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Annual Review of Medicine

Volume 76, 2025

Circulating Tumor DNA: A Pan-Cancer Biomarker in Solid Tumors with Prognostic and Predictive Value

  • Nadia Hitchen1, Adel Shahnam1 and Jeanne Tie1,2
  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; email: [email protected] 2Division of Personalised Oncology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • Vol. 76:207-223 (Volume publication date January 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on November 21, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), often referred to as a liquid biopsy, represents a promising biomarker in the management of both localized and advanced solid tumors. It has garnered significant attention due to its potential to inform prognosis and guide therapeutic decisions. The clinical utility of ctDNA spans early cancer detection, minimal residual disease identification, recurrence surveillance, treatment monitoring, and precision oncology treatment decision-making in the advanced setting. Unlike conventional radiological assessments, the short half-life of ctDNA allows for more timely insights into disease dynamics. Several technological approaches are available to measure ctDNA, including next-generation sequencing and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, although their clinical accuracy depends on multiple biological and technical factors. This review evaluates current evidence surrounding ctDNA's utility in early and advanced solid tumors.

Keyword(s): biomarker, cancer, ctDNA
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2025-01-27
2025-06-20
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Circulating Tumor DNA: A Pan-Cancer Biomarker in Solid Tumors with Prognostic and Predictive Value
Annual Review of Medicine 76, 207 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-100223-090016
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-med-100223-090016
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-med-100223-090016
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