1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Anthropology
  4. Volume 53, 2024
  5. Article

Annual Review of Anthropology

Volume 53, 2024

Concrete Times

Abstract

Our existence has become so entangled with concrete that it would be difficult to imagine life without it, though we probably should. Anthropologists recognize the part that concrete plays in mediating social relations and in shaping political subjectivities. Thinking about concrete anthropologically involves moving across multiple scales—from large infrastructure projects to modest housebuilding projects. This review asks what we might gain from a focus on this ubiquitous material. I propose that attending ethnographically to how concrete mediates social experiences across scales brings to the fore building as an activity of political, economic, social, and ecological significance. Concrete offers a lens through which to apprehend social formations and transformations as well as to examine how built forms mediate and leverage power, how space is used and claimed, and how futures are imagined and pasts remembered. I conclude with a critical reflection on the ecological implications of these concrete times.

Keyword(s): Anthropocene, anthropology of the house, cement, claims of belonging, future-making, materiality
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041422-031946
2024-10-21
2025-04-24
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/anthro/53/1/annurev-anthro-041422-031946.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041422-031946&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abourahme N. 2015.. Assembling and spilling-over: towards an ‘ethnography of cement’ in a Palestinian refugee camp. . Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 39::200–17
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alburo-Cañete KZ. 2022.. Benevolent discipline: governing affect in post-Yolanda disaster reconstruction in the Philippines. . Third World Q. 43::651–72
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alderman J. 2021.. The houses that Evo built: autonomy, vivir bien, and viviendas in Bolivia. . Lat. Am. Perspect. 48::100–18
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  4. Anand N, Gupta A, Appel H, eds. 2018.. The Promise of Infrastructure. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Archambault JS. 2014.. Rhythms of uncertainty and the pleasures of anticipation. . In Ethnographies of Uncertainty in Africa, ed. E Cooper, D Pratten , pp. 129–48. New York:: Palgrave Macmillan
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Archambault JS. 2018.. “ One beer, one block”: concrete aspiration and the stuff of transformation in a Mozambican suburb. . J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 24::692–708
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  7. Archambault JS. 2020.. Rêves de béton et ontologies relationnelles dans une banlieue mozambicaine (note de recherche). . Anthropol. Soc. 44::203–14
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Archambault JS. 2021a.. Concrete violence, indifference and future-making in Mozambique. . Crit. Anthropol. 41::43–64
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  9. Archambault JS. 2021b.. Urban precarity and aspirational compromise: feeling otherwise in a Mozambican suburb. . City Soc. 33::303–23
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  10. Azoulay A. 2013.. When a demolished house becomes a public square. . See Stoler 2013 , pp. 194–224
  11. Barber K. 2007.. The Anthropology of Texts, Persons and Publics. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Beiser V. 2019.. The World in a Grain: The Story of Sand and How It Transformed Civilization. London:: Penguin
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Bennett J. 2010.. Vibrant Matter. A Political Ecology of Things. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Bloch E. 1986 (1954).. The Principle of Hope. Cambridge, MA:: MIT Press
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Bloch M. 1995.. The resurrection of the house amongst the Zafimaniry of Madagascar. . See Carsten & Hugh-Jones 1995 , pp. 69–83
  16. Bourdieu P. 1992 (1970).. Appendix: The Kabyle house or the world reversed. . In The Logic of Practice, pp. 271–83. Cambridge, UK:: Polity Press
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Bowers R. 2021.. Labour migration and dislocation in India's Silicon Valley. . City Soc. 33::542–63
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  18. Boym S. 2008.. The Future of Nostalgia. New York:: Basic Books
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Brownell E. 2020.. Gone to Ground: A History of Environment and Infrastructure in Dar es Salaam. Pittsburgh, PA:: Univ. Pittsburgh Press
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Buchli V. 2013.. An Anthropology of Architecture. London:: Bloomsbury
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Caldeira TP. 2017.. Peripheral urbanization: autoconstruction, transversal logics, and politics in cities of the Global South. . Environ. Plan. D 35::3–20
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  22. Calder B. 2016.. Raw Concrete: The Beauty of Brutalism. London:: William Heinemann
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Cardoso R, Chen J-C, Ernstson H. 2023.. Blocos urbanism: capitalism and modularity in the making of contemporary Luanda. . Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 47::809–32
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  24. Carsten J. 1997.. The Heat of the Hearth: The Process of Kinship in a Malay Fishing Community. Oxford, UK:: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Carsten J, Hugh-Jones S, eds. 1995.. About the House: Lévi-Strauss and Beyond. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Chang J-H, Tajudeen Ib, eds. 2019.. Southeast Asia's Modern Architecture: Questions of Translation, Epistemology and Power. Singapore:: Natl. Univ. Singapore Press
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Choplin A. 2021.. Matière grise de l'urbain: la vie du ciment en Afrique. Geneva:: MétisPresses
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Cipriani L. 2022.. Land of sand: reclaiming the sea, landscapes and lives in Malacca, Malaysia. . City 26::888–910
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  29. Cohen A. 2018.. Occult return, divine grace, and saabui: practising transnational kinship in postsocialist Guinea. . J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 24::275–92
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  30. Comaroff J. 2014.. Built on sand: Singapore and the new state of risk. . Harvard Design Mag., 2014:(39). https://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/articles/built-on-sand-singapore-and-the-new-state-of-risk/
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Crinson M. 2003.. Modern Architecture and the End of Empire. Farnham, UK:: Ashgate
     [Google Scholar]
  32. D'Avella N. 2019.. Concrete Dreams: Practice, Value, and Built Environments in Post-Crisis Buenos Aires. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Dalakoglou D. 2010.. Migrating-remitting-‘building’-dwelling: house-making as ‘proxy’ presence in postsocialist Albania. . J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 16::761–77
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  34. Dawson K. 2021.. Geologising urban political ecology (UPE): the urbanisation of sand in Accra, Ghana. . Antipode 53::995–1017
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  35. Dawson K. 2023.. A share in the sands: trips, pits and potholes in Accra, Ghana. . Africa 93::40–59
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  36. De Boeck F. 2011.. Inhabiting ocular ground: Kinshasa's future in the light of Congo's spectral urban politics. . Cult. Anthropol. 26::263–86
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  37. De Boeck F, Baloji S. 2016a.. Suturing the City. Living Together in Congo's Urban Worlds. London:: Autograph ABP
     [Google Scholar]
  38. De Boeck F, Baloji S. 2016b.. The Tower. A Concrete Utopia. Notes on a video-installation by Sammy Baloji and Filip De Boeck. . Technosphere Mag. https://technosphere-magazine.hkw.de/p/The-Tower-A-Concrete-Utopia-uCLqGH855dT3A6AZVuq87h
    [Google Scholar]
  39. De Jong F, Quinn B. 2014.. Ruines d'utopies: l’école William Ponty et l'Université du Furtu Africain. . Polit. Afr. 135::71–93
     [Google Scholar]
  40. De Oliveira RS. 2015.. Magnificent and Beggar Land: Angola Since the Civil War. Oxford, UK:: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Degani M. 2020.. Air in unexpected places. Metabolism, design, and the making of an ‘African’ aircrete. . Camb. J. Anthropol. 8::125–45
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  42. Edgeworth M. 2018.. More than just a record: active ecological effects of archaeological strata. . In Historical Archaeology and Environment, ed. MA Torres de Souza, D Menezes Costa , pp. 19–40. Cham, Switz:.: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Elinoff E. 2016.. A house is more than a house: aesthetic politics in a Northeastern Thai railway settlement. . J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 22::610–32
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  44. Elinoff E. 2017.. Concrete and corruption: materializing power and politics in the Thai capital. . City 21::587–96
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  45. Elinoff E. 2019.. Cement. . Fieldsights, June 27. https://culanth.org/fieldsights/cement
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Elinoff E. 2021.. Citizen Designs: City-Making and Democracy in Northeastern Thailand. Honolulu:: Univ. Hawaii Press
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Elinoff E, Rubaii K, eds. 2024.. The Social Properties of Concrete. Goleta, CA:: Punctum Books
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Fehérváry K. 2013.. Politics in Color and Concrete. Socialist Materialities and the Middle Class in Hungary. Bloomington:: Indiana Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Ferguson J. 2006.. Global Shadows. Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  50. First R. 1983.. Black Gold. The Mozambican Miner, Proletarian and Peasant. Sussex, UK:: Harvester
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Fontein J, Smith C. 2023.. Introduction: the stuff of African cities. . Africa 93::1–19
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  52. Forty A. 2013.. Concrete and Culture. A Material History. London:: Reaktion Books
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Gandy M. 2003.. Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City. Cambridge, MA:: MIT Press
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Gandy M. 2014.. The Fabric of Space: Water, Modernity, and the Urban Imagination. Cambridge, MA:: MIT Press
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Gastrow C. 2017a.. Aesthetic dissent: urban redevelopment and political belonging in Luanda, Angola. . Antipode 49::377–96
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  56. Gastrow C. 2017b.. Cement citizens: housing, demolition and political belonging in Luanda, Angola. . Citizsh. Stud. 21::224–39
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  57. Gordillo GR. 2014.. Rubble. The Afterlife of Destruction. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Gowlland G. 2020.. The materials of indigeneity: slate and cement in a Taiwanese indigenous (Paiwan) mountain settlement. . J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 26::126–45
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  59. Grandin G. 2013.. Empire's ruins: Detroit to the Amazon. . See Stoler 2013 , pp. 115–28
  60. Green L. 2020.. Rock | Water | Life: Ecology and Humanities for a Decolonial South Africa. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Halauniova A. 2022.. Good and bad concrete: fugitive modern and the aesthetics of renovation in Poland. . City 26::28–50
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  62. Harkness R, Simonetti C, Winter J. 2015.. Liquid rock: gathering, flattening, curing. . Parallax 21::309–26
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  63. Harms E. 2013.. Eviction time in the new Saigon: temporalities of displacement in the rubble of development. . Cult. Anthropol. 28::344–68
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  64. Harms E. 2016.. Luxury and Rubble: Civility and Dispossession in the New Saigon. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Harvey D. 2018.. Abstract from the concrete: capitalism spiralling out of control. . In Western Capitalism in Transition: Global Processes, Local Challenges, ed. A Andreotti, D Benassi, Y Kazepov , pp. 45–60. Manchester, UK:: Manch. Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Harvey P. 2010.. Cementing relations: the materiality of roads and public spaces in provincial Peru. . Soc. Anal. 54::28–46
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  67. Harvey P, Knox H. 2014.. Objects and materials: an introduction. . In Objects and Materials, ed. P Harvey, E Casella, G Evans, H Knox, C McLean, et al. , pp. 1–18. Abingdon, UK:: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Harwood E. 2016.. Space, Hope, and Brutalism: English Architecture 1945–1975. New Haven, CT:: Yale Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Haynes N. 2021.. Concretizing the Christian nation: negotiating Zambia's National House of Prayer. . Comp. Stud. South Asia Afr. Middle East 41::166–74
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  70. Hecht G. 2018.. Interscalar vehicles for an African Anthropocene: on waste, temporality, and violence. . Cult. Anthropol. 33::109–41
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  71. Heidegger M. 1971.. Building dwelling thinking. . In Poetry, Language, Thought, pp. 141–60. New York:: HarperCollins
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Hetherington K. 2009.. Privatizing the private in rural Paraguay: precarious lots and the materiality of rights. . Am. Ethnol. 36::224–41
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  73. Hetherington K. 2018.. Infrastructure, Environment, and Life in the Anthropocene. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Hoffman D. 2017.. Monrovia Modern: Urban Form and Political Imagination in Liberia. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Holston J. 1989.. The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasília. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Holston J. 1991.. Autoconstruction in working-class Brazil. . Cult. Anthropol. 6::447–65
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  77. Howell S. 2013.. The house as analytic concept: a theoretical overview. . In The House in Southeast Asia: A Changing Social, Economic and Political Domain, ed. S Howell, S Sparkes , pp. 16–33. New York:: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Ingold T. 2000.. The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. London:: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Ingold T. 2007.. Materials against materiality. . Archaeol. Dialogues 14::1–16
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  80. Irvine RDG, Bevan A. 2022.. Concrete buys time: art and anthropology in the Anthropocene. . Worldviews 26::179–95
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  81. Jappe A. 2020.. Béton: arme de construction massive du capitalisme. Paris:: l’Échappée
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Körling G. 2020.. Bricks, documents and pipes: material politics and urban development in Niamey, Niger. . City Soc. 32::23–46
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  83. Larkin B. 2008.. Signal and Noise. Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Larkin B. 2013.. The politics and poetics of infrastructure. . Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 42::327–43
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  85. Le Corbusier. 2013 (1927).. Towards a New Architecture. North Chelmsford, MA:: Courier
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Leinaweaver J. 2009.. Raising the roof in the transnational Andes: building houses, forging kinship. . J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 15::777–96
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  87. Ley L. 2021a.. Building on Borrowed Time: Rising Seas and Failing Infrastructure in Semarang. Minneapolis:: Univ. Minn. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Ley L. 2021b.. The coastal edge. . Anthropol. News, Jan. 12. https://www.anthropology-news.org/articles/the-coastal-edge/
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Littlejohn A. 2020.. Dividing worlds: tsunamis, seawalls, and ontological politics in northeast Japan. . Soc. Anal. 64::24–43
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  90. Livingston J. 2019.. Self-Devouring Growth: A Planetary Parable as told from Southern Africa. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Mains D. 2019.. Under Construction. Technologies of Development in Urban Ethiopia. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Mbembe A. 2023.. Brutalisme. Paris:: La découverte
     [Google Scholar]
  93. McDuie-Ra D, Chettri M. 2020.. Concreting the frontier: modernity and its entanglements in Sikkim, India. . Political Geogr. 76::102089
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  94. McFarlane C. 2011.. Assemblage and critical urbanism. . City 15::204–24
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  95. Melhuish C. 2005.. Towards a phenomenology of the concrete megastructure: space and perception at the Brunswick Centre, London. . J. Mater. Cult. 10::5–29
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  96. Melly C. 2010.. Inside-out houses: urban belonging and imagined futures in Dakar, Senegal. . Comp. Stud. Soc. Hist. 52::37–65
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  97. Menon S. 2023.. Class, caste, gender, and the materiality of cement houses in India. . Antipode 55::574–98
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  98. Mercer C. 2014.. Middle class construction: domestic architecture, aesthetics and anxieties in Tanzania. . J. Mod. Afr. Stud. 52::227–50
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  99. Morton D. 2019.. Age of Concrete: Housing and the Shape of Aspiration in the Capital of Mozambique. Athens:: Ohio Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Navaro-Yashin Y. 2012.. The Make-Believe Space: Affective Geography in a Postwar Polity. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Nielsen M. 2011a.. Futures within: reversible time and house-building in Maputo, Mozambique. . Anthropol. Theory 11::397–423
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  102. Nielsen M. 2011b.. Inverse governmentality: the paradoxical production of peri-urban planning in Maputo, Mozambique. . Crit. Anthropol. 31::329–58
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  103. Nielsen M. 2013.. Analogic asphalt. Suspended value conversions among young road workers in southern Mozambique. . HAU 3::79–96
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  104. Oliver P. 1986.. Vernacular know-how. . Mater. Cult. 18::113–26
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Paller JW. 2019.. Building permanence: fire outbreaks and emergent tenure security in urban Ghana. . Africa 89::437–56
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  106. Pauli J. 2023.. Migrant homemaking in sub-Saharan Africa: from self-help housing to conspicuous construction. . In Handbook on Home and Migration, ed. P Boccagni , pp. 595–608. Northampton, MA:: Edward Elgar
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Rahman MA, Suykens B. 2023.. Sand urbanism in Bangladesh transitions of sand extraction and trade in Dhaka-Narayanganj. . Extr. Ind. Soc. 14::101265
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Rautio S. 2021.. Material compromises in the planning of a ‘traditional village’ in Southwest China. . Soc. Anal. 65::67–87
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  109. Reeves M. 2017.. Infrastructural hope: anticipating ‘independent roads’ and territorial integrity in Southern Kyrgyzstan. . Ethnos 82::711–37
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  110. Rubaii K. 2022.. “ Concrete soldiers”: T-walls and coercive landscaping in Iraq. . Int. J. Middle Eastern Stud. 54::357–62
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  111. Sahlins M. 1993.. Goodbye to Tristes Tropes: ethnography in the context of modern world history. . J. Mod. Hist. 65::1–25
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  112. Schwenkel C. 2020.. Building Socialism: The Afterlife of East German Architecture in Urban Vietnam. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Simmel G. 1958.. Two essays. . Hudson Rev. 11::371–85
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  114. Simonetti C, Edgeworth M. 2022.. Concrete: a stratigraphic marker for the Anthropocene. . In Anthropogenic Markers: Stratigraphy and Context, Anthropocene Curriculum, ed. G Rispoli, C Rosol . Berlin:: Max Planck Inst. Hist. Sci.
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Simonetti C, Ingold T. 2018.. Ice and concrete: solid fluids of environmental change. . J. Contemp. Archaeol. 5::19–31
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  116. Stoler AL, ed. 2013.. Imperial Debris: On Ruins and Ruination. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Stolz R. 2021a.. ‘ Before others’: construction pioneers in the uplands of northwestern Laos. . Soc. Anthropol. 29::718–32
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  118. Stolz R. 2021b.. Making aspirations concrete? ‘Good houses’ and mockery in upland Laos. . Ethnos 86::814–31
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  119. Stolz R. 2023.. The end of bamboo houses in northern Laos. . Am. Anthropol. 125::611–22
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  120. Taussig M. 2004.. My Cocaine Museum. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Thomas P. 1998.. Conspicuous construction: houses, consumption and ‘relocalization’ in Manambondro, southeast Madagascar. . J. R. Anthropol. Inst. 4::425–46
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  122. Tilley C. 2020.. The Materiality of Stone: Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology. New York:: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Tomás A. 2022.. In the Skin of the City: Spatial Transformation in Luanda. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Van der Hoorn M. 2009.. Indispensable Eyesores: An Anthropology of Undesired Buildings. New York:: Berghahn Books
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Vellinga M. 2011.. The end of the vernacular: anthropology and the architecture of the other. . Etnofoor 23::171–92
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Venkatesan S, Bear L, Harvey P, Lazar S, Rival L, Simone A. 2018.. Attention to infrastructure offers a welcome reconfiguration of anthropological approaches to the political. . Crit. Anthropol. 38::3–52
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  127. Waters CN, Zalasiewicz J. 2018.. Concrete: the most abundant novel rock type of the Anthropocene. . In Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, Vol. 1, pp.  DA DellaSala, MI Goldstein , pp. 75–85. Oxford, UK:: Elsevier
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Woodcraft S. 2024.. The ‘New London Vernacular’: architecture and the politics of community-building in London's Olympic Park. . In Houses Transformed: Anthropological Perspectives on Changing Practices of Dwelling and Building, ed. J Alderman, R Stolz , pp. 58–79. New York:: Berghahn Books
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Zeiderman A. 2020.. Concrete peace: building security through infrastructure in Colombia. . Anthropol. Q. 93::497–528
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  130. Zhang L. 2018.. In Search of Paradise: Middle-Class Living in a Chinese Metropolis. Ithaca, NY:: Cornell Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041422-031946
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error