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Annual Review of Food Science and Technology

Volume 16, 2025

Decarbonizing the Food System with Microbes and Carbon-Neutral Feedstocks

  • Niaz Mahmud1,2, Kayode J. Taiwo1 and Joseph G. Usack1,3,4
  • 1Sustainable Food Systems Engineering Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; email: [email protected] 2Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA 3New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA 4Institute for Integrative and Precision Agriculture, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
  • Vol. 16:81-104 (Volume publication date April 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on December 03, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Harnessing CO and CO-derived C1–C2 compounds for microbial food production can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and boost sustainability within the food sector. These innovative technologies support carbon neutrality by generating nutrient-rich edible microbial biomass and biocompounds using autotrophic and heterotrophic microbes. However, qualifying microbial food viability and future impacts in the food sector remains challenging due to their diversity, technical complexity, socioeconomic forces, and incipient markets. This review provides an overview of microbial food systems and then delves into the technical interplay among feedstocks, microbes, carbon fixation platforms, bioreactor operations, and downstream processes. The review further explores developing markets for microbial food products, the industrial landscape, economic drivers, and emerging trends in next-generation food products. The analysis suggests a transformative shift in the food industry is underway, yet significant challenges persist, such as securing cost-effective feedstocks, improving downstream processing efficiency, and gaining consumer acceptance. These challenges require innovative solutions and collaborative efforts to ensure the future commercial success of microbial foods—doing so will create myriad opportunities to transform and decarbonize our food system.

Keyword(s): biocatalysts, bioreactors, carbon fixation, downstream processing, microbial foods, sustainability
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2025-04-28
2025-06-18
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-111523-121717
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Decarbonizing the Food System with Microbes and Carbon-Neutral Feedstocks
Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 16, 81 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-111523-121717
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-111523-121717
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-food-111523-121717
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