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Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics

Volume 16, 2025

Shaping Capillary Solids from Statics to Dynamics

  • S.I. Tamim1 and J.B. Bostwick2
  • 1Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA; email: [email protected]
  • Vol. 16:173-194 (Volume publication date March 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on November 04, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

The shape of a soft solid is largely determined by the balance between elastic and surface energies with capillarity becoming important at length scales smaller than the elastocapillary length, which approaches the millimeter scale for the softest hydrogels, leading to many new and surprising phenomena. This review is focused on describing recent experimental and theoretical progress on the deformations of soft solids due to capillarity in two-phase systems for both statics and dynamics. Relative to rigid solids, surface tension can lead to the rounding of sharp corners, wrinkling and creasing, and general morphological shape change of the static equilibrium configuration, beyond a critical elastocapillary number. With regard to dynamics, both surface tension and viscoelasticity affect wave number selection in a number of dynamic pattern formation phenomena in soft solids, such as elastocapillary-gravity waves, Rayleigh–Taylor instability, Plateau–Rayleigh instability, Faraday waves, and drop oscillations, all of which have direct analogs with classical hydrodynamic instabilities helping to interpret the relevant physics.

Keyword(s): capillarity, elasticity, interfacial instability, pattern formation, soft materials, surface and interfacial phenomena, two-phase system
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2025-03-10
2025-06-22
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Shaping Capillary Solids from Statics to Dynamics
Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 16, 173 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-043024-084829
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