1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  4. Volume 48, 2010
  5. Article

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 48, 2010

Exoplanet Atmospheres

Abstract

At the dawn of the first discovery of exoplanets orbiting Sun-like stars in the mid-1990s, few believed that observations of exoplanet atmospheres would ever be possible. After the 2002 detection of a transiting exoplanet atmosphere, many skeptics discounted it as a one-object, one-method success. Nevertheless, the field is now firmly established, with over two dozen exoplanet atmospheres observed today. Hot Jupiters are the type of exoplanet currently most amenable to study. Highlights include: detection of molecular spectral features, observation of day-night temperature gradients, and constraints on vertical atmospheric structure. Atmospheres of giant planets far from their host stars are also being studied with direct imaging. The ultimate exoplanet goal is to answer the enigmatic and ancient question, “Are we alone?” via detection of atmospheric biosignatures. Two exciting prospects are the immediate focus on transiting super Earths orbiting in the habitable zone of M-dwarfs, and ultimately the spaceborne direct imaging of true Earth analogs.

Keyword(s): biosignatures, infrared observations, radiative transfer
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130837
2010-09-22
2025-05-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/48/1/annurev-astro-081309-130837.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130837&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Ackerman AS. , Marley MS. . 2001.. Ap. J. 556:872 [Google Scholar]
  2. Adel A. . 1937.. Ap. J. 85:345 [Google Scholar]
  3. Adel A. , Slipher VM. . 1934.. Phys. Rev. 46:902 [Google Scholar]
  4. Arnold L. . 2008.. Space Sci. Rev. 135:323 [Google Scholar]
  5. Arnold L. , Gillet S. , Lardière O. , Riaud P. , Schneider J. . 2002.. Astron. Astrophys. 392:231 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bains W. . 2004.. Astrobiology 4:137 [Google Scholar]
  7. Ballard S. , Christiansen JL. , Charbonneau D. , Deming D. , Holman MJ. , et al. 2009.. Ap. J. 445:511 [Google Scholar]
  8. Ballester GE. , Sing DK. , Herbert F. . 2007.. Nature 445:511 [Google Scholar]
  9. Barman TS. . 2007.. Ap. J. 661:191 [Google Scholar]
  10. Barman TS. , Hauschildt PH. , Allard F. . 2001.. Ap. J. 556:885 [Google Scholar]
  11. Baross JA. , Benner SA. , Cody GD. , Copley SD. , Pace NR. , et al. 2007.. The Limits to Organic Life in Planetary Systems. Washington, DC:: Natl. Acad. Press [Google Scholar]
  12. Beaulieu JP. , Carey S. , Ribas I. , Tinetti G. . 2008.. Ap. J. 677:1343 [Google Scholar]
  13. Beaulieu JP. , Kipping DM. , Batista V. , Tinetti G. , Ribas I. , et al. 2010.. MNRAS. In press (arXiv 0909.0185) [Google Scholar]
  14. Berdyugina SV. , Berdyugin AV. , Fluri DM. , Piirola V. . 2008.. Ap. J. 673:83 [Google Scholar]
  15. Borucki WJ. , Koch D. , Basri G. , Batalha N. , Brown T. , et al. 2010.. Science 327:977 [Google Scholar]
  16. Borucki WJ. , Koch D. , Jenkins J. , Sasselov D. , Gilliland R. , et al. 2009.. Science 325:709 [Google Scholar]
  17. Brown TM. . 2001.. Ap. J. 553:1006 [Google Scholar]
  18. Burrows A. , Budaj J. , Hubeny I. . 2008.. Ap. J. 678:1436 [Google Scholar]
  19. Burrows A. , Hubeny I. , Budaj J. , Knutson HA. , Charbonneau D. . 2007.. Ap. J. 668:L171 [Google Scholar]
  20. Burrows A. , Sharp CM. . 1999.. Ap. J. 512:843 [Google Scholar]
  21. Caldwell DA. , Kolodziejczak JJ. , Van Cleve JE. , Jenkins JM. , Gazis PR. , et al. 2010.. Ap. J. L. 713:L92 [Google Scholar]
  22. Carter JA. , Winn JN. , Gilliland R. , Holman M. . 2009.. Ap. J. 696:241 [Google Scholar]
  23. Cash W. . 2006.. Nature 442:51 [Google Scholar]
  24. Chalis J. . 1863.. MNRAS 23:231 [Google Scholar]
  25. Chambers J. . 2010.. In EXOPLANETS, ed. S Seager . Tucson:: Univ. Ariz. Press. In press [Google Scholar]
  26. Charbonneau D. , Allen LE. , Megeath ST. , Torres G. , Alonso R. , et al. 2005.. Ap. J. 626:523 [Google Scholar]
  27. Charbonneau D. , Berta ZK. , Irwin J. , Burke CJ. , Nutzman P. , et al. 2009.. Nature 462:891 [Google Scholar]
  28. Charbonneau D. , Brown TM. , Latham DW. , Mayor M. . 2000.. Ap. J. 529:L45 [Google Scholar]
  29. Charbonneau D. , Brown TM. , Noyes RW. , Gilliland RL. . 2002.. Ap. J. 568:377 [Google Scholar]
  30. Charbonneau D. , Deming D. . 2007.. AAAC Exoplanet Task Force White Paper 2007 (arXiv 0706.1047) [Google Scholar]
  31. Charbonneau D. , Knutson HA. , Barman T. , Allen LE. , Mayor M. , et al. 2008.. Ap. J. 686:1341 [Google Scholar]
  32. Cho JY-K. , Menou K. , Hansen BMS. , Seager S. . 2003.. Ap. J. 587:117 [Google Scholar]
  33. Christiansen JL. , Ballard S. , Charbonneau D. , Madhusudhan N. , Seager S. , et al. and the EPOXI Team . 2010.. Ap. J. 710:97 [Google Scholar]
  34. Cockell CS. , Léger A. , Fridlund M. , Herbst TM. , Kaltenegger L. . 2009.. Astrobiology 9:1 [Google Scholar]
  35. Cooper CS. , Sudarsky D. , Milsom JA. , Lunine JI. , Burrows A. . 2003.. Ap. J. 586:1320 [Google Scholar]
  36. Cowan NB. , Agol E. , Meadows VS. , Robinson T. , Livengood TA. , et al. 2009.. Ap. J. 700:915 [Google Scholar]
  37. Cox AN. . 2000.. Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. New York:: Springer-Verlag [Google Scholar]
  38. Deming D. , Brown TM. , Charbonneau D. , Harrington J. , Richardson LJ. . 2005a.. Ap. J. 622:1149 [Google Scholar]
  39. Deming D. , Harrington J. , Laughlin G. , Seager S. , Navarro SB. , et al. 2007.. Ap. J. 667:L199 [Google Scholar]
  40. Deming D. , Harrington J. , Seager S. , Richardson LJ. . 2006.. Ap. J. 644:560 [Google Scholar]
  41. Deming D. , Seager S. , Richardson LJ. , Harrington J. . 2005b.. Nature 434:740 [Google Scholar]
  42. Deming D. , Seager S. , Winn J. , Miller-Ricci E. , Clampin M. , et al. 2009.. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 121:952 [Google Scholar]
  43. de Mooij EJW. , Snellen IAG. . 2009.. Astron. Astrophys. 493:L35 [Google Scholar]
  44. Demory B-O. , Gillon M. , Barman T. , Bonfils X. , Mayor M. , et al. 2007.. Astron. Astrophys. 475:1125 [Google Scholar]
  45. Désert J-M. , Lecavelier des Etangs A. , Hébrard G. , Sing DK. , Ehrenreich D. , et al. 2009.. Ap. J. 699:478 [Google Scholar]
  46. Désert J-M. , Vidal-Madjar A. , Lecavelier des Etangs A. , Sing D. , Ehrenreich D. , et al. 2008.. Astron. Astrophys. 492:585 [Google Scholar]
  47. Des Marais DJ. , Harwit MO. , Jucks KW. , Kasting JF. , Lin DNC. , et al. 2002.. Astrobiology 2:153 [Google Scholar]
  48. Elkins-Tanton L. , Seager S. . 2008.. Ap. J. 685:1237 [Google Scholar]
  49. Fazio GG. , Hora JL. , Allen LE. , Ashby MLN. , Barmby P. , et al. 2004.. Ap. J. Suppl. 154:10 [Google Scholar]
  50. Ford EB. , Seager S. , Turner EL. . 2001.. Nature 412:885 [Google Scholar]
  51. Fortney JJ. , Cooper CS. , Showman AP. , Marley MS. , Freedman RS. . 2006.. Ap. J. 652:746 [Google Scholar]
  52. Fortney JJ. , Lodders K. , Marley MS. , Freedman RS. . 2008.. Ap. J. 678:1419 [Google Scholar]
  53. Freedman RS. , Marley MS. , Lodders K. . 2008.. Ap. J. Suppl. 174:504 [Google Scholar]
  54. Fressin F. , Knutson HA. , Charbonneau D. , O'Donovan FT. , Burrows A. , et al. 2010.. Ap. J. 711:374 [Google Scholar]
  55. Froning C. , Greene JC. . 2009.. Space Sci. 320:181 [Google Scholar]
  56. Gillon M. , Demory B-O. , Barman T. , Bonfils X. , Mazeh T. , et al. 2007.. Astron. Astrophys. 471:51 [Google Scholar]
  57. Gillon M. , Demory B-O. , Triaud AHMJ. , Barman T. , Hebb L. , et al. 2009.. Astron. Astrophys. 506:359 [Google Scholar]
  58. Gillon M. , Lanotte AA. , Barman T. , Miller N. , Demory B-O. , et al. 2010.. Astron. Astrophys. 511:A3 [Google Scholar]
  59. Gray DF. 1997.. Nature 385:795 [Google Scholar]
  60. Grillmair CJ. , Burrows A. , Charbonneau D. , Armus L. , Stauffer J. , et al. 2008.. Nature 456:767 [Google Scholar]
  61. Grillmair CJ. , Charbonneau D. , Burrows A. , Armus L. , Stauffer J. , et al. 2007.. Ap. J. 658:L115 [Google Scholar]
  62. Guillot T. , Burrows A. , Hubbard WB. , Lunine JI. , Saumon D. . 1996.. Ap. J. 459:L35 [Google Scholar]
  63. Haqq-Misra JD. , Domagal-Goldman SD. , Kasting PJ. , Kasting JF. . 2008.. Astrobiology 8:1127 [Google Scholar]
  64. Harrington J. , Hansen BMS. , Luszcz SH. , Seager S. , Deming D. , et al. 2006.. Science 314:623 [Google Scholar]
  65. Harrington J. , Luszcz S. , Seager S. , Deming D. , Richardson JL. . 2007.. Nature 447:691 [Google Scholar]
  66. Helling Ch. , Ackerman A. , Allard F. , Dehn M. , Hauschildt P. , et al. 2008.. MNRAS 391:1854 [Google Scholar]
  67. Henry GW. , Marcy GW. , Butler RP. , Vogt SS. . 2000.. Ap. J. 529:L41 [Google Scholar]
  68. Hubbard WB. , Fortney JJ. , Lunine JI. , Burrows A. , Sudarsky D. , Pinto P. . 2001.. Ap. J. 560:413 [Google Scholar]
  69. Hubeny I. , Burrows A. , Sudarsky D. . 2003.. Ap. J. 594:1011 [Google Scholar]
  70. Joshi MM. , Haberle RM. , Reynolds RT. . 1997.. Icarus 129:450 [Google Scholar]
  71. Kalas P. , Graham JR. , Eugene C. , Fitzgerald MP. , Clampin M. , et al. 2008.. Science 322:1345 [Google Scholar]
  72. Kaltenegger L. , Sasselov D. . 2010.. Ap. J. 708:1162 [Google Scholar]
  73. Kaltenegger L. , Traub W. . 2009.. Ap. J. 698:519 [Google Scholar]
  74. Kasper ME. , Beuzit J-L. , Verinaud C. , Yaitskova N. , Baudoz P. , et al. 2008.. SPIE7015 [Google Scholar]
  75. Kiang NY. , Siefert J. , Govindjee. , Blankenship RE. . 2007.. Astrobiology 7:222 [Google Scholar]
  76. Knutson HA. , Charbonneau D. , Allen LE. , Burrows A. , Megeath T. . 2008.. Ap. J. 673:526 [Google Scholar]
  77. Knutson HA. , Charbonneau D. , Allen LE. , Fortney JJ. , Agol E. , et al. 2007a.. Nature 447:183 [Google Scholar]
  78. Knutson HA. , Charbonneau D. , Burrows A. , O'Donovan FT. , Mandushev G. . 2009a.. Ap. J. 691:866 [Google Scholar]
  79. Knutson HA. , Charbonneau D. , Cowan NB. , Fortney JJ. , Showman AP. , et al. 2009b.. Ap. J. 690:822 [Google Scholar]
  80. Knutson HA. , Charbonneau D. , Cowan NB. , Fortney JJ. , Showman AP. , et al. 2009c.. Ap. J. 703:769 [Google Scholar]
  81. Knutson HA. , Charbonneau D. , Noyes RW. , Brown TM. , Gilliland RL. . 2007b.. Ap. J., 655:564 [Google Scholar]
  82. Konacki M. , Torres G. , Jha S. , Sasselov DD. . 2003.. Nature 421:507 [Google Scholar]
  83. Kuchner M. . 2003.. Ap. J. 596:105 [Google Scholar]
  84. Kuiper G. . 1944.. Ap. J. 100:378 [Google Scholar]
  85. Lafrenière D. , Jayawardhana R. , van Kerkwijk MH. . 2008.. Ap. J. 689:L153 [Google Scholar]
  86. Lammer H. , Lichtenegger HIM. , Kulikov YN. , Grießmeier J-M. , Terada N. , et al. 2007.. Astrobiology 7:185 [Google Scholar]
  87. Lammer H. , Odert P. , Leitzinger M. , Khodachenko ML. , Panchenko M. . 2009.. Astron. Astrophys. 506:399 [Google Scholar]
  88. Laughlin G. , Deming D. , Langton J. , Kasen D. , Vogt S. , et al. 2009.. Nature 457:562 [Google Scholar]
  89. Lederberg J. 1965.. Nature 207:9 [Google Scholar]
  90. Léger A. , Pirre M. , Marceau FJ. . 1993.. Astron. Astrophys. 277:309 [Google Scholar]
  91. Léger A. , Selsis F. , Sotin C. , Guillot T. , Despois D. . 2004.. Icarus 169:499 [Google Scholar]
  92. Li C-H. , Benedick AJ. , Fendel P. , Glenday AG. , Kärtner FX. , et al. 2008.. Nature 452:610 [Google Scholar]
  93. Liang M-C. , Parkinson CD. , Lee AY-T. , Yung YL. , Seager S. . 2003.. Ap. J. 596:247 [Google Scholar]
  94. Lissauer JJ. 2007.. Ap. J. 660:149 [Google Scholar]
  95. Lodders K. , Fegley B Jr. . 2002.. Icarus 155:393 [Google Scholar]
  96. Lopez-Morales M. , Seager S. . 2007.. Ap. J. 667:L191 [Google Scholar]
  97. Lovelock JE. . 1965.. Nature 207:568 [Google Scholar]
  98. Lyot B. 1939.. MNRAS. 99:580 [Google Scholar]
  99. Machalek P. , McCullough PR. , Burke CJ. , Valenti JA. , Burrows A. , Hora JL. . 2008.. Ap. J. 684:1427 [Google Scholar]
  100. Machalek P. , McCullough PR. , Burrows A. , Burke CJ. , Hora JL. , Johns-Krull CM. . 2009.. Ap. J. 701:514 [Google Scholar]
  101. Machalek P. , Greene T. , McCullough PR. , Burrows A. , Burke CJ. , et al. 2010.. Ap. J. 711:111 [Google Scholar]
  102. Macintosh B. , Troy M. , Doyon R. , Graham J. , Baker K. , et al. 2006.. SPIE6272 [Google Scholar]
  103. Madhusudhan N. , Seager S. . 2009.. Ap. J. 707:24 [Google Scholar]
  104. Marley MS. , Fortney JJ. , Hubickyj O. , Bodenheimer P. , Lissauer JJ. . 2007.. Ap. J. 655:541 [Google Scholar]
  105. Marley MS. , Gelino C. , Stephens D. , Lunine JI. , Freedman R. . 1999.. Ap. J. 513:879 [Google Scholar]
  106. Marois C. , Macintosh B. , Barman T. , Zuckerman B. , Song I. , et al. 2008.. Science 322:1348 [Google Scholar]
  107. McKay CP. , Smith HD. . 2005.. Icarus 178:274 [Google Scholar]
  108. Menou K. , Cho JY-K. , Seager S. , Hansen BMS. . 2003.. Ap. J. 587:L113 [Google Scholar]
  109. Menou K. , Rauscher E. . 2009.. Ap. J. 700:887 [Google Scholar]
  110. Miller-Ricci E. , Seager S. , Sasselov D. . 2009.. Ap. J. 690:1056 [Google Scholar]
  111. Montanes-Rodriguez P. , Palle E. , Goode PR. , Martin-Torres FJ. . 2006.. Ap. J. 651:544 [Google Scholar]
  112. Morales-Calderón M. , Stauffer JR. , Kirkpatrick JD. , Carey S. , Gelino CR. , Barrado y Navascués D. , et al. 2006.. Ap. J. 653:1454 [Google Scholar]
  113. Nutzman P. , Charbonneau D. . 2008.. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 120:317–27 [Google Scholar]
  114. O'Donovan FT. , Charbonneau D. , Harrington J. , Madhusudhan N. , Seager S. , et al. 2010.. Ap. J. 710:1551 [Google Scholar]
  115. Oppenheimer BR. , Hinkley S. . 2009.. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47:253 [Google Scholar]
  116. Oppenheimer BR. , Kulkarni SR. , Matthews K. , van Kerkwijk MH. . 1998.. Ap. J. 502:932 [Google Scholar]
  117. Palle E. , Ford EB. , Seager S. , Montanes-Rodriguez P. , Vazquez M. . 2008.. Ap. J. 676:1319 [Google Scholar]
  118. Pearl JC. , Christensen PR. . 1997.. J. Geophys. Res. 102:10875 [Google Scholar]
  119. Pilcher CB. . 2003.. Astrobiology 3:471 [Google Scholar]
  120. Pont F. , Gilliland RL. , Knutson H. , Holman M. , Charbonneau D. . 2009.. MNRAS 393:6 [Google Scholar]
  121. Pont F. , Knutson H. , Gilliland RL. , Moutou C. , Charbonneau D. . 2008.. MNRAS 385:109 [Google Scholar]
  122. Redfield S. , Endl M. , Cochran WD. , Koesterke L. . 2008.. Ap. J. 673:L87 [Google Scholar]
  123. Richardson LJ. , Deming D. , Horning K. , Seager S. , Harrington J. . 2007.. Nature 445:892 [Google Scholar]
  124. Ricker GR. , Latham DW. , Vanderspek RK. , Ennico KA. , Bakos G. , et al. 2010.. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 41:459 [Google Scholar]
  125. Rogers L. , Seager S. . 2010.. Ap. J. 716:1208 [Google Scholar]
  126. Rothman LS. , Gordon IE. , Barbe A. , Benner DC. , Bernath PF. , et al. 2009.. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 110:533 [Google Scholar]
  127. Rowe JF. , Matthews JM. , Seager S. , Miller-Ricci E. , Sasselov D. , et al. 2008.. Ap. J. 689:1345 [Google Scholar]
  128. Sánchez-Lavega A. , Pérez-Hoyos S. , Hueso R. . 2004.. Am. J. Phys. 72:767 [Google Scholar]
  129. Saumon D. , Marley MS. , Cushing MC. , Leggett SK. , Roellig TL. , et al. 2006.. Ap. J. 541:374 [Google Scholar]
  130. Scalo J. , Kaltenegger L. , Segura A. , Fridlund M. , Ribas I. , et al. 2007.. Astrobiology 7:85 [Google Scholar]
  131. Schaefer L. , Fegley B Jr. . 2009.. Ap. J. 703:113 [Google Scholar]
  132. Schaefer L. , Fegley B Jr. . 2010.. Icarus. In press. (arXiv 0909.4050S) [Google Scholar]
  133. Seager S. . 2010.. Exoplanet Atmospheres. Chapter 3 . Princeton:: Princeton Univ. Press. In press [Google Scholar]
  134. Seager S. , Deming D. . 2009.. Ap. J. 703:1884 [Google Scholar]
  135. Seager S. , Kuchner M. , Hier-Majumder CA. , Militzer B. . 2007.. Ap. J. 669:1279 [Google Scholar]
  136. Seager S. , Sasselov D. . 1998.. Ap. J. 502:L157 [Google Scholar]
  137. Seager S. , Sasselov D. . 2000.. Ap. J. 537:916 [Google Scholar]
  138. Seager S. , Turner EL. , Schafer J. , Ford EB. . 2005.. Astrobiology 5:372 [Google Scholar]
  139. Seager S. , Whitney BA. , Sasselov DD. . 2000.. Ap. J. 540:504 [Google Scholar]
  140. Segura A. , Kasting JF. , Meadows V. , Cohen M. , Scalo J. , et al. 2005.. Astrobiology 5:706 [Google Scholar]
  141. Segura A. , Meadows VS. , Kasting JF. , Crisp D. , Cohen M. . 2007.. Astron. Astrophys. 472:665 [Google Scholar]
  142. Selsis F. , Despois D. , Parisot JP. . 2002.. Astron. Astrophys. 388:985 [Google Scholar]
  143. Selsis F. , Kasting JF. , Levrard B. , Paillet J. , Ribas I. , Delfosse X. . 2007.. Astron. Astrophys. 476:1373 [Google Scholar]
  144. Shao M. , Nemati B. . 2009.. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 121:41 [Google Scholar]
  145. Sharp CM. , Burrows A. . 2007.. Ap. J. Suppl. 168:140 [Google Scholar]
  146. Showman A. , Cho JY-K. , Menou K. . 2010.. In EXOPLANETS, ed. S Seager . Tucson:: Univ. Ariz. Press. In press (arXiv 0911.3170) [Google Scholar]
  147. Showman AP. , Fortney JJ. , Lian Y. , Marley MS. , Freedman RS. , et al. 2009.. Ap. J. 685:1324 [Google Scholar]
  148. Showman AP. , Guillot T. . 2002.. Astron. Astrophys. 385:166 [Google Scholar]
  149. Sing DK. , Désert J-M. , Lecavelier des Etangs A. , Ballester GE. , Vidal-Madjar A. , et al. 2009.. Ap. J. 505:891 [Google Scholar]
  150. Sing DK. , Lopez-Morales M. . 2009.. Ap. J. 493:L31 [Google Scholar]
  151. Snellen IAG. , de Mooij EJW. , Albrecht S. . 2009.. Nature 459:543 [Google Scholar]
  152. Soummer R. , Cash W. , Brown RA. , Jordan I. , Roberge A. , et al. 2009.. SPIE 7440:1 [Google Scholar]
  153. Steinmetz T. , Wilken T. , Araujo-Hauck C. , Holzwarth R. , Hänsch TW. , et al. 2008.. Science 321:1225 [Google Scholar]
  154. Sudarsky D. , Burrows A. , Hubeny I. . 2003.. Ap. J. 588:1121 [Google Scholar]
  155. Sudarsky D. , Burrows A. , Pinto P. . 2000.. Ap. J. 538:885 [Google Scholar]
  156. Swain MR. , Tinetti G. , Vasisht G. , Deroo P. , Griffith C. , et al. 2009a.. Ap. J. 704:1616 [Google Scholar]
  157. Swain MR. , Vasisht G. , Tinetti G. . 2008.. Nature 452:329 [Google Scholar]
  158. Swain MR. , Vasisht G. , Tinetti G. , Bouwman J. , Chen P. , et al. 2009b.. Ap. J. 690:L114 [Google Scholar]
  159. Tarter JC. , Backus PR. , Mancinelli RL. , Aurnou JM. , Backman DE. , et al. 2007.. Astrobiology 7:30 [Google Scholar]
  160. Tinetti G. , Vidal-Madjar A. , Liang M-C. , Beaulieu J-P. , Yung Y. , et al. 2007.. Nature 448:169 [Google Scholar]
  161. Todorov K. , Deming D. , Harrington J. , Stevenson KB. , Bowman WC. , et al. 2010.. Ap. J. 708:498 [Google Scholar]
  162. Traub W. , Oppenheimer B. . 2010.. In EXOPLANETS, ed. S Seager . Tucson:: Univ. Ariz. Press. In press [Google Scholar]
  163. Trauger JT. , Traub WA. . 2007.. Nature 446:771 [Google Scholar]
  164. Turnbull MC. , Traub WA. , Jucks KW. , Woolf NJ. , Meyer MR. , et al. 2006.. Ap. J. 644:551 [Google Scholar]
  165. Udry S. , Santos NC. . 2007.. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45:397 [Google Scholar]
  166. Vidal-Madjar A. , Lecavelier des Etangs A. , Desert J-M. , Ballester GE. , Ferlet R. , et al. 2003.. Nature 422:143 [Google Scholar]
  167. von Bloh W. , Bounama C. , Cuntz M. , Franck S. . 2007.. Astron. Astrophys. 476:1365 [Google Scholar]
  168. Webster DL. . 1927.. Nature 120:879 [Google Scholar]
  169. West AA. , Hawley SL. , Bochanski JJ. , Covey KR. , Reid IN. , et al. 2008.. Astron. J. 135:785 [Google Scholar]
  170. Wiktorowicz SJ. . 2009.. Ap. J. 696:1116 [Google Scholar]
  171. Winn JN. , Holman MJ. , Carter JA. , Torres G. , Osip DJ. , Beatty T. . 2009.. Astron. J. 137:3826 [Google Scholar]
  172. Woolf NJ. , Smith PS. , Traub WA. , Jucks KW. . 2002.. Ap. J. 574:430 [Google Scholar]
  173. Zahnle K. , Marley MS. , Freedman RS. , Lodders K. , Fortney JJ. . 2009.. Ap. J. 701:L20 [Google Scholar]
  174. Zurek RW. , Smrekar SE. . 2007.. J. Geophys. Res. 122:E05S01 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130837
Loading
Exoplanet Atmospheres
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 48, 631 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130837
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130837
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130837
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error