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Annual Review of Animal Biosciences

Volume 13, 2025

Reproductive and Metabolic Health Following Exposure to Environmental Chemicals: Mechanistic Insights from Mammalian Models

  • Michelle Bellingham1, Neil P. Evans1, Richard G. Lea2, Vasantha Padmanabhan3 and Kevin D. Sinclair2
  • 1School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; email: [email protected] 2University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom 3Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
  • Vol. 13:411-440 (Volume publication date February 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on November 12, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

The decline in human reproductive and metabolic health over the past 50 years is associated with exposure to complex mixtures of anthropogenic environmental chemicals (ECs). Real-life EC exposure has varied over time and differs across geographical locations. Health-related issues include declining sperm quality, advanced puberty onset, premature ovarian insufficiency, cancer, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Prospective animal studies with individual and limited EC mixtures support these observations and provide a means to investigate underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms. The greatest impacts of EC exposure are through programming of the developing embryo and/or fetus, with additional placental effects reported in eutherian mammals. Single-chemical effects and mechanistic studies, including transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, have been undertaken in rodents. Important translational models of human exposure are provided by companion animals, due to a shared environment, and sheep exposed to anthropogenic chemical mixtures present in pastures treated with sewage sludge (biosolids). Future animal research should prioritize EC mixtures that extend beyond a single developmental stage and/or generation. This would provide a more representative platform to investigate genetic and underlying mechanisms that explain sexually dimorphic and individual effects that could facilitate mitigation strategies.

Keyword(s): animal models, environmental chemicals, epigenetics, metabolic health, reproduction, transgenerational
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2025-02-18
2025-06-24
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-102259
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Reproductive and Metabolic Health Following Exposure to Environmental Chemicals: Mechanistic Insights from Mammalian Models
Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 13, 411 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-102259
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-102259
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-102259
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