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Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry

Volume 18, 2025

Bioelectronic Large-Area Transistors for High-Performance Sensing

  • Eleonora Macchia1,2,3, Paolo Bollella3,4 and Luisa Torsi3,4
  • 1Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy 2Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland 3Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy 4Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; email: [email protected]
  • Vol. 18:407-425 (Volume publication date May 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on February 26, 2025
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Bioelectronics, originating from Galvani's eighteenth-century experiments, blends biology, medicine, and electronics to create devices that can be closely connected to biological systems. This review focuses on bioelectronic large-area field-effect transistor (FET) sensing devices, emphasizing their sensitivity, specificity, and reliability. The role of analytical chemistry in optimizing performance-level control is pivotal, and the review discusses key performance metrics, including limit of identification (LOI), reliability and selectivity. The assessment of the LOI level is addressed using examples of FET-based bioelectronic sensors capable of detecting concentrations at least in the picomolar range. Examples of sensors capable of detecting concentrations in the tens of zeptomolar range are also provided, demonstrating that a single molecule in 0.1 mL can be reliably detected. Working at the LOI also minimizes random errors, which can be as low as 1%. The review also explores the use of molecularly imprinted polymers for highly selective FET bioelectronic detections, noting their sustainability and robustness in comparison to natural antibodies.

Keyword(s): bioelectronic, field-effect transistor, markers, molecularly imprinted polymers, sensor, SiMoT, single molecule with a large transistor
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Bioelectronic Large-Area Transistors for High-Performance Sensing
Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 18, 407 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061522-034729
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061522-034729
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