1932

Abstract

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its discovery was an unexpected consequence of brain-imaging studies first performed with positron emission tomography in which various novel, attention-demanding, and non-self-referential tasks were compared with quiet repose either with eyes closed or with simple visual fixation. The default mode network consistently decreases its activity when compared with activity during these relaxed nontask states. The discovery of the default mode network reignited a longstanding interest in the significance of the brain's ongoing or intrinsic activity. Presently, studies of the brain's intrinsic activity, popularly referred to as resting-state studies, have come to play a major role in studies of the human brain in health and disease. The brain's default mode network plays a central role in this work.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014030
2015-07-08
2024-10-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/neuro/38/1/annurev-neuro-071013-014030.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014030&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Amedi A, Malach R, Pascual-Leone A. 2005. Negative BOLD differentiates visual imagery and perception. Neuron 48:859–72 [Google Scholar]
  2. Andrews-Hanna JR, Reidler JS, Huang C, Buckner RL. 2010a. Evidence for the default network's role in spontaneous cognition. J. Neurophysiol. 104:322–35 [Google Scholar]
  3. Andrews-Hanna JR, Reidler JS, Sepulcre J, Poulin R, Buckner RL. 2010b. Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain's default network. Neuron 65:550–62 [Google Scholar]
  4. Bandettini PA, Wong EC, Hinks RS, Tikofsky RS, Hyde JS. 1992. Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation. Magn. Reson. Med. 25:390–97 [Google Scholar]
  5. Barbas H. 2007. Specialized elements of orbitofrontal cortex in primates. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1121:10–32 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR. 1997. Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science 275:1293–95 [Google Scholar]
  7. Binder JR, Frost JA, Hammeke TA, Bellgowan PS, Rao SM, Cox RW. 1999. Conceptual processing during the conscious resting state: A functional MRI study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11:80–93 [Google Scholar]
  8. Biswal B, Yetkin FZ, Haughton VM, Hyde JS. 1995. Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 34:537–41 [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown TG. 1914. On the nature of the fundamental activity of the nervous centres; together with an analysis of the conditioning of rhythmic activity in progression, and a theory of the evolution of function in the nervous system. J. Physiol. 48:18–46 [Google Scholar]
  10. Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL. 2008. The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1124:1–38 [Google Scholar]
  11. Christoff K, Gordon AM, Smallwood J, Smith R, Schooler JW. 2009. Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering. PNAS 106:8719–24 [Google Scholar]
  12. Clarke DD, Sokoloff L. 1999. Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain. Basic Neurochemistry. Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects BW Agranoff, GJ Siegel 637–70 Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven [Google Scholar]
  13. Corbetta M, Shulman GL. 2002. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3:201–15 [Google Scholar]
  14. Damasio AR, Van Hoesen GW. 1983. Emotional disturbances associated with focal lesions of the limbic frontal lobe. Neuropsychology of Human Emotion KM Heilman, P Satz 85–110 New York: Guilford Press [Google Scholar]
  15. Damasio H, Grabowski T, Frank R, Galaburda AM, Damasio AR. 1994. The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science 264:1102–5 [Google Scholar]
  16. Drevets WC, Burton H, Videen TO, Snyder AZ, Simpson JR Jr, Raichle ME. 1995. Blood flow changes in human somatosensory cortex during anticipated stimulation. Nature 373:249–52 [Google Scholar]
  17. Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson JR Jr, Todd RD, Reich T. et al. 1997. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature 386:824–27 [Google Scholar]
  18. Fair DA, Dosenbach NU, Church JA, Cohen AL, Brahmbhatt S. et al. 2007. Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration. PNAS 104:13507–12 [Google Scholar]
  19. Fox MD, Corbetta M, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Raichle ME. 2006. Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems. PNAS 103:10046–51 [Google Scholar]
  20. Fox MD, Raichle M. 2007. Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8:700–11 [Google Scholar]
  21. Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME. 2005. The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. PNAS 102:9673–78 [Google Scholar]
  22. Fox MD, Zhang D, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME. 2009. The global signal and observed anticorrelated resting state brain networks. J. Neurophysiol. 101:3270–83 [Google Scholar]
  23. Fox PT, Mintun MA, Raichle ME, Miezin FM, Allman JM, Van Essen DC. 1986. Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography. Nature 323:806–9 [Google Scholar]
  24. Frahm J, Bruhn H, Merboldt KD, Hänicke W. 1992. Dynamic MR imaging of human brain oxygenation during rest and photic stimulation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2:501–5 [Google Scholar]
  25. Fukunaga M, Horovitz SG, van Gelderen P, de Zwart JA, Jansma JM. et al. 2006. Large-amplitude, spatially correlated fluctuations in BOLD fMRI signals during extended rest and early sleep stages. Magn. Reson. Imaging 24:979–92 [Google Scholar]
  26. Ghatan PH, Hsieh JC, Petersson KM, Stone-Elander S, Ingvar M. 1998. Coexistence of attention-based facilitation and inhibition in the human cortex. NeuroImage 7:23–29 [Google Scholar]
  27. Goyal MS, Hawrylycz M, Miller JA, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME. 2014. Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression. Cell Metab. 19:49–57 [Google Scholar]
  28. Greicius MD, Kiviniemi V, Tervonen O, Vainionpää V, Alahuhta S. et al. 2008. Persistent default-mode network connectivity during light sedation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29:839–47 [Google Scholar]
  29. Greicius MD, Krasnow B, Reiss AL, Menon V. 2003. Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. PNAS 100:253–58 [Google Scholar]
  30. Greicius MD, Srivastava G, Reiss AL, Menon V. 2004. Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer's disease from healthy aging: evidence from functional MRI. PNAS 101:4637–42 [Google Scholar]
  31. Gusnard DA, Akbudak E, Shulman GL, Raichle ME. 2001. Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: relation to a default mode of brain function. PNAS 98:4259–64 [Google Scholar]
  32. Gusnard DA, Raichle ME. 2001. Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2:685–94 [Google Scholar]
  33. Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Meuli R, Honey CJ. et al. 2008. Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLOS Biol. 6:e159 [Google Scholar]
  34. Kahneman D. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow New York: Penguin [Google Scholar]
  35. Kawashima R, O'Sullivan BT, Roland PE. 1995. Positron-emission tomography studies of cross-modality inhibition in selective attentional tasks: closing the “mind's eye.”. PNAS 92:5969–72 [Google Scholar]
  36. Kwong KK, Belliveau JW, Chesler DA, Goldberg IE, Weisskoff RM. et al. 1992. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. PNAS 89:5675–79 [Google Scholar]
  37. Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN. 1997. International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Technical Manual and Affective Ratings Gainesville, Fla.: Natl. Inst. Ment. Health (NIMH) Cent. Study Emot. Atten. [Google Scholar]
  38. Larson-Prior LJ, Zempel JM, Nolan TS, Prior FW, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME. 2009. Cortical network functional connectivity in the descent to sleep. PNAS 106:4489–94 [Google Scholar]
  39. Lebrun-Grandié P, Baron JC, Soussaline F, Loch'h C, Sastre J, Bousser MG. 1983. Coupling between regional blood flow and oxygen utilization in the normal human brain. A study with positron tomography and oxygen 15. Arch. Neurol. 40:230–36 [Google Scholar]
  40. Llinas RR. 2001. I of the Vortex: From Neurons to Self Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [Google Scholar]
  41. Lu H, Zou Q, Gu H, Raichle ME, Stein EA, Yang Y. 2012. Rat brains also have a default mode network. PNAS 109:3979–84 [Google Scholar]
  42. Lu H, Zuo Y, Gu H, Waltz JA, Zhan W. et al. 2007. Synchronized delta oscillations correlate with the resting-state functional MRI signal. PNAS 104:18265–69 [Google Scholar]
  43. Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, McNeely HE, Seminowicz D. et al. 2005. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 45:651–60 [Google Scholar]
  44. Mazoyer B, Zago L, Mellet E, Bricogne S, Etard O. et al. 2001. Cortical networks for working memory and executive functions sustain the conscious resting state in man. Brain Res. Bull. 54:287–98 [Google Scholar]
  45. Ogawa S, Lee TM, Kay AR, Tank DW. 1990. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. PNAS 87:9868–72 [Google Scholar]
  46. Ongür D, Price JL. 2000. The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cereb. Cortex 10:206–19 [Google Scholar]
  47. Popa D, Popescu AT, Pare D. 2009. Contrasting activity profile of two distributed cortical networks as a function of attentional demands. J. Neurosci. 29:1191–201 [Google Scholar]
  48. Posner MI, Raichle ME. 1994. Images of Mind New York: Freeman [Google Scholar]
  49. Price CJ. 2012. A review and synthesis of the first 20 years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading. NeuroImage 62:816–47 [Google Scholar]
  50. Raichle ME. 2009. A brief history of human brain mapping. Trends Neurosci. 32:118–26 [Google Scholar]
  51. Raichle ME. 2010. Two views of brain function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14:180–90 [Google Scholar]
  52. Raichle ME. 2011. The restless brain. Brain Connect. 1:3–12 [Google Scholar]
  53. Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. 2001. A default mode of brain function. PNAS 98:676–82 [Google Scholar]
  54. Raichle ME, Mintun MA. 2006. Brain work and brain imaging. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 29:449–76 [Google Scholar]
  55. Seeley WW, Menon V, Schatzberg AF, Keller J, Glover GH. et al. 2007. Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J. Neurosci. 27:2349–56 [Google Scholar]
  56. Shannon BJ, Dosenbach RA, Su Y, Vlassenko AG, Larson-Prior LJ. et al. 2013. Morning-evening variation in human brain metabolism and memory circuits. J. Neurophysiol. 109:1444–56 [Google Scholar]
  57. Shannon BJ, Raichle ME, Snyder AZ, Fair DA, Mills KL. et al. 2011. Premotor functional connectivity predicts impulsivity in juvenile offenders. PNAS 108:11241–45 [Google Scholar]
  58. Sherrington CS. 1906. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  59. Shmuel A, Augath M, Oeltermann A, Logothetis NK. 2006. Negative functional MRI response correlates with decreases in neuronal activity in monkey visual area V1. Nat. Neurosci. 9:569–77 [Google Scholar]
  60. Shulman GL, Fiez JA, Corbetta M, Buckner RL, Miezin FM. et al. 1997. Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II. Decreases in cerebral cortex. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 9:648–63 [Google Scholar]
  61. Simpson JR Jr., Drevets WC, Snyder AZ, Gusnard DA, Raichle ME. 2001a. Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: II. During anticipatory anxiety. PNAS 98:688–93 [Google Scholar]
  62. Simpson JR Jr, Snyder AZ, Gusnard DA, Raichle ME. 2001b. Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: I. During cognitive task performance. PNAS 98:683–87 [Google Scholar]
  63. Smith AT, Singh KD, Greenlee MW. 2000. Attentional suppression of activity in the human visual cortex. NeuroReport 11:271–77 [Google Scholar]
  64. Smith SM, Fox PT, Miller KL, Glahn DC, Fox PM. et al. 2009. Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest. PNAS 106:13040–45 [Google Scholar]
  65. Snyder AZ, Raichle ME. 2012. A brief history of the resting state: the Washington University perspective. NeuroImage 62:902–10 [Google Scholar]
  66. Somers DC, Dale AM, Seiffert AE, Tootell RB. 1999. Functional MRI reveals spatially specific attentional modulation in human primary visual cortex. PNAS 96:1663–68 [Google Scholar]
  67. Stafford JM, Jarrett BR, Miranda-Dominguez O, Mills BD, Cain N. et al. 2014. Large-scale topology and the default mode network in the mouse connectome. PNAS 111:18745–50 [Google Scholar]
  68. Teves D, Videen TO, Cryer PE, Powers WJ. 2004. Activation of human medial prefrontal cortex during autonomic responses to hypoglycemia. PNAS 101:6217–21 [Google Scholar]
  69. Thulborn KR, Waterton JC, Matthews PM, Radda GK. 1982. Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 714:265–70 [Google Scholar]
  70. van den Heuvel MP, Sporns O. 2011. Rich-club organization of the human connectome. J. Neurosci. 31:15775–86 [Google Scholar]
  71. Vincent JL, Patel GH, Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Baker JT. et al. 2007. Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain. Nature 447:83–86 [Google Scholar]
  72. Vincent JL, Snyder AZ, Fox MD, Shannon BJ, Andrews JR. et al. 2006. Coherent spontaneous activity identifies a hippocampal-parietal mnemonic network. J. Neurophysiol. 96:3517–31 [Google Scholar]
  73. Vlassenko AG, Vaishnavi SN, Couture L, Sacco D, Shannon BJ. et al. 2010. Spatial correlation between brain aerobic glycolysis and amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. PNAS 107:17763–67 [Google Scholar]
  74. Yuste R, MacLean JN, Smith J, Lansner A. 2005. The cortex as a central pattern generator. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6:477–83 [Google Scholar]
  75. Zhang D, Snyder AZ, Fox MD, Sansbury MW, Shimony JS, Raichle ME. 2008. Intrinsic functional relations between human cerebral cortex and thalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 100:1740–48 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014030
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014030
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error