1932
0

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volume 21, 2025

Climate Change and Mental Health

  • Susan Clayton1 and Tara Crandon2,3
  • 1Department of Psychology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, USA; email: [email protected] 2School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia 3QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
  • Vol. 21:61-83 (Volume publication date May 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on December 11, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Climate change negatively threatens mental health through acute, chronic, indirect, and vicarious pathways. Though these psychological consequences will be felt globally, specific populations are at increased risk. This article describes the complex and diverse ways in which climate change can affect mental health and the resulting challenges that health care services will inevitably face. In responding to these threats, both prevention and intervention are urgently needed. Although mitigating the extent of climate change is crucial, we can also foster resilience to climate change—the ability to manage, respond to, and prepare for climate-related adversity—at the systemic, community, and individual levels. The mental health field must prepare for the significant burden that climate change will place on population health and well-being in the long term. In this review, we aim to inform and provide examples of how decision makers, the mental health discipline, and mental health professionals can respond.

Keyword(s): climate change, climate inequities, health care services, intervention, mental health, psychological resilience
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-025932
2025-05-07
2025-06-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/clinpsy/21/1/annurev-clinpsy-081423-025932.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-025932&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aguilar A, Vicarelli M. 2022.. El Niño and children: medium-term effects of early-life weather shocks on cognitive and health outcomes. . World Dev. 150::105690
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ahdoot S, Baum CR, Cataletto MB, Hogan P, Wu CB, Bernstein A. 2024.. Climate change and children's health: building a healthy future for every child. . Pediatrics 153::e2023065505
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson D. 2009.. Enduring drought then coping with climate change: lived experience and local resolve in rural mental health. . Rural Soc. 19::340–52
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  4. Aten JD, Smith WR, Davis EB, Van Tongeren DR, Hook JN, et al. 2019.. The psychological study of religion and spirituality in a disaster context: a systematic review. . Psychol. Trauma 11::597–613
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  5. Austin EK, Handley T, Kiem AS, Rich JL, Lewin TJ, et al. 2018.. Drought-related stress among farmers: findings from the Australian Rural Mental Health Study. . Med. J. Aust. 209::159–65
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  6. Aylward B, Cunsolo A, Vriezen R, Bayne HL, King N, Harper S. 2024.. Headlining mental health in a changing climate: a systematic analysis of climate change and mental health news coverage from Canada and the United States. . Environ. Res. Health 2::031001
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  7. Baker C, Clayton S, Bragg E. 2021.. Educating for resilience: parent and teacher perceptions of children's emotional needs in response to climate change. . Environ. Educ. Res. 27::687–705
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  8. Baudon P, Jachens L. 2021.. A scoping review of interventions for the treatment of eco-anxiety. . Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18::9636
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  9. Beaglehole B, Mulder RT, Frampton CM, Boden JM, Newton-Howes G, Bell CJ. 2018.. Psychological distress and psychiatric disorder after natural disasters: systematic review and meta-analysis. . Br. J. Psychiatry 213::716–22
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  10. Begum TF, Lin Z, Primeau M, Lin S. 2022.. Assessing short-term and long-term mental health effects among older adults after Hurricane Sandy. . Sci. Total Environ. 825::153753
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  11. Berchin II, Valduga IB, Garcia J, de Andrade Guerra JBSO. 2017.. Climate change and forced migrations: an effort towards recognizing climate refugees. . Geoforum 84::147–50
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  12. Berry HL, Bowen K, Kjellstrom T. 2010.. Climate change and mental health: a causal pathways framework. . Int. J. Public Health 55::123–32
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  13. Berry HL, Waite TD, Dear KBG, Capon AG, Murray V. 2018.. The case for systems thinking about climate change and mental health. . Nat. Clim. Change 8::282–90
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bingley WJ, Tran A, Boyd CP, Gibson K, Kalokerinos EK, et al. 2022.. A multiple needs framework for climate change anxiety interventions. . Am. Psychol. 77::812–21
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bourque F, Cunsolo Willox A. 2014.. Climate change: the next challenge for public mental health?. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 26::415–22
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  16. Boyd CP, Jamieson J, Gibson K, Duffy M, Williamson M, Parr H. 2024.. Eco-anxiety among regional Australian youth with mental health problems: a qualitative study. . Early Interv. Psychiatry. 18:(12):102231
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  17. Brattland C, Mustonen T. 2018.. How traditional knowledge comes to matter in Atlantic salmon governance in Norway and Finland. . Arctic 71::375–92
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  18. Budziszewska M, Jonsson SE. 2021.. From climate anxiety to climate action: an existential perspective on climate change concerns within psychotherapy. . J. Humanist. Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167821993243
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Burke SEL, Sanson AV, Van Hoorn J. 2018.. The psychological effects of climate change on children. . Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 20::35
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  20. Carleton TA. 2017.. Crop-damaging temperatures increase suicide rates in India. . PNAS 114::8746–51
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  21. Carlson JM, Foley J, Fang L. 2024.. Climate change on the brain: neural correlates of climate anxiety. . J. Anxiety Disord. 103::102848
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  22. Chapman DA, Trott CD, Silka L, Lickel B, Clayton S. 2018.. Psychological perspectives on community resilience and climate change: insights, examples, and directions for future research. . In Psychology and Climate Change, ed. S Clayton, C Manning , pp. 267–88. London:: Academic
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Charlson F, Ali S, Augustinavicius J, Benmarhnia T, Birch S, et al. 2022.. Global priorities for climate change and mental health research. . Environ. Int. 158::106984
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  24. Christodoulou N, Laaidi K, Fifre G, Lejoyeux M, Ambar Akaoui M, Geoffroy PA. 2024.. Heatwaves and mental disorders: a study on national emergency and weather services data. . Eur. J. Psychiatry 38::100249
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  25. Clayton S. 2020.. Climate anxiety: psychological responses to climate change. . J. Anxiety Disord. 74::102263
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  26. Clayton S, Devine-Wright P, Stern PC, Whitmarsh L, Carrico A, et al. 2015.. Psychological research and global climate change. . Nat. Clim. Change 5::640–46
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  27. Clayton S, Karazsia BT. 2020.. Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety. . J. Environ. Psychol. 69::101434
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  28. Clayton S, Sangalang A, Anderson R. 2024.. Emotions and perceptions surrounding teaching climate change in the United States: results from a teacher survey. . Environ. Educ. Res. 30::2020–30
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  29. Colloca L, Barsky AJ. 2020.. Placebo and nocebo effects. . N. Engl. J. Med. 382::554–61
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  30. Contreras A, Blanchard MA, Mouguiama-Daouda C, Heeren A. 2024.. When eco-anger (but not eco-anxiety nor eco-sadness) makes you change! A temporal network approach to the emotional experience of climate change. . J. Anxiety Disord. 102::102822
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  31. Corvetto JF, Helou AY, Dambach P, Müller T, Sauerborn R. 2023.. A systematic literature review of the impact of climate change on the global demand for psychiatric services. . Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 20::1190
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  32. Cosentino M, Gal-Oz R, Safer DL. 2024.. Community-based resilience: the influence of collective efficacy and positive deviance on climate change-related mental health. . In Storytelling to Accelerate Climate Solutions, ed. E Coren, H Wang , pp. 319–38. Cham, Switz:.: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Cowlishaw S, Gibson K, Alexander S, Howard A, Agathos J, et al. 2023.. Improving mental health following multiple disasters in Australia: a randomized controlled trial of the Skills for Life Adjustment and Resilience (SOLAR) programme. . Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 14::2284032
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  34. Crandon TJ, Dey C, Scott JG, Thomas HJ, Ali S, Charlson FJ. 2022a.. The clinical implications of climate change for mental health. . Nat. Hum. Behav. 6::1474–81
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  35. Crandon TJ, Scott JG, Charlson FJ, Thomas HJ. 2022b.. A social-ecological perspective of climate anxiety in children and adolescents. . Nat. Clim. Change 12::123–31
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  36. Cuartas J, Bhatia A, Carter D, Cluver L, Coll C, et al. 2023.. Climate change is a threat multiplier for violence against children. . Child Abus. Negl. 28::106430
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Cuijpers P, Miguel C, Ciharova M, Kumar M, Brander L, et al. 2023.. Impact of climate events, pollution, and green spaces on mental health: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. . Psychol. Med. 53::638–53
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  38. Cunsolo Willox A, Harper SL, Ford JD, Edge VL, Landman K, et al. 2013.. Climate change and mental health: an exploratory case study from Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Canada. . Clim. Change 121::255–70
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  39. Cunsolo Willox A, Harper SL, Ford JD, Landman K, Houle K, Edge VL. 2012.. “ From this place and of this place:” climate change, sense of place, and health in Nunatsiavut, Canada. . Soc. Sci. Med. 75::538–47
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  40. Daghagh Yazd S, Wheeler SA, Zuo A. 2019.. Key risk factors affecting farmers' mental health: a systematic review. . Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16::4849
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  41. Dickerson KL, Quas JA. 2021.. Perceived life expectancy, environmental unpredictability, and behavior in high-risk youth. . J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 77::101344
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  42. Doherty TJ. 2018.. Individual impacts and resilience. . In Psychology and Climate Change, ed. S Clayton, C Manning , pp. 245–66. London:: Academic
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Doherty TJ, Clayton S. 2011.. The psychological impacts of global climate change. . Am. Psychol. 66::265–76
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  44. Eachus P. 2014.. Community resilience: Is it greater than the sum of the parts of individual resilience?. Procedia Econ. Financ. 18::345–51
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  45. Elgar FJ, Pickett W, Pförtner TK, Gariépy G, Gordon D, et al. 2021.. Relative food insecurity, mental health and wellbeing in 160 countries. . Soc. Sci. Med. 268::113556
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  46. Fu C, Underwood C. 2015.. A meta-review of school-based disaster interventions for child and adolescent survivors. . J. Child Adolesc. Ment. Health 27::161–71
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  47. Gago T, Sargisson RJ, Milfont TL. 2024.. A meta-analysis on the relationship between climate anxiety and wellbeing. . J. Environ. Psychol. 94::102230
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  48. Gawrych M, Holka-Pokorska J. 2022.. Mental health issues related to climate change in Poland—Polish psychologists’ and psychotherapists’ perspective. . Arch. Psychiatry Psychother. 24::47–53
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  49. Gaziulusoy Aİ. 2020.. The experiences of parents raising children in times of climate change: towards a caring research agenda. . Curr. Res. Environ. Sustain. 2::100017
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  50. Gebhardt N, van Bronswijk K, Bunz M, Müller T, Niessen P, Nikendei C. 2023.. Scoping review of climate change and mental health in Germany—direct and indirect impacts, vulnerable groups, resilience factors. . J. Health Monit. 8::122–49
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Gianfredi V, Mazziotta F, Clerici G, Astorri E, Oliani F, et al. 2024.. Climate change perception and mental health. Results from a systematic review of the literature. . Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 14::215–29
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Gibson K, Haslam N, Kaplan I. 2019.. Distressing encounters in the context of climate change: idioms of distress, determinants, and responses to distress in Tuvalu. . Transcult. Psychiatry 56::667–96
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  53. Gifford E, Gifford R. 2016.. The largely unacknowledged impact of climate change on mental health. . Bull. At. Sci. 72::292–97
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  54. Hepp J, Klein SA, Horsten LK, Urbild J, Lane SP. 2023.. Introduction and behavioral validation of the climate change distress and impairment scale. . Sci. Rep. 13::11272
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hess KY, Rihtman T. 2023.. Moving from theory to practice in occupational therapy education for planetary health: a theoretical view. . Aust. Occup. Ther. J. 70::460–70
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  56. Hickman C, Marks E, Pihkala P, Clayton S, Lewandowski RE, et al. 2021.. Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: a global survey. . Lancet Planet. Health 5::E863–73
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  57. Hoppe BO, Prussia L, Manning C, Raab KK, Jones-Casey KV. 2022.. “ It's hard to give hope sometimes”: climate change, mental health, and the challenges for mental health professionals. . Ecopsychology 15::13–25
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  58. Huang L. 2023.. Climate migration 101: an explainer. . Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/climate-migration-101-explainer
    [Google Scholar]
  59. IPCC (Intergov. Panel Clim. Change). 2021.. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Ipsos. 2023.. A new world disorder? Navigating a polycrisis. Rep. , Ipsos, New York:. https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2023-Ipsos-Global-Trends-Report.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Jarrett J, Gauthier S, Baden D, Ainsworth B, Dorey L. 2024.. Eco-anxiety and climate-anxiety linked to indirect exposure: a scoping review of empirical research. . J. Environ. Psychol. 96::102326
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  62. Jarvis GE, Kirmayer LJ. 2023.. Global migration: moral, political and mental health challenges. . Transcult. Psychiatry 60::5–12
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  63. Jones AD. 2017.. Food insecurity and mental health status: a global analysis of 149 countries. . Am. J. Prev. Med. 53::264–73
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  64. Jones CA, Lucas C. 2023.. ‘ Listen to me!’: young people's experiences of talking about emotional impacts of climate change. . Glob. Environ. Change 83::102744
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  65. Kemkes RJ, Akerman S. 2019.. Contending with the nature of climate change: phenomenological interpretations from northern Wisconsin. . Emot. Space Soc. 33::100614
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  66. Kessler RC, McLaughlin KA, Green JG, Gruber MJ, Sampson NA, et al. 2010.. Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO world mental health surveys. . Br. J. Psychiatry 197::378–85
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  67. Kidd SA, Gong J, Massazza A, Bezgrebelna M, Zhang Y, Hajat S. 2023.. Climate change and its implications for developing brains—in utero to youth: a scoping review. . J. Clim. Change Health 13::100258
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  68. Koh H. 2016.. Communicating the health effects of climate change. . JAMA 315::239–40
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  69. Kriebel-Gasparro A. 2022.. Climate change: effects on the older adult. . J. Nurse Pract. 18::372–76
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  70. Lai BS, Esnard A-M, Lowe SR, Peek L. 2016.. Schools and disasters: safety and mental health assessment and interventions for children. . Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 18::109
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  71. Lawrance EL, Thompson R, Newberry Le Vay J, Page L, Jennings N. 2022.. The impact of climate change on mental health and emotional wellbeing: a narrative review of current evidence, and its implications. . Int. Rev. Psychiatry 34::443–98
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  72. Lewis J. 2019.. In the room with climate anxiety: part 2. . Psychiatr. Times 36:(1):23–24
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Liu J, Varghese BM, Hansen A, Xiang J, Zhang Y, et al. 2021.. Is there an association between hot weather and poor mental health outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. . Environ. Int. 153::106533
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  74. Lynas M, Houlton BZ, Perry S. 2021.. Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. . Environ. Res. Lett. 16::114005
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  75. Ma T, Moore J, Cleary A. 2022.. Climate change impacts on the mental health and wellbeing of young people: a scoping review of risk and protective factors. . Soc. Sci. Med. 301::114888
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  76. Maduneme E. 2024.. Some slice of climate anxiety … is good: a cross-sectional survey exploring the relationship between college students media exposure and perceptions about climate change. . J. Health Commun. 29::45–56
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  77. McFarlane AC, Williams R. 2012.. Mental health services required after disasters: learning from the lasting effects of disasters. . Depress. Res. Treat. 2012::970194
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Meadows J, Mansour A, Gatto MR, Li A, Howard A, Bentley R. 2024.. Mental illness and increased vulnerability to negative health effects from extreme heat events: a systematic review. . Psychiatry Res. 332::115678
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  79. Miles-Novelo A, Anderson CA. 2022.. Climate Change and Human Behavior: Impacts of a Rapidly Changing Climate on Human Aggression and Violence. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Monsell A, Krzanowski J, Page L, Cuthbert S, Harvey G. 2021.. What mental health professionals and organisations should do to address climate change. . BJPsych Bull. 45::215–21
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  81. Mugeere A, Barford A, Magimbi P. 2021.. Climate change and young people in Uganda: a literature review. . J. Environ. Dev. 30::344–68
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  82. NCEI (Natl. Cent. Environ. Inf.). 2024.. Monthly global climate report for April 2024. Rep. , NCEI, Asheville, NC:. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202404
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Nemeth DG, Olivier TW. 2017.. Innovative Approaches to Individual and Community Resilience: From Theory to Practice. London:: Elsevier
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Ngcamu BS. 2023.. Climate change effects on vulnerable populations in the Global South: a systematic review. . Nat. Hazards 118::977–91
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  85. Noel P, Cork C, White RG. 2018.. Social capital and mental health in post-disaster/conflict contexts: a systematic review. . Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 12::791–802
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  86. Obuobi-Donkor G, Oluwasina F, Nkire N, Agyapong VIO. 2022.. A scoping review on the prevalence and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder among military personnel and firefighters: implications for public policy and practice. . Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19::1565
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  87. Ogunbode CA, Böhm G, Capstick SB, Demski C, Spence A, Tausch N. 2019.. The resilience paradox: flooding experience, coping and climate change mitigation intentions. . Clim. Policy 19::703–15
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  88. Ogunbode CA, Doran R, Hanss D, Ojala M, Salmela-Aro K, et al. 2022.. Climate anxiety, wellbeing and pro-environmental action: correlates of negative emotional responses to climate change in 32 countries. . J. Environ. Psychol. 84::101887
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  89. Ogunbode CA, Pallesen S, Böhm G, Doran R, Bhullar N, et al. 2021.. Negative emotions about climate change are related to insomnia symptoms and mental health: cross-sectional evidence from 25 countries. . Curr. Psychol. 42::845–54
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  90. Ojala M. 2012.. How do children cope with global climate change? Coping strategies, engagement, and well-being. . J. Environ. Psychol. 32::225–33
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  91. Ojala M. 2022.. Commentary: climate change worry among adolescents—on the importance of going beyond the constructive–unconstructive dichotomy to explore coping efforts—a commentary on Sciberras and Fernando 2021. . Child Adolesc. Ment. Health 27::89–91
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  92. Palinkas LA, O'Donnell ML, Lau W, Wong M. 2020.. Strategies for delivering mental health services in response to global climate change: a narrative review. . Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17::8562
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  93. Park RJ, Behrer AP, Goodman J. 2021.. Learning is inhibited by heat exposure, both internationally and within the United States. . Nat. Hum. Behav. 5::19–27
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  94. Park RJ, Goodman J, Hurwitz M, Smith J. 2020.. Heat and learning. . Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 12::306–39
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  95. Parker G, Lie D, Siskind DJ, Martin-Khan M, Raphael B, et al. 2016.. Mental health implications for older adults after natural disasters—a systematic review and meta-analysis. . Int. Psychogeriatr. 28::11–20
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  96. Parmentier ML, Weiss K, Aroua A, Betry C, Rivière M, Navarro O. 2024.. The influence of environmental crisis perception and trait anxiety on the level of eco-worry and climate anxiety. . J. Anxiety Disord. 101::102799
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  97. Pihkala P. 2022.. The process of eco-anxiety and ecological grief: a narrative review and a new proposal. . Sustainability 14::16628
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  98. Proulx K, Daelmans B, Baltag V, Banati P. 2024.. Climate change impacts on child and adolescent health and well-being: a narrative review. . J. Glob. Health 14::04061
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  99. Radua J, De Prisco M, Oliva V, Fico G, Vieta E, Fusar-Poli P. 2024.. Impact of air pollution and climate change on mental health outcomes: an umbrella review of global evidence. . World Psychiatry 23::244–56
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  100. Ramadan R, Randell A, Lavoie S, Gao CX, Manrique PC, et al. 2023.. Empirical evidence for climate concerns, negative emotions and climate-related mental ill-health in young people: a scoping review. . Early Interv. Psychiatry 17::537–63
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  101. Ridley M, Rao G, Schilbach F, Patel V. 2020.. Poverty, depression, and anxiety: causal evidence and mechanisms. . Science 370::eaay0214
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  102. Ritchie A, Sautner B, Omege J, Denga E, Nwaka B, et al. 2021.. Long-term mental health effects of a devastating wildfire are amplified by sociodemographic and clinical antecedents in college students. . Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 15::707–17
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  103. Rodell M, Li B. 2023.. Changing intensity of hydroclimatic extreme events revealed by GRACE and GRACE-FO. . Nat. Water 1::241–48
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  104. Rothschild J, Haase E. 2023.. The mental health of women and climate change: direct neuropsychiatric impacts and associated psychological concerns. . Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 160::405–13
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  105. Royer MF, Guerithault N, Braden BB, Laska MN, Bruening M. 2021.. Food insecurity is associated with cognitive function: a systematic review of findings across the life course. . Int. J. Transl. Med. 1::205–22
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Salleh MNM, Halim I, Hanizah MY. 2020.. Prevalence and predictors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among firefighters: a systematic review. . Int. J. Public Health Res. 10::1183–94
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Sanson AV, Burke SEL, Van Hoorn J. 2018.. Climate change: implications for parents and parenting. . Parenting 18::200–17
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  108. Sanson AV, Van Hoorn J, Burke SEL. 2019.. Responding to the impacts of the climate crisis on children and youth. . Child Dev. Perspect. 13::201–7
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  109. Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H. 2007.. Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. . Lancet 370::878–89
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  110. Seddighi H, Salmani I, Javadi MH, Seddighi S. 2021.. Child abuse in natural disasters and conflicts: a systematic review. . Trauma Violence Abus. 22::176–85
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  111. Seritan A. 2023.. The impact of climate change on older adults’ mental health: a primer for clinicians. . OBM Geriatr. 7:(4):254
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  112. Seritan A, Asghar-Ali AA, Cooper R, Hatcher A. 2023.. The time is now: climate change and aging adults’ mental health. . Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 31::S21
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  113. Serrano-Ibáñez ER, Corrás T, Del Prado M, Diz J, Varela C. 2023.. Psychological variables associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in firefighters: a systematic review. . Trauma Violence Abus. 24::2049–66
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  114. Sheath D, Flahault A, Seybold J, Saso L. 2020.. Diverse and complex challenges to migrant and refugee mental health: reflections of the M8 Alliance expert group on migrant health. . Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17::3530
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  115. Silva JFB, Coburn J. 2023.. Therapists’ experience of climate change: a dialectic between personal and professional. . Couns. Psychother. Res. 23::417–31
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  116. Sisodiya SM, Gulcebi MI, Fortunato F, Mills JD, Haynes E, et al. 2024.. Climate change and disorders of the nervous system. . Lancet Neurol. 23::636–48
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  117. Sisto A, Vicinanza F, Campanozzi LL, Ricci G, Tartaglini D, Tambone V. 2019.. Towards a transversal definition of psychological resilience: a literature review. . Medicina 55::745
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  118. Smith MR, Golden CD, Myers SS. 2017.. Potential rise in iron deficiency due to future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. . GeoHealth 1::248–57
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  119. Stein PJS, Stein MA. 2022.. Climate change and the right to health of people with disabilities. . Lancet Glob. Health 10::e24–25
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  120. Stollberg J, Jonas E. 2021.. Existential threat as a challenge for individual and collective engagement: climate change and the motivation to act. . Curr. Opin. Psychol. 42::145–50
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  121. Swim JK, Stern PC, Doherty TJ, Clayton S, Reser JP, et al. 2011.. Psychology's contributions to understanding and addressing global climate change. . Am. Psychol. 66::241–50
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  122. Tay HL, Banomyong R, Varadejsatitwong P, Julagasigorn P. 2022.. Mitigating risks in the disaster management cycle. . Adv. Civ. Eng. 2022::7454760
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  123. Thompson R, Lawrance EL, Roberts LF, Grailey K, Ashrafian H, et al. 2023.. Ambient temperature and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. . Lancet Planet. Health 7::e580–89
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  124. Trost K, Ertl V, König J, Rosner R, Comtesse H. 2024.. Climate change-related concerns in psychotherapy: therapists’ experiences and views on addressing this topic in therapy. . BMC Psychol. 12::192
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  125. van Daalen KR, Kallesøe SS, Davey F, Dada S, Jung L, et al. 2022.. Extreme events and gender-based violence: a mixed-methods systematic review. . Lancet Planet. Health 6::e504–23
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  126. van Daalen KR, Wyma N, Schauer-Berg J, Blom IM, Mattijsen J, et al. 2024.. The global health community at international climate change negotiations. . BMJ Glob. Health 9::e015292
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  127. Vergunst F, Berry HL. 2022.. Climate change and children's mental health: a developmental perspective. . Clin. Psychol. Sci. 10::767–85
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  128. Vergunst F, Berry HL, Minor K, Chadi N. 2023.. Climate change and substance-use behaviors: a risk-pathways framework. . Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 18::936–54
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  129. Verlie B. 2021.. Learning to Live with Climate Change: From Anxiety to Transformation. Oxon, UK/New York:: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Vidal C, Latkin C. 2024.. Views of psychiatrists and psychiatry trainees on climate change: distress, training needs, and envisioned role. . Acad. Psychiatry 48::351–56
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  131. Wang J, Obradovich N, Zheng S. 2020.. A 43-million-person investigation into weather and expressed sentiment in a changing climate. . One Earth 2::568–77
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  132. WHO (World Health Organ.). 2024.. Health and well-being. . World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/major-themes/health-and-well-being
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Wullenkord MC, Ojala M. 2023.. Climate-change worry among two cohorts of late adolescents: exploring macro and micro worries, coping, and relations to climate engagement, pessimism, and well-being. . J. Environ. Psychol. 90::102093
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  134. Xue S, Massazza A, Akhter-Khan SC, Wray B, Husain MI, Lawrance EL. 2024.. Mental health and psychosocial interventions in the context of climate change: a scoping review. . npj Mental Health Res. 3::10
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-025932
Loading
Climate Change and Mental Health
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 21, 61 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-025932
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-025932
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-025932
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error