1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Law and Social Science
  4. Volume 20, 2024
  5. Article

Annual Review of Law and Social Science

Volume 20, 2024

What Does It Mean to Be an Ethical Lawyer? The Importance of Context

Abstract

Although the entire legal profession shares a single ethical code, lawyers’ understanding of what it means to be “ethical” shows considerable variation. This article discusses the factors that shape lawyers’ ethical conduct in practice. We review the role of legal education, bar associations, the workplace, and hard and soft regulators in the construction of lawyers’ ethical values. We then explore the important role that practice contexts play in shaping lawyers’ understanding of appropriate ethical conduct. Some of the key explanatory factors for differences among lawyers include type of client, office size, specialty and specialization, regulators, and the extent to which lawyers engage in litigation. We then anticipate new ethical challenges for lawyers created by market pressures and other factors and identify questions for future research.

Keyword(s): communities of practice, ethical conduct, lawyer regulation, legal profession, professional responsibility
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041822-033834
2024-10-14
2025-04-30
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/lawsocsci/20/1/annurev-lawsocsci-041822-033834.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041822-033834&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abel RL. 1989.. American Lawyers. New York:: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Abel RL. 2008.. Lawyers in the Dock: Learning from Attorney Discipline Proceedings. New York:: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Albiston C, Cummings SL, Abel RL. 2021.. Making public interest lawyers in a time of crisis: an evidence-based approach. . Georgetown J. Legal Ethics 34:(2):223–93
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Am. Bar Assoc. (ABA). 2023a.. 2021 Survey on lawyer discipline systems (ABA SOLD). Rep., ABA, Chicago:. https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/professional_responsibility/sold-survey/2021/2021-sold-report-final.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Am. Bar Assoc. (ABA). 2023b.. ABA profile of the legal profession 2023. Rep., ABA, Chicago:. https://www.abalegalprofile.com/
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Anderson JM, Heaton P. 2012.. How much difference does the lawyer make? The effect of defense counsel on murder case outcomes. . Yale Law J. 122:(1):154–217
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Arnold BL, Hagen J. 1992.. Careers of misconduct: the structure of prosecuted professional deviance among lawyers. . Am. Sociol. Rev. 57:(6):771–80
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  8. Assoc. Corp. Couns. (ACC), Major, Lindsey & Africa. 2023.. ACC 2023 Law Department management benchmarking report: executive summary. Rep., Assoc. Corp. Couns., Washington, DC:. https://www.acc.com/sites/default/files/2023-06/ACC_2023_LDMB_Report_Executive_Summary.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Auerbach JS. 1976.. Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America. New York:: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Baker T, Swedloff R. 2015.. Liability insurer data as a window on lawyers’ professional liability. . U.C. Irvine Law Rev. 5:(6):1273–316
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Barkow RE. 2010.. Organizational guidelines for the prosecutor's office. . Cardozo Law Rev. 31:(6):2089–118
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Bibas S. 2009.. Prosecutorial regulation versus prosecutorial accountability. . Univ. Pa. Law Rev. 157:(4):959–1016
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Carlin JE. 1962.. Lawyers on Their Own: A Study of Individual Practitioners in Chicago. New Brunswick, NJ:: Rutgers Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Carlin JE. 1966.. Lawyers’ Ethics: A Survey of the New York City Bar. New York:: Russell Sage
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Casper JD. 1972.. American Criminal Justice: The Defendant's Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:: Prentice Hall
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Chambliss E. 2006.. The professionalization of law firm in-house ethics counsel. . N.C. Law Rev. 84:(5):1515–75
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Chambliss E. 2012.. Whose ethics? The benchmark problem in legal ethics research. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 47–60
  18. Chambliss E, Wilkins DB. 2002.. Promoting effective ethical infrastructure in large law firms: a call for research and reporting. . Hofstra Law Rev. 30:(3):691–716
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Clark K. 2000.. The legacy of Watergate for legal ethics instruction. . Hastings Law J. 51:(4):673–82
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Clayton CW. 1995.. Introduction: politics and the legal bureaucracy. . In Government Lawyers: The Federal Bureaucracy and Presidential Politics, ed. CW Clayton , pp. 1–29. Lawrence:: Univ. Press Kans.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Cormacain R. 2017.. Legislation, legislative drafting and the rule of law. . Theory Pract. Legis. 5:(2):115–36
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  22. Cohen GM. 1997.. Legal malpractice insurance and loss prevention: a comparative analysis of economic institutions. . Conn. Insur. Law J. 4:(1):305–52
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Conley JM, Mather L. 2012.. Scientists at the bar: the professional world of patent lawyers. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 245–68
  24. Copeland KR. 2011.. In-house counsel beware!. Fordham Urban Law J. 39:(2):391–443
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Cramton RC. 1991.. The lawyer as whistleblower: confidentiality and the government lawyer. . Georgetown J. Legal Ethics 5:(2):291–316
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Cummings SL. 2024.. Lawyers in backsliding democracy. . Calif. Law Rev. 112::513–623
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Daicoff SS. 2014.. Lawyer form thyself: professional identify formation strategies in legal education through “soft skills” training, ethics, and experiential courses. . . Regent Univ. Law Rev. 27:(2):205–24
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Daniels S, Martin J. 2015.. Tort Reform, Plaintiffs’ Lawyers, and Access to Justice. Lawrence:: Univ. Press Kans.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Davis AE. 1996.. Professional liability insurers as regulators of law practice. . Fordham Law Rev. 65:(1):209–32
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Davis AE. 2008.. Legal ethics and risk management: complementary visions of lawyer regulation. . Georgetown J. Legal Ethics 21:(1):95–132
     [Google Scholar]
  31. DeMott DA. 2005.. The discrete roles of general counsel. . Fordham Law Rev. 74:(3):955–81
     [Google Scholar]
  32. DeMott DA. 2012.. The stages of scandal and the roles of general counsel. . Wis. Law Rev. 2012::463–93
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Donnell JD. 1970.. The corporate counsel and his “client”: use of role analysis to illumine strains in the lawyer-client relationship. . Indiana Law J. 45:(4):514–49
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Eisenstein J, Jacob H. 1977.. Felony Justice: An Organizational Analysis of Federal Criminal Courts. Boston: Little, Brown:
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Engstrom N. 2009.. Run of the mill justice. . Georgetown J. Legal Ethics 22:(4):1485–547
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Farkas G. 2019.. Discrepancies by race and gender in attorney discipline by the State Bar of California: an empirical analysis. Agenda Item, Oct. 31. , State Calif. Bar, San Francisco. https://board.calbar.ca.gov/docs/agendaItem/Public/agendaitem1000025090.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Fleischer V. 2010.. Regulatory arbitrage.. Tex. Law Rev. 89:(2):227–90
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Flemming RB, Nardulli PF, Eisenstein J. 1992.. The Craft of Justice: Politics and Work in Criminal Court. Philadelphia:: Univ. Pa. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Flood J. 2016.. Corporate lawyer-client relationships: bankers, lawyers, clients and enduring connections. . Legal Ethics 19:(1):76–96
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  40. Frederick B, Stemen D. 2012.. The anatomy of discretion: an analysis of prosecutorial decision making. Tech. Rep., Vera Inst. Justice, Brooklyn, NY:
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Frederique N, Joseph P, Hild RCC. 2014–2015.. What is the state of empirical research on indigent defense nationwide: a brief overview and suggestions for future research. . Albany Law Rev. 78:(3):1317–40
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Gallagher WT. 2011.. IP legal ethics in the everyday practice of law: an empirical perspective on patent litigators. . J. Marshall Rev. Intellect. Prop. Law 10:(2):309–64
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Gilman O. 2023.. Delivering the art of the possible: an insight into the role of government lawyers in facilitating the recognition of same-sex relationships in the United Kingdom. . In Research Handbook on Family Justice Systems, ed. M Maclean, R Treloar , pp. 380–400. Cheltenham, UK:: Edward Elgar
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Granfield R. 1992.. Making Elite Lawyers: Visions of Law at Harvard and Beyond. New York:: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Greene SS. 2016.. Race, class, and access to justice. . Iowa Law Rev. 101:(4):1263–321
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Halliday TC. 1987.. Beyond Monopoly: Lawyers, State Crises, and Professional Empowerment. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Hamilton NW, Monson V. 2011.. Legal education's ethical challenge: empirical research on how most effectively to foster each student's professional formation (professionalism). . Univ. St. Thomas Law J. 9:(2):325–402
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Handler JF. 1967.. The Lawyer and His Community: The Practicing Bar in a Mid-Sized City. Madison:: Univ. Wis. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Hatfield M, Kwon M. 2022.. A study of tax lawyers discussing duties. . Tax Lawyer 76:(1):73–140
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Heinz JP, Laumann EO. 1982.. Chicago Lawyers: The Social Structure of the Bar. New York:: Russell Sage
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Heinz JP, Nelson RL, Sandefur RL, Laumann EO. 2005.. Urban Lawyers: The New Social Structure of the Bar. Chicago:: Chicago Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Henderson W. 2021.. In-house is bigger than BigLaw. . Legal Evolution, Sept. 30. https://www.legalevolution.org/2021/09/in-house-is-bigger-than-biglaw-262/
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Henderson WD, Bierman L. 2009.. An empirical analysis of lateral lawyer trends from 2000 to 2007: the emerging equilibrium for corporate law firms. . Georgetown J. Legal Ethics 22:(4):1395–430
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Herz M. 1995.. The attorney particular: governmental role of the agency general counsel. . In Government Lawyers: The Federal Bureaucracy and Presidential Politics, ed. CW Clayton , pp. 143–79. Lawrence:: Univ. Press Kans.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Heumann M. 1978.. Plea Bargaining: The Experiences of Prosecutors, Judges, and Defense Attorneys. Chicago:: Chicago Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Hosticka CJ. 1979.. We don't care what happened, we only care what is going to happen: lawyer-client negotiations of reality. . Soc. Probl. 26:(5):599–610
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  57. Johnstone Q. 1996.. Bar associations: policies and performances. . Yale Law Policy Rev. 15:(1):193–243
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Katz J. 1982.. Poor People's Lawyers in Transition. New Brunswick, NJ:: Rutgers Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Kay FM, Gorman EH. 2008.. Women in the legal profession. . Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 4::299–332
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kelly M. 1994.. Lives of Lawyers: Journeys in the Organizations of Practice. Ann Arbor:: Univ. Mich. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Kennedy D. 1983.. Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy: A Polemic Against the System: Cambridge, MA:: Afar
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Kewelramani D. 2017.. Issues to consider regarding in-house disqualification. . LexisNexis, Febr. 10. https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/insights/legal/practical-guidance-journal/b/pa/posts/issues-to-consider-regarding-in-house-counsel-disqualification
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Kilpatrick J. 1997.. Specialty lawyer associations: their role in the socialization process. . Gonzaga Law Rev. 33:(3):501–70
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Kim SH. 2012.. The ethics of in-house practice. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 197–220
  65. Kirkland K. 2005.. Ethics in large law firms: the principle of pragmatism. . Memphis Law Rev. 35:(4):631–730
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Kirkland K. 2012.. The ethics of constructing truth: the corporate litigator's approach. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 152–75
  67. Kritzer HM. 2004.. Risks, Reputations, and Rewards: Contingency Fee Legal Practice in the United States. Stanford, CA:: Stanford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Kritzer HM, Vidmar N. 2018.. When Lawyers Screw Up: Improving Access to Justice for Legal Malpractice Victims. Lawrence:: Univ. Kans. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Lanctot C. 1991.. The duty of zealous advocacy and the ethics of the government lawyer: the three hardest questions. . South. Calif. Law Rev. 64:(4):951–1018
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Landon D. 1990.. Country Lawyers: The Impact of Context on Professional Practice. New York:: Praeger
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Lazega E. 2001.. The Social Mechanisms of Cooperation among Peers in a Corporate Law Partnership. New York:: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Lee JJ. 2020.. Double standards: an empirical study of patent and trademark discipline.. Boston Coll. Law Rev. 61:(5):1613–86
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Lee S, Ashar SM. 2019.. DACA, government lawyers, and the public interest. . Fordham Law Rev. 87:(5):1879–912
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Le Mire S, Parker C. 2008.. Keeping it in-house: ethics in the relationship between large law firm lawyers and their corporate clients through the eyes of in-house counsel. . Legal Ethics 11:(2):201–29
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  75. Levin LC. 2004.. The ethical world of solo and small law firm practictioners. . Houston Law Rev. 41:(2):309–92
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Levin LC. 2011.. Specialty bars as a site of professionalism: the immigration bar example. . Univ. St. Thomas Law J. 8:(2):194–224
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Levin LC. 2012.. Immigration lawyers and the lying client. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 87–109
  78. Levin LC. 2016.. Regulators at the margins: the impact of malpractice insurers on solo and small firm lawyers. . Conn. Law Rev. 49:(2):555–612
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Levin LC, Mather L, eds. 2012.. Lawyers in Practice: Ethical Decision Making in Context. Chicago:: Chicago Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Levine KL. 2006.. The intimacy discount: prosecutorial discretion, privacy, and equality in the statutory rape caseload. . Emory Law J. 55:(4):691–750
     [Google Scholar]
  81. López GP. 1992.. Rebellious Lawyering: One Chicano's Vision of Progressive Law Practice. Boulder, CO:: Westview
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Mann K. 1985.. Defending White Collar Crime: A Portrait of Attorneys at Work. New Haven, CT:: Yale Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Marcello DA. 1995.. The ethics and politics of legislative drafting. . Tulane Law Rev. 70:(6):2437–64
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Mastenbroek E, Tholen B. 2009.. The ethical dilemmas of national government lawyers in a Europeanized setting. . Paper prepared for NIG National Conference , Leiden:, Nov. 13
  85. Mather L. 1979.. Plea Bargaining or Trial? The Process of Criminal Case Disposition. Lexington, MA:: Lexington Books
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Mather L. 2003.. What do clients want? What do lawyers do?. Emory Law J. 52:(3):1065–86
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Mather L, Levin LC. 2023.. Who's the fairest one of all? The construction of hierarchy in the legal profession. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Research Committee on the Sociology of Law, Lund:, Aug. 30–Sep. 1
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Mather L, McEwen CA. 2012.. Client grievances and lawyer conduct: the challenges of divorce practice. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 63–86
  89. Mather L, McEwen CA, Maiman RJ. 2001.. Divorce Lawyers at Work: Varieties of Professionalism in Practice. New York:: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Mertz E. 2007.. The Language of Law School: Learning to “Think Like a Lawyer.” New York:: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Miller GP. 1987.. Government lawyers’ ethics in a system of checks and balances. . Univ. Chicago Law Rev. 54:(4):1293–99
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  92. Miller ML, Wright RF. 2008.. The black box. . Iowa Law Rev. 94:(1):125–96
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Moley R. 1929.. Politics and Criminal Prosecution. New York:: Minton Balch
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Moorhead R, Vaughan S, Godinho C. 2019.. In-House Lawyers’ Ethics: Institutional Logics, Legal Risk and the Tournament of Influence. Oxford, UK:: Hart Publ.
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Nelson R. 1985.. Ideology, practice and professional autonomy: social values and client relationships in the large law firm. . Stanford Law Rev. 37:(2):503–51
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  96. Nelson RL, Dinovitzer R, Garth BG, Sterling JS, Wilkins DB, et al. 2023.. The Making of Lawyers’ Careers: Inequality and Opportunity in the American Legal Profession. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Nelson RL, Nielsen LB. 2000.. Cops, counsel, and entrepreneurs: constructing the role of inside counsel in large corporations. . Law Soc. Rev. 34:(2):457–494
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  98. Nelson RL, Trubek DM. 1992.. Arenas of professionalism: the professional ideologies of lawyers in context. . In Lawyers’ Ideals/Lawyers’ Practices: Transformations in the American Legal Profession, ed. RL Nelson, DM Trubek, RL Solomon , pp. 177–214. Ithaca, NY:: Cornell Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Nourse VF, Schachter JS. 2002.. The politics of legislative drafting: a congressional case study. . NYU Law Rev. 77:(3):575–624
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Plickert G. 2022.. After the JD III: Third Results from a National Study of Legal Careers. Chicago:: Am. Bar Found., NALP Found. https://www.americanbarfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/after-the-jd-phase-3.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Powell MJ. 1988.. From Patrician to Professional Elite: The Transformation of the New York City Bar Association. New York:: Russell Sage
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Primus EB. 2016.. Culture as a structural problem in indigent defense. . Minn. Law Rev. 100:(5):1769–821
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Purdy R. 1987.. Professional responsibility for legislative drafters: suggested guidelines and discussion of ethics and role problems. . Seton Hall Legis. J. 11:(1):67–120
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Regan M, Rohrer LH. 2021.. BigLaw: Money and Meaning in the Modern Law Firm. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Regan MC Jr. 2004.. Eat What You Kill: The Fall of a Wall Street Lawyer. Ann Arbor:: Univ. Mich. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Reisinger E. 2011.. Prosecutors targeting in-house counsel. . Daily Report, Oct. 7
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Richardson LS, Goff PA. 2013.. Implicit racial bias in public defender triage. . Yale Law J. 122:(8):2626–49
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Robbennolt JK, Sternlight JR. 2013.. Behavioral legal ethics. . Ariz. State Law J. 45:(3):1107–82
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Rosen RE. 1989.. The inside counsel movement, professional judgment and organizational representation. . Indiana Law J. 64:(3):479–553
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Rosenthal DE. 1974.. Lawyer and Client: Who's in Charge? New York:: Russell Sage
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Rostain T. 2008.. General counsel in the age of compliance: preliminary findings and new research questions. . Georgetown J. Legal Ethics 21:(2):465–90
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Schmidt P. 2012.. The ethical lives of securities lawyers. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 221–44
  113. Schneyer T. 1991.. Professional discipline for law firms?. Cornell Law Rev. 77:(1):1–46
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Schneyer T. 1998.. A tale of four systems: reflections on how law influences the “ethical infrastructure” of law firms. . South. Tex. Law Rev. 39:(2):245–78
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Shdaimah CS. 2012.. Legal services lawyers: when conceptions of lawyering and values clash. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 317–39
  116. Sloan K. 2022.. ABA leader to step down as lawyer group fights to keep members. . Reuters, Nov. 10. https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/aba-leader-step-down-lawyer-group-fights-keep-members-2022-11-10/
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Southworth A. 1996.. Lawyer-client decisionmaking in civil rights and poverty practice: an empirical study of lawyers’ norms. . Georgetown J. Legal Ethics 9:(4):1101–56
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Starr SB, Rehavi MM. 2013.. Mandatory sentencing and racial disparity, assessing the role of prosecutors and the effects of Booker. . Yale Law J. 123:(1):2–81
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Sterling JS, Reichman N. 2016.. Overlooked and undervalued: women in private law practice. . Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 12::373–93
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  120. Stover RV. 1989.. Making It and Breaking It: The Fate of Public Interest Commitment During Law School. Champaign:: Univ. Ill. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Suchman MC. 1998.. Working without a net: the sociology of legal ethics in corporate litigation. . Fordham Law Rev. 67:(2):837–74
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Tholen B, Mastenbroek E. 2013.. Guardians of the law or loyal administrators? Toward a refined administrative ethos for legislative drafters. . Adm. Theory Praxis 35:(4):487–506
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  123. Uphoff RJ, Wood PB. 1998.. The allocation of decisionmaking between defense counsel and criminal defendant: an empirical study of attorney-client decisionmaking. . Univ. Kans. Law Rev. 47:(1):1–60
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Van Cleve NG. 2012.. Reinterpreting the zealous advocate: multiple intermediary roles of the criminal defense attorney. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 293–316
  125. Van Cleve NG. 2016.. Crook County: Racism and Injustice in America's Largest Criminal Court. Stanford, CA:: Stanford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Vaughan S, Oakley E. 2016.. ‘Gorilla exceptions’ and the ethically apathetic corporate lawyer. . Legal Ethics 19:(1):50–75
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  127. White LE. 1990.. Subordination, rhetorical survival skills, and Sunday shoes: notes on the hearing of Mrs. G. . Buff. Law Rev. 38:(1):1–58
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Wilkins DB. 1990.. Legal realism for lawyers. . Harvard Law Rev. 104:(2):468–524
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  129. Wilkins DB. 1992.. Who should regulate lawyers?. Harvard Law Rev. 105:(4):799–807
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  130. Wilkins DB. 2012.. Some realism about legal realism for lawyers: assessing the role of context in legal ethics. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 25–46
  131. Wilkins DB, Gulati GM. 1996.. Why are there so few Black lawyers in corporate law firms?. Calif. Law Rev. 84:(3):493–624
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  132. Wright MS, Baughman SB, Robertson C. 2022.. Inside the black box of prosecutor discretion. . UC Davis Law Rev. 55:(4):2133–208
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Wright RF, Levine KL. 2014.. The cure for Young Prosecutors’ Syndrome. . Ariz. Law Rev. 56:(4):1066–128
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Wright R, Roberts J. 2023.. Expanded criminal defense lawyering. . Annu. Rev. Criminol. 6::241–64
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  135. Yaroshefsky E, Green BA. 2012.. Prosecutors’ ethics in context. . See Levin & Mather 2012 , pp. 269–92
  136. Zaloznaya M, Nielsen LB. 2011.. Mechanisms & consequences of professional marginality: the case of poverty lawyers revisited. . Law Soc. Inq. 36:(4):919–44
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  137. Zemans FK, Rosenblum VG. 1981.. The Making of a Public Profession. Chicago:: Am. Bar Found.
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041822-033834
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error