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Annual Review of Criminology

Volume 8, 2025

Investments in Policing and Community Safety

  • Aaron Chalfin1,2
  • 1Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; email: [email protected] 2National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
  • Vol. 8:403-429 (Volume publication date January 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on September 03, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

I review the empirical literature on the effects of police staffing, police deployment, and styles of police enforcement. When cities put more police officers on the street, crime and violence have declined without a corresponding increase in arrests for the types of serious offenses that are most likely to lead to imprisonment. Investments in police therefore have the potential to generate a double dividend for society, reducing serious crime without driving up incarceration rates. At the same time, when cities have hired more police, those officers have ended up making many more quality-of-life arrests for minor crimes, thus widening the net of the justice system. The benefits of policing can be maximized and the costs can be minimized when police eschew strategies that revolve explicitly around making large numbers of stops and arrests and instead focus their efforts on more precise and problem-oriented approaches.

Keyword(s): law enforcement, police, public safety
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2025-01-29
2025-06-17
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