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Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

Volume 27, 2025

Emerging Technologies for Multiphoton Writing and Reading of Polymeric Architectures for Biomedical Applications

  • Jieliyue Sun1, Sixian Jia2, Chenhui Shao2, Michelle R. Dawson3,4 and Kimani C. Toussaint1,5
  • 1School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; email: [email protected] 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 3Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 4Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 5Brown University Center for Digital Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
  • Vol. 27:129-155 (Volume publication date May 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on January 28, 2025
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

The rise in popularity of two-photon polymerization (TPP) as an additive manufacturing technique has impacted many areas of science and engineering, particularly those related to biomedical applications. Compared with other fabrication methods used for biomedical applications, TPP offers 3D, nanometer-scale fabrication dexterity (free-form). Moreover, the existence of turnkey commercial systems has increased accessibility. In this review, we discuss the diversity of biomedical applications that have benefited from the unique features of TPP. We also present the state of the art in approaches for patterning and reading 3D TPP-fabricated structures. The reading process influences the fidelity for both in situ and ex situ characterization methods. We also review efforts to leverage machine learning to facilitate process control for TPP. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of both the current challenges and exciting opportunities for biomedical applications that lie ahead for this intriguing and emerging technology.

Keyword(s): additive manufacturing, biomanufacturing, machine learning, microfabrication, nanofabrication, process control, tissue engineering, two-photon polymerization
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2025-05-01
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Emerging Technologies for Multiphoton Writing and Reading of Polymeric Architectures for Biomedical Applications
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 27, 129 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-015901
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-015901
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-015901
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