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Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volume 21, 2025

Analysis of Intensive Longitudinal Data: Putting Psychological Processes in Perspective

  • E.L. Hamaker1
  • Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; email: [email protected]
  • Vol. 21:379-405 (Volume publication date May 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on February 06, 2025
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Research based on intensive longitudinal data (ILD)—consisting of many repeated measures from one or multiple individuals—is rapidly gaining popularity in psychological science. To appreciate the unique potential of ILD research for clinical psychology, this review begins by examining how our three traditional research approaches fall short when the goal is to investigate processes. It then explores how the analysis of ILD can be used to study a process as it unfolds within a specific person over time but also to study average process features or individual differences therein. By emphasizing the alignment between research questions, data collection, and analytical strategies, the potential of ILD research is further highlighted. It is argued that for future progress it is essential to integrate machine learning and causal inference methods with statistical techniques for ILD and to become more explicit about timescales, time frames, and dynamics in psychological theories.

Keyword(s): dynamics, intensive longitudinal data, multilevel modeling, process, time series analysis
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2025-05-07
2025-06-13
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022947
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Analysis of Intensive Longitudinal Data: Putting Psychological Processes in Perspective
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 21, 379 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022947
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022947
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022947
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