022a. Commercial and industrial loans, all commercial banks Fed. Reserve Econ. Data, Fed. Reserve Bank St. Louis, Mo., updated July 8. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BUSLOANS
  44. Fed. Reserve 2022b. Release tables: mortgage debt outstanding, millions of dollars; end of period Fed. Reserve Econ. Data, Fed. Reserve Bank St. Louis, Mo https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release/tables?rid=52&eid=1192326#
  45. Fei CY, Yang K 2021. Fintech and racial barriers in small business lending SSRN Work. Pap3949148
  46. Frost J, Gambacorta L, Huang Y, Shin HS, Zbinden P. 2019. BigTech and the changing structure of financial intermediation. Econ. Policy 34:100761–99
    [Google Scholar]
  47. FSB (Financ. Stab. Board) 2019. FinTech and market structure in financial services: market developments and potential financial stability implications Rep., FSB, Basel Switz:.
  48. Fuster A, Goldsmith-Pinkham P, Ramadorai T, Walther A 2022. Predictably unequal? The effects of machine learning on credit markets. J. Finance 77:15–47
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Fuster A, Hizmo A, Lambie-Hanson L, Vickery J, Willen PS. 2021. How resilient is mortgage credit supply? Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic NBER Work. Pap 28843
  50. Fuster A, Plosser M, Schnabl P, Vickery J. 2019. The role of technology in mortgage lending. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32:51854–99
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Gambacorta L, Huang Y, Li Z, Qiu H, Chen S 2020. Data versus collateral Work. Pap. 881, Bank Int. Settl., Basel Switz:.
  52. Gambacorta L, Huang Y, Qiu H, Wang J. 2019. How do machine learning and non-traditional data affect credit scoring? New evidence from a Chinese fintech firm. Work. Pap. 834, Bank Int. Settl., Basel Switz:.
  53. Gao Q, Lin M, Sias R. 2021. Words matter: the role of readability, tone, and deception cues in online credit markets. J. Financ. Quant. Anal Forthcoming
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Ghosh P, Vallee B, Zeng Y. 2021. FinTech lending and cashless payments SSRN Work. Pap3766250
  55. Gopal M, Schnabl P. 2021. The rise of finance companies and FinTech lenders in small business lending. Rev. Financ. Stud In press. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhac034
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  56. Griffin JM, Kruger S, Mahajan P. 2021. Did FinTech lenders facilitate PPP fraud? SSRN Work. Pap3906395
  57. Hau H, Huang Y, Shan H, Sheng Z. 2019. How FinTech enters China's credit market. AEA Pap. Proc. 109:60–64
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Hau H, Huang Y, Shan H, Sheng Z. 2021. FinTech credit and entrepreneurial growth Work. Pap. 21–47, Swiss Finance InstGeneva
  59. He Z, Huang J, Zhou J. 2020. Open banking: credit market competition when borrowers own the data NBER Work. Pap28118
  60. Heidhues P, Kőszegi B. 2010. Exploiting naïvete about self-control in the credit market. Am. Econ. Rev. 100:52279–303
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Hildebrandt T, Puri M, Rocholl J. 2017. Adverse incentives in crowdfunding. Manag. Sci. 63:587–608
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Howell ST, Kuchler T, Snitkof D, Stroebel J, Wong J. 2022. Automation in small business lending can reduce racial disparities: evidence from the paycheck protection program NBER Work. Pap29364
  63. Huang Y, Zhang L, Li Z, Qiu H, Sun T, Wang X 2020. Fintech credit risk assessment for SMEs: evidence from China Work. Pap. WP/20/193, Int. Monet. Fund Washington, DC:
  64. Iyer R, Khwaja A, Luttmer E, Shue K. 2016. Screening peers softly: inferring the quality of small borrowers. Manag. Sci. 62:1554–77
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Jagtiani J, Lambie-Hanson L, Lambie-Hanson T. 2021. Fintech lending and mortgage credit access. J. FinTech 1:12050004
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Jagtiani J, Lemieux C. 2017. Fintech lending: financial inclusion, risk pricing, and alternative information Work. Pap. 17-17, Fed. Reserve Bank Philadelphia
  67. Jagtiani J, Lemieux C. 2019. The roles of alternative data and machine learning in fintech lending: evidence from the LendingClub consumer platform. Financ. Manag. 48:1009–29
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Jansen M, Nguyen H, Shams A. 2021. Rise of the machines: the impact of automated underwriting Work. Pap. 2020-03-019, Fisher Coll Bus., The Ohio State Univ. Columbus:
  69. Khandani AE, Kim AJ, Lo AW 2010. Consumer credit-risk models via machine-learning algorithms. J. Bank. Finance 34:112767–87
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Kim YS, Pence K, Stanton R, Walden J, Wallace N 2022. Nonbanks and mortgage securitization. Annu. Rev. Financ. Econ 14:137–66
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Kwan A, Lin C, Pursiainen V, Tai M 2021. Stress testing banks’ digital capabilities: evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic SSRN Work. Pap3694288
  72. Laudenbach C, Pirschel J, Siegel S. 2021. Personal communication in an automated world: evidence from loan repayments SSRN Work. Pap3153192
  73. LendingClub 2017. Annual report. Rep., LendingClub, San Francisco Feb. 28. https://ir.lendingclub.com/financials/docs/index/default.aspx?FilingId=11893683
  74. Lin M, Prabhala N, Viswanathan S. 2013. Judging borrowers by the company they keep: friendship networks and information asymmetry in online peer-to-peer lending. Manag. Sci. 59:17–35
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Lott D. 2021. Now in the U.S.: buy now, pay later. Take on Payments Blog, Fed Reserve Bank Atlanta Mar. 8
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Mester L, Nakamura L, Renault M 2007. Transaction accounts and loan monitoring. Rev. Financ. Stud. 20:529–56
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Morse A. 2015. Peer-to-peer crowdfunding: information and the potential for disruption in consumer lending. Annu. Rev. Financ. Econ. 7:463–82
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Morse A, Pence K. 2020. Technological innovation and discrimination in household finance NBER Work. Pap26739
  79. Murfin J, Pratt R. 2019. Who finances durable goods and why it matters: captive finance and the Coase conjecture. J. Finance 74:2755–93
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Netzer O, Lemaire A, Herzenstein M. 2019. When words sweat: identifying signals for loan default in the text of loan applications. J. Mark. Res. 56:6960–80
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Norden L, Weber M. 2010. Credit line usage, checking account activity, and default risk of bank borrowers. Rev. Financ. Stud. 23:3665–99
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Parlour CA, Rajan U, Zhu H. 2021. When FinTech competes for payment flows SSRN Work. Pap3544981
  83. Puri M, Rocholl J, Steffen S. 2017. What do a million observations have to say about loan defaults? Opening the black box of relationships. J. Financ. Intermed. 31:1–15
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Renton P. 2020. LendingClub closing down their platform for retail investors. LendIt Fintech News Oct. 7. https://www.lendacademy.com/lendingclub-closing-down-their-platform-for-retail-investors/
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Rocket Mortgage 2021. Rocket Mortgage. Accessed Aug. 30, 2021. https://www.rocketmortgage.com
  86. Sadhwani A, Giesecke K, Sirignano J. 2021. Deep learning for mortgage risk. J. Financ. Econom. 19:2313–68
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Square 2021. Square Accessed Aug. 30, 2021. https://squareup.com/us/
  88. Stulz R. 2019. FinTech, BigTech, and the future of banks. J. Appl. Corp. Finance 31:486–97
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Tang H. 2019. Peer-to-peer lenders versus banks: Substitutes or complements?. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32:51900–38
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Tang H. 2020. The value of privacy: evidence from online borrowers Work. Pap., London Sch. Econ London:
  91. Tantri P. 2021. Fintech for the poor: financial intermediation without discrimination. Rev. Finance 25:2561–93
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Thakor AV. 2020. Fintech and banking: What do we know?. J. Financ. Intermed. 41:100833
    [Google Scholar]
  93. TransUnion 2019. FinTechs continue to drive personal loan growth Rep., TransUnion Chicago: Feb. 21
  94. US Sec. Exch. Comm 2016. Form 10-K, Prosper Marketplace, Inc. US Sec. Exch. Comm Washington, DC: Dec. 31. https://www.prosper.com/downloads/legal/prosper10k12312016.pdf
  95. US Sec. Exch. Comm 2020a. Form 10-K, LendingClub Corporation. US Sec. Exch. Comm Washington, DC: Dec. 31. https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001409970/ca4a9a47-c622-4c1b-8573-72045798a2ce.pdf
  96. US Sec. Exch. Comm 2020b. Form 10-Q Affirm Holdings, Inc US Sec. Exch. Comm Washington, DC: Dec. 31. https://investors.affirm.com/static-files/a241d5a2-ab3d-4c5f-8612-510057c7bcbc
  97. Vallee B, Zeng Y. 2019. Marketplace lending: A new banking paradigm?. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32:51939–82
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Vives X. 2019. Digital disruption in banking. Annu. Rev. Financ. Econ. 11:243–72
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Yang K 2021. Trust as an entry barrier: evidence from FinTech adoption SSRN Work. Pap3761468
  100. Ziegler T, Shneor R, Wenzlaff K, Suresh K, de Camargo, Paes FF et al. 2021. The 2nd global alternative finance market benchmarking report SSRN Work. Pap3878065
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-financial-101521-112042
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-financial-101521-112042
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error