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Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volume 53, 2025

How Subduction Margin Processes and Properties Influence the Hikurangi Subduction Zone

  • Stuart Henrys1, Dan Bassett1, Susan Ellis1,2, Laura Wallace3,4,5, Philip M. Barnes6, Donna Eberhart-Phillips7, Demian Saffer3 and Carolyn Boulton8
  • 1GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand 2Ellis Geodynamics, Wainuiomata, New Zealand 3Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 4GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany 5Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany 6National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand 7GNS Science, Dunedin, New Zealand; email: [email protected] 8School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
  • Vol. 53:539-566 (Volume publication date May 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on February 21, 2025
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

The Hikurangi margin has been an important global focus for subduction zone research for the last decade. International Ocean Discovery Program drilling and geophysical investigations have advanced our understanding of megathrust slip behavior. Along and across the margin, detailed imaging reveals that the megathrust structure varies spatially and evolves over time. Heterogeneous properties of the plate boundary zone and overriding plate are impacted by the evolving nature of regional tectonics and inherited overriding plate structure. Along-strike variability in thickness of subducting sediment and northward increasing influence of seamount subduction strongly influence mega-thrust lithologies, fluid pressure, and permeability structure. Together, these exert strong control on spatial variations in coupling, slow slip, and seismicity distribution. Thicker incoming sediment, combined with a compressional upper plate, influences deeper coupling at southern Hikurangi, where paleoseismic investigations reveal recurring great ( > 8.0) earthquakes.

  • ▪  The Hikurangi Subduction Zone is marked by large-scale changes in the subducting Pacific Plate and the overlying plate, with varied tectonic stress, crustal thickness, and sediment cover.
  • ▪  The roughness of the lower plate influences the variability in megathrust slip behavior, particularly where seamounts enhance subduction of fluid-rich sediments.
  • ▪  Variations in sediment composition impact the strength of the subduction interface, with the southern Hikurangi Subduction Zone exhibiting a more uniform megathrust fault.
  • ▪  Properties of the upper plate influence fluid pressures and contribute to the observed along-strike variations in Hikurangi plate coupling and slip behavior.

Keyword(s): earthquakes, geodesy, International Ocean Discovery Program, IODP Expeditions 372 and 375, New Zealand, physical properties, plate interface, seismology, subduction, tsunami
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How Subduction Margin Processes and Properties Influence the Hikurangi Subduction Zone
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 53, 539 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040523-115520
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