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Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics

Volume 16, 2025

Mechanical Memories in Solids, from Disorder to Design

  • Joseph D. Paulsen1 and Nathan C. Keim2
  • 1Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA; email: [email protected] 2Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; email: [email protected]
  • Vol. 16:61-81 (Volume publication date March 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on September 16, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Solids are rigid, which means that when left undisturbed, their structures are nearly static. It follows that these structures depend on history—but it is surprising that they hold readable memories of past events. Here, we review the research that has recently flourished around mechanical memory formation, beginning with amorphous solids’ various memories of deformation and mesoscopic models based on particle rearrangements. We describe how these concepts apply to a much wider range of solids and glassy matter, and how they are a bridge to memory and physical computing in mechanical metamaterials. An understanding of memory in all these solids can potentially be the basis for designing or training functionality into materials. Just as important is memory's value for understanding matter whenever it is complex, frustrated, and out of equilibrium.

Keyword(s): amorphous solids, crystals, glassy behavior, mechanical metamaterials, memory formation in matter, physical computing
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2025-03-10
2025-06-16
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Mechanical Memories in Solids, from Disorder to Design
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 16, 61 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-032822-035544
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