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Annual Review of Marine Science

Volume 17, 2025

Land Bridges and Rafting Theories to Explain Terrestrial-Vertebrate Biodiversity on Madagascar

  • Jason R. Ali1 and S. Blair Hedges2
  • 1Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Dresden, Dresden, Germany; email: [email protected] 2Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Vol. 17:281-299 (Volume publication date January 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on June 14, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Madagascar's celebrated land-vertebrate assemblage has long been studied and discussed. How the ancestors of the 30 different lineages arrived on the island, which has existed since 85 Mya and is separated from neighboring Africa by 430 km of water, is a deeply important question. Did the colonizations take place when the landmass formed part of Gondwana, or did they occur later and involve either now-drowned causeways or overwater dispersal (on vegetation rafts or by floating/swimming)? Following a historical review, we appraise the geological–geophysical evidence and the faunal-suite colonization record. Twenty-six of the clades are explained by temporally stochastic overwater dispersals, spanning 69–0 Mya, while two others are considered Gondwanan vicariant relicts. Due to a lack of information, the remaining two groups cannot be evaluated. The findings thus appear to resolve a debate that has rumbled along, with sporadic eruptions, since the mid-1800s.

Keyword(s): Davie Ridge, lemurs, molecular-clock age dates, Mozambique Channel, overwater dispersal, vicariance
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Land Bridges and Rafting Theories to Explain Terrestrial-Vertebrate Biodiversity on Madagascar
Annual Review of Marine Science 17, 281 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-025654
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-025654
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