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Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time
- Mark R. Krumholz1,2, Christopher F. McKee3, and Joss Bland-Hawthorn2,4,5
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View Affiliations Hide AffiliationsAffiliations: 1Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia; email: [email protected] 2Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in Three Dimensions (ASTRO-3D), Australia 3Departments of Astronomy and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA 4Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia 5Miller Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Vol. 57:227-303 (Volume publication date August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-091918-104430
- First published as a Review in Advance on June 21, 2019
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Copyright © 2019 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved
Abstract
Star clusters stand at the intersection of much of modern astrophysics: the ISM, gravitational dynamics, stellar evolution, and cosmology. Here, we review observations and theoretical models for the formation, evolution, and eventual disruption of star clusters. Current literature suggests a picture of this life cycle including the following several phases:
- ▪ Clusters form in hierarchically structured, accreting molecular clouds that convert gas into stars at a low rate per dynamical time until feedback disperses the gas.
- ▪ The densest parts of the hierarchy resist gas removal long enough to reach high star-formation efficiency, becoming dynamically relaxed and well mixed. These remain bound after gas removal.
- ▪ In the first ∼100 Myr after gas removal, clusters disperse moderately fast, through a combination of mass loss and tidal shocks by dense molecular structures in the star-forming environment.
- ▪ After ∼100 Myr, clusters lose mass via two-body relaxation and shocks by giant molecular clouds, processes that preferentially affect low-mass clusters and cause a turnover in the cluster mass function to appear on ∼1–10-Gyr timescales.
- ▪ Even after dispersal, some clusters remain coherent and thus detectable in chemical or action space for multiple galactic orbits.
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2019-08-18
2024-04-20
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Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 57, 227 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-091918-104430
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