1932

Abstract

Racism and other forms of oppression threaten the well-being of racially and ethnically marginalized youth. Models of risk and resilience for marginalized youth have stressed the importance of addressing contextual and structural risk while emphasizing promotive factors such as cultural capital within their communities. Increasingly, research has focused on collective antiracist action as a form of coping with structural oppression. Importantly, supportive intergenerational relationships that develop within youths’ everyday contexts may play a key role in catalyzing and reinforcing youths’ engagement in antiracist action. This review advances a novel model for understanding how supportive nonparental adults from youths’ everyday lives (i.e., natural mentors) influence youths’ positive developmental outcomes and participation in antiracist action and how collective antiracist action, in turn, fosters liberation and racial justice. The creation of a more just and equitable society contributes to positive development among racially and ethnically marginalized youth.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080822-045011
2024-07-12
2025-02-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/clinpsy/20/1/annurev-clinpsy-080822-045011.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080822-045011&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Albright JN, Hurd NM. 2021.. Associations between emotional responses to the Trump presidency and activism among underrepresented college students. . J. Commun. Psychol. 49:(7):2298315
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  2. Albright JN, Hurd NM. 2023.. Activism, social support, and Trump-related distress: exploring associations with mental health. . J. Divers. High. Educ. 16:(1):112
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  3. Albright JN, Hurd NM, Hussain SB. 2017.. Applying a social justice lens to youth mentoring: a review of the literature and recommendations for practice. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 59:(3–4):36381
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  4. Aldana A, Richards-Schuster K, Checkoway B. 2021.. “ Down Woodward”: a case study of empowering youth to see and disrupt segregation using photovoice methods. . J. Adolesc. Res. 36:(1):3467
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  5. Alexander M. 2020.. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York:: New Press
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Anderson RE, Stevenson HC. 2019.. RECASTing racial stress and trauma: theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families. . Am. Psychol. 74::6375
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  7. Anyiwo N, Bañales J, Rowley SJ, Watkins DC, Richards-Schuster K. 2018.. Sociocultural influences on the sociopolitical development of African American youth. . Child Dev. Perspect. 12:(3):16570
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  8. Arrington EG, Wilson MN. 2000.. A re-examination of risk and resilience during adolescence: incorporating culture and diversity. . J. Child Fam. Stud. 9::22130
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bailey ZD, Feldman JM, Bassett MT. 2020.. How structural racism works—racist policies as a root cause of U.S. racial health inequities. . N. Engl. J. Med. 384:(8):76873
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  10. Ballard PJ, Anderson G, Moore DP, Daniel SS. 2023.. Youth experiences in Authoring Action: the impact of an arts-based youth program on youth development. . J. Adolesc. Res. 38:(1):178210
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bañales J, Aldana A, Richards-Schuster K, Flanagan CA, Diemer MA, Rowley SJ. 2021.. Youth anti-racism action: contributions of youth perceptions of school racial messages and critical consciousness. . J. Commun. Psychol. 49:(8):3079100
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  12. Baskin-Sommers A, Simmons C, Conley M, Chang SA, Estrada S, et al. 2021.. Adolescent civic engagement: lessons from Black Lives Matter. . PNAS 118:(41):e2109860118
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  13. Billingsley JT, Rivens AJ, Charity-Parker BM, Chang SH, Garrett SL, et al. 2022a.. Familial mentor support and Black youths’ connectedness to parents across adolescence. . Youth Soc. 54:(4):54772
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  14. Billingsley JT, Rivens AJ, Hurd NM. 2022b.. Familial interdependence, socioeconomic disadvantage, and the formation of familial mentoring relationships within Black families. . J. Adolesc. Res. 37:(1):98127
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bounds DT, Posey PD. 2022.. A resistance framework for racially minoritized youth behaviors during the transition to adulthood. . J. Res. Adolesc. 32:(3):95980
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bourdieu P. 1986.. The forms of capital. . In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. J Richardson , pp. 24158. New York:: Greenwood
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Brody GH, Yu T, Chen E, Miller GE. 2020.. Persistence of skin-deep resilience in African American adults. . Health Psychol. 39:(10):92126
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  18. Case AD. 2017.. A critical-positive youth development model for intervening with minority youth at risk for delinquency. . Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 87:(5):51019
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  19. Causadias JM, Alcalá L, Morris KS, Yaylaci FT, Zhang N. 2022.. Future directions on BIPOC youth mental health: the importance of cultural rituals in the COVID-19 pandemic. . J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 51:(4):57792
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  20. Chen E, Brody GH, Miller GE. 2022.. What are the health consequences of upward mobility?. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 73::599628
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chen E, Miller GE, Brody GH, Lei M. 2015.. Neighborhood poverty, college attendance, and diverging profiles of substance use and allostatic load in rural African American youth. . Clin. Psychol. Sci. 3:(5):67585
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  22. Chetty R, Hendren N, Jones MR, Porter SR. 2020.. Race and economic opportunity in the United States: an intergenerational perspective. . Q. J. Econ. 135:(2):71183
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  23. Christens BD, Kirshner B. 2011.. Taking stock of youth organizing: an interdisciplinary perspective. . New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev. 134::2741
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  24. Christens BD, Speer PW. 2015.. Community organizing: practice, research, and policy implications. . Soc. Issues Policy Rev. 9:(1):193222
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  25. Coll CG, Pachter LM. 2002.. Ethnic and minority parenting. . In Handbook of Parenting: Social Conditions and Applied Parenting, ed. MH Bornstein , pp. 120. New York:: Lawrence Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Conner JO, Crawford E, Galioto M. 2023a.. The mental health effects of student activism: persisting despite psychological costs. . J. Adolesc. Res. 38:(1):80109
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  27. Conner JO, Greytak E, Evich CD, Wray-Lake L. 2023b.. Burnout and belonging: how the costs and benefits of youth activism affect youth health and wellbeing. . Youth 3:(1):12745
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  28. Cooper SM, Brown C, Metzger I, Clinton Y, Guthrie B. 2013.. Racial discrimination and African American adolescents’ adjustment: gender variation in family and community social support, promotive and protective factors. . J. Child Fam. Stud. 22::1529
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  29. Crenshaw K. 1989.. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. . UC Leg. Forum 1989::13967
    [Google Scholar]
  30. DeAngelo L, Schuster MT, Stebleton MJ. 2016.. California DREAMers: activism, identity, and empowerment among undocumented college students. . J. Divers. High. Educ. 9:(3):21630
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  31. Diemer MA, McWhirter EH, Ozer EJ, Rapa LJ. 2015.. Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of critical consciousness. . Urban Rev. 47:(5):80923
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  32. Diemer MA, Pinedo A, Bañales J, Mathews CJ, Frisby MB, et al. 2021.. Recentering action in critical consciousness. . Child Dev. Perspect. 15:(1):1217
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  33. Doan SN, Yu SH, Wright B, Fung J, Saleem F, Lau AS. 2022.. Resilience and family socialization processes in ethnic minority youth: illuminating the achievement-health paradox. . Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 25:(1):7592
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  34. Evans AB, Banerjee M, Meyer R, Aldana A, Foust M, Rowley S. 2012.. Racial socialization as a mechanism for positive development among African American youth. . Child Dev. Perspect. 6:(3):25157
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  35. Fernández JS, Watts RJ. 2023.. Sociopolitical development as emotional work: how young organizers engage emotions to support community organizing for transformative racial justice. . J. Adolesc. Res. 38:(4):697725
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  36. Flanagan C, Levine P. 2010.. Civic engagement and the transition to adulthood. . Future Child. 20::15979
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  37. Freire P. 1970.. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York:: Herder and Herder
    [Google Scholar]
  38. French BH, Lewis JA, Mosley DV, Adames HY, Chavez-Dueñas NY, et al. 2020.. Toward a psychological framework of radical healing in communities of color. . Couns. Psychol. 48:(1):1446
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  39. García Coll C, Crnic K, Lamberty G, Wasik BH, Jenkins R, et al. 1996.. An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. . Child Dev. 67:(5):1891914
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  40. Gaydosh L, Schorpp K, Chen E, Miller G, Harris KM. 2018.. College completion predicts lower depression but higher metabolic syndrome among disadvantaged minorities in young adulthood. . PNAS 115::10914
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  41. George Mwangi CA, Bettencourt GM, Malaney VK. 2018.. Collegians creating (counter)space online: a critical discourse analysis of the I, Too, Am social media movement. . J. Divers. High. Educ. 11:(2):14663
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  42. Gilbert KL, Ransome Y, Dean LT, DeCaille J, Kawachi I. 2022.. Social capital, Black social mobility, and health disparities. . Annu. Rev. Public Health 43::17391
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ginwright SA. 2007.. Black youth activism and the role of critical social capital in Black community organizations. . Am. Behav. Sci. 51:(3):40318
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  44. Ginwright SA. 2016.. Hope and Healing in Urban Education: How Urban Activists and Teachers Are Reclaiming Matters of the Heart. New York:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Golden AR, Anderson RE, Cooper SM, Hope EC, Kloos B. 2022.. “With politics, it's easier to talk to them about it”: peer racial socialization and sociopolitical development among Black college students. . Emerg. Adulthood 10:(4):93851
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  46. Gowdy G, Spencer R. 2021.. It's who you know that matters: identifying which type of informal mentor is most likely to promote economic mobility for vulnerable youth. . J. Prim. Prev. 42::21738
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  47. Griffith AN, Hurd NM, Hussain SB. 2019.. “I didn't come to school for this”: a qualitative examination of experiences with race-related stressors and coping responses among Black students attending a predominantly White institution. . J. Adolesc. Res. 34:(2):11539
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  48. Grossman JB, Chan CS, Schwartz SE, Rhodes JE. 2012.. The test of time in school-based mentoring: the role of relationship duration and re-matching on academic outcomes. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 49::4354
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  49. Gutiérrez LA. 2014.. Youth social justice engagement in the face of anti-Latina/o immigrant illegitimacy. . Urban Rev. 46::30723
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  50. Hipolito-Delgado CP, Stickney D, Zion S, Kirshner B. 2022.. Transformative student voice for sociopolitical development: developing youth of color as political actors. . J. Res. Adolesc. 32:(3):1098108
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  51. Hope EC, Gugwor R, Riddick KN, Pender KN. 2019.. Engaged against the machine: institutional and cultural racial discrimination and racial identity as predictors of activism orientation among Black youth. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 63:(1–2):6172
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hope EC, Spencer MB. 2017.. Civic engagement as an adaptive coping response to conditions of inequality: an application of phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST). . In Handbook on Positive Development of Minority Children and Youth, ed. NJ Cabrera, B Leyendecker , pp. 42135. Cham, Switz.:: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Hope EC, Velez G, Offidani-Bertrand C, Keels M, Durkee MI. 2018.. Political activism and mental health among Black and Latinx college students. . Cult. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol. 24:(1):2639
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  54. Hope EC, Volpe VV, Briggs AS, Benson GP. 2022.. Anti-racism activism among Black adolescents and emerging adults: understanding the roles of racism and anticipatory racism-related stress. . Child Dev. 93:(3):71731
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hughes D, Chen L. 1997.. When and what parents tell children about race: an examination of race-related socialization among African American families. . Appl. Dev. Sci. 1:(4):20014
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  56. Hurd NM, Billingsley J. 2023.. Project DREAM: iterative development of an afterschool program with an emphasis on youth–adult relationships. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 72:(3–4):395408
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  57. Hurd NM, Brence M, Armstrong C. 2023.. Youth advancing anti-racism in the 2020s. . Curr. Opin. Psychol. 52::101612
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  58. Hurd NM, Sánchez B, Zimmerman MA, Caldwell CH. 2012.. Natural mentors, racial identity, and educational attainment among African American adolescents: exploring pathways to success. . Child Dev. 83:(4):1196212
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hurd NM, Sellers RM. 2013.. Black adolescents' relationships with natural mentors: associations with academic engagement via social and emotional development. . Cult. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol. 19:(1):7685
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  60. Hurd NM, Stoddard SA, Zimmerman MA. 2013.. Neighborhoods, social support, and African American adolescents' mental health outcomes: a multilevel path analysis. . Child Dev. 84:(3):85874
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  61. Hurd NM, Young AS. 2023.. Introduction to the special issue: advancing racial justice in clinical child and adolescent psychology. . J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 52:(3):31127
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  62. Hurd NM, Zimmerman MA. 2010.. Natural mentors, mental health, and risk behaviors: a longitudinal analysis of African American adolescents transitioning into adulthood. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 46::3648
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  63. Hurd NM, Zimmerman MA. 2014.. An analysis of natural mentoring relationship profiles and associations with mentees’ mental health: considering links via support from important others. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 53::2536
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  64. Iruka IU, Gardner-Neblett N, Telfer NA, Ibekwe-Okafor N, Curenton SM, et al. 2022.. Effects of racism on child development: advancing anti-racist developmental science. . Annu. Rev. Dev. Psychol. 4::10932
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  65. Jackson JS, Knight KM, Rafferty JA. 2010.. Race and unhealthy behaviors: chronic stress, the HPA axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course. . Am. J. Public Health 100:(5):93339
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  66. Jacob G, Faber SC, Faber N, Bartlett A, Ouimet AJ, Williams MT. 2023.. A systematic review of Black people coping with racism: approaches, analysis, and empowerment. . Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 18:(2):392415
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  67. James SA. 1994.. John Henryism and the health of African-Americans. . Cult. Med. Psychiatry 18:(2):16382
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  68. Jones SC, Anderson RE, Gaskin-Wasson AL, Sawyer BA, Applewhite K, Metzger IW. 2020.. From “crib to coffin”: navigating coping from racism-related stress throughout the lifespan of Black Americans. . Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 90:(2):26782
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  69. Kendi IX. 2016.. Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. New York:: Nation Books
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Kirshner B. 2009.. Power in numbers: youth organizing as a context for exploring civic identity. . J. Res. Adolesc. 19::41440
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  71. Kirshner B. 2015.. Youth Activism in an Era of Education Inequality. New York:: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Kirshner B, Ginwright S. 2012.. Youth organizing as a developmental context for African American and Latino adolescents. . Child Dev. Perspect. 6:(3):28894
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  73. Kogan SM, Brody GH, Chen YF. 2011.. Natural mentoring processes deter externalizing problems among rural African American emerging adults: a prospective analysis. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 48::27283
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  74. Kraft MA, Bolves A, Hurd NM. 2023.. How informal mentoring by teachers, counselors, and coaches supports students’ academic success. . Econ. Educ. Rev. 95::e102411
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  75. Larson R, Hansen D. 2005.. The development of strategic thinking: learning to impact human systems in a youth activism program. . Hum. Dev. 48::32749
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  76. Lerner RM. 2004.. Liberty: Thriving and Civic Engagement Among America's Youth. Thousand Oaks, CA:: Sage
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Lerner RM, Lerner JV, Almerigi J, Theokas C, Phelps E, Bobek D. 2005.. Positive youth development, participation in community youth development programs, and community contributions of fifth-grade adolescents: findings from the first wave of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. . J. Early Adolesc. 25::1771
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  78. Lerner RM, Lerner JV, Bowers E, Geldhof GJ. 2015.. Positive youth development and relational developmental systems. . In The Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, ed. WF Overton, PC Molenaar , pp. 60751. Hoboken, NJ:: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Lewis JA, Williams MG, Peppers EJ, Gadson CA. 2017.. Applying intersectionality to explore the relations between gendered racism and health among Black women. . J. Couns. Psychol. 64:(5):47586
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  80. Lewis TT, Cogburn CD, Williams DR. 2015.. Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. . Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 11::40740
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  81. Liang B, Spencer R, West J, Rappaport N. 2013.. Expanding the reach of youth mentoring: partnering with youth for personal growth and social change. . J. Adolesc. 36:(2):25767
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  82. Mandviwala TM, Hall J, Beale Spencer M. 2022.. The invisibility of power: a cultural ecology of development in the contemporary United States. . Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 18::17999
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  83. Masten AS, Lucke CM, Nelson KM, Stallworthy IC. 2021.. Resilience in development and psychopathology: multisystem perspectives. . Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 17::52149
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  84. Mathews CJ, Durkee M, Hope EC. 2022.. Critical action and ethnic–racial identity: tools of racial resistance at the college transition. . J. Res. Adolesc. 32:(3):108397
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  85. Mathews CJ, Medina MA, Bañales J, Pinetta BJ, Marchand AD, et al. 2020.. Mapping the intersections of adolescents’ ethnic-racial identity and critical consciousness. . Adolesc. Res. Rev. 5::36379
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  86. McLoyd VC. 1990.. The impact of economic hardship on Black families and children: psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. . Child Dev. 61:(2):31146
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  87. Miller GE, Yu T, Chen E, Brody GH. 2015.. Self-control forecasts better psychosocial outcomes but faster epigenetic aging in low-SES youth. . PNAS 112:(33):1032530
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  88. Monjaras-Gaytan LY, Sánchez B, Anderson AJ, Garcia-Murillo Y, McGarity-Palmer R, et al. 2021.. Act, talk, reflect, then act: the role of natural mentors in the critical consciousness of ethnically/racially diverse college students. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 68:(3–4):292309
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  89. Murry VM. 2019.. Healthy African American families in the 21st century: navigating opportunities and transcending adversities. . Fam. Relat. 68:(3):34257
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  90. Murry VM, Butler-Barnes ST, Mayo-Gamble TL, Inniss-Thompson MN. 2018.. Excavating new constructs for family stress theories in the context of everyday life experiences of Black American families. . J. Fam. Theory Rev. 10:(2):384405
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  91. Nagata JM, Cortez CA, Cattle CJ, Ganson KT, Iyer P, et al. 2022.. Screen time use among US adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. . JAMA Pediatr. 176:(1):9496
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  92. Neblett EW. 2023.. Racial, ethnic, and cultural resilience factors in African American youth mental health. . Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 19::36179
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  93. Negrón-Gonzales G. 2013.. Navigating “illegality”: undocumented youth and oppositional consciousness. . Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 35:(8):128490
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  94. Ortega-Williams A, Wernick LJ, DeBower J, Brathwaite B. 2020.. Finding relief in action: the intersection of youth-led community organizing and mental health in Brooklyn, New York City. . Youth Soc. 52:(4):61838
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  95. Peguero AA, Ovink SM, Li YL. 2016.. Social bonding to school and educational inequality: race/ethnicity, dropping out, and the significance of place. . Sociol. Perspect. 59:(2):31744
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  96. Perreira KM, Harris KM, Lee D. 2006.. Making it in America: high school completion by immigrant and native youth. . Demography 43:(3):51136
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  97. Putnam RD. 2000.. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York:: Simon and Schuster
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Rapa LJ, Diemer MA, Bañales J. 2018.. Critical action as a pathway to social mobility among marginalized youth. . Dev. Psychol. 54::12737
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  99. Rhodes JE, Ebert L, Fischer K. 1992.. Natural mentors: an overlooked resource in the social networks of young, African American mothers. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 20:(4):44561
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  100. Rhodes JE, Spencer R, Keller TE, Liang B, Noam G. 2006.. A model for the influence of mentoring relationships on youth development. . J. Commun. Psychol. 34:(6):691707
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  101. Rivas-Drake D, Seaton EK, Markstrom C, Quintana S, Syed M, et al. 2014.. Ethnic and racial identity in adolescence: implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. . Child Dev. 85:(1):4057
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  102. Robinson WL, Whipple CR, Jason LA, Flack CE. 2021.. African American adolescent suicidal ideation and behavior: the role of racism and prevention. . J. Commun. Psychol. 49:(5):128295
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  103. Roth JL, Brooks-Gunn J. 2003.. What exactly is a youth development program? Answers from research and practice. . Appl. Dev. Sci. 7::94111
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  104. Sánchez B, Anderson AJ, Carter JS, Mroczkowski AL, Monjaras-Gaytan LY, DuBois DL. 2020.. Helping me helps us: the role of natural mentors in the ethnic identity and academic outcomes of Latinx adolescents. . Dev. Psychol. 56:(2):20820
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  105. Sánchez B, Anderson AJ, Weiston-Serdan T, Catlett BS. 2021.. Anti-racism education and training for adult mentors who work with BIPOC adolescents. . J. Adolesc. Res. 36:(6):686716
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  106. Sánchez B, Esparza P, Colón Y. 2008.. Natural mentoring under the microscope: an investigation of mentoring relationships and Latino adolescents' academic performance. . J. Commun. Psychol. 36:(4):46882
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  107. Schwartz SE, Rhodes JE. 2016.. From treatment to empowerment: new approaches to youth mentoring. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 58:(1–2):15057
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  108. Seaton EK, Gee GC, Neblett E, Spanierman L. 2018.. New directions for racial discrimination research as inspired by the integrative model. . Am. Psychol. 73:(6):76880
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  109. Seider S, Clark S, Graves D. 2020.. The development of critical consciousness and its relation to academic achievement in adolescents of color. . Child Dev. 91:(2):e45174
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  110. Seider S, Graves D. 2020.. Schooling for Critical Consciousness: Engaging Black and Latinx Youth in Analyzing, Navigating, and Challenging Racial Injustice. Cambridge, MA:: Harvard Educ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Slaughter-Defoe DT, Nakagawa K, Takanishi R, Johnson DJ. 1990.. Toward cultural/ecological perspectives on schooling and achievement in African- and Asian-American children. . Child Dev. 61:(2):36383
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  112. Smedley A, Smedley BD. 2005.. Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. . Am. Psychol. 60:(1):1626
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  113. Smith EP, Atkins J, Connell CM. 2003.. Family, school, and community factors and relationships to racial-ethnic attitudes and academic achievement. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 32:(1–2):15972
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Smith EP, Faulk M, Monteic A, Sizer MA. 2016.. Exploring the meso-system: the roles of community, family, and peers in adolescent delinquency and positive youth development. . Youth Soc. 48:(3):31843
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  115. Spencer MB, Dupree D, Hartmann T. 1997.. A phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST): a self-organization perspective in context. . Dev. Psychopathol. 9:(4):81733
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  116. Spencer MB, Tinsley B. 2008.. Identity as coping: assessing youths' challenges and opportunities for success. . Prev. Res. 15:(4):1722
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Sue DW, Sue D. 2015.. Counseling the Culturally Diverse: Theory and Practice. Hoboken, NJ:: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Szreter S, Woolcock M. 2004.. Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health. . Int. J. Epidemiol. 33:(4):65067
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  119. Travis R, Leech TG. 2014.. Empowerment-based positive youth development: a new understanding of healthy development for African American youth. . J. Res. Adolesc. 24:(1):93116
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  120. Umaña-Taylor AJ, Quintana SM, Lee RM, Cross WE, Rivas-Drake D, et al. 2014.. Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: an integrated conceptualization. . Child Dev. 85:(1):2139
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  121. Van Dam L, Smit D, Wildschut B, Branje SJT, Rhodes JE, et al. 2018.. Does natural mentoring matter? A multilevel meta-analysis on the association between natural mentoring and youth outcomes. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 62:(1–2):20320
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  122. Velez G, Spencer MB. 2018.. Phenomenology and intersectionality: using PVEST as a frame for adolescent identity formation amid intersecting ecological systems of inequality. . New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev. 2018:(161):7590
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  123. Voight A. 2015.. Student voice for school-climate improvement: a case study of an urban middle school. . J. Commun. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 25:(4):31026
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  124. Volpe VV, Benson GP, Ross JM, Briggs AS, Mejía-Bradford SC, et al. 2023.. Finding the bright side: positive online racial experiences, racial identity, and activism for Black young adults. . Comput. Hum. Behav. 144::e107738
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  125. Warren MR, Mapp KL. 2011.. A Match on Dry Grass: Community Organizing as a Catalyst for School Reform. Oxford, UK:: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Watts RJ, Diemer MA, Voight AM. 2011.. Critical consciousness: current status and future directions. . New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev. 134::4357
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  127. Watts RJ, Flanagan C. 2007.. Pushing the envelope on youth civic engagement: a developmental and liberation psychology perspective. . J. Commun. Psychol. 35:(6):77992
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  128. Watts RJ, Griffith DM, Abdul-Adil J. 1999.. Sociopolitical development as an antidote for oppression—theory and action. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 27:(2):25571
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  129. Watts RJ, Hipolito-Delgado CP. 2015.. Thinking ourselves to liberation?: Advancing sociopolitical action in critical consciousness. . Urban Rev. 47::84767
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  130. Weiston-Serdan T. 2017.. Critical Mentoring: A Practical Guide. Sterling, VA:: Stylus
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Wilcox L, Larson K, Bartlett R. 2021.. The role of resilience in ethnic minority adolescent navigation of ecological adversity. . J. Child Adolesc. Trauma 14::50715
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  132. Williams DR. 2012.. Miles to go before we sleep: racial inequities in health. . J. Health Soc. Behav. 53:(3):27995
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  133. Williams DR. 2018.. Stress and the mental health of populations of color: advancing our understanding of race-related stressors. . J. Health Soc. Behav. 59:(4):46685
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  134. Williams DR, Lawrence JA, Davis BA. 2019.. Racism and health: evidence and needed research. . Annu. Rev. Public Health 40:(1):10525
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  135. Wittrup AR, Hussain SB, Albright JN, Hurd NM, Varner FA, Mattis JS. 2019.. Natural mentors, racial pride, and academic engagement among Black adolescents: resilience in the context of perceived discrimination. . Youth Soc. 51:(4):46383
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  136. Wong NT, Zimmerman MA, Parker EA. 2010.. A typology of youth participation and empowerment for child and adolescent health promotion. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 46::10014
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  137. Yosso TJ. 2005.. Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. . Race Ethn. Educ. 8:(1):6991
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  138. Zeldin S, Christens BD, Powers JL. 2013.. The psychology and practice of youth-adult partnership: bridging generations for youth development and community change. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 51::38597
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  139. Zimmerman MA. 2000.. Empowerment theory: psychological, organizational and community levels of analysis. . In Handbook of Community Psychology, ed. J Rappaport, E Seidman , pp. 4363. New York:: Plenum
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Zimmerman MA, Bingenheimer JB, Notaro PC. 2002.. Natural mentors and adolescent resiliency: a study with urban youth. . Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 30::22143
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080822-045011
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080822-045011
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error