1932

Abstract

Nutrition labeling supports healthier diets by aiding purchase decisions and stimulating reformulation. This systematic literature review applied Cochrane methods to synthesize and appraise evidence on the effectiveness of nutrient declarations and nutrition and health claims on diet-related outcomes. The search spanned 11 academic databases, from inception to July 2022. Evidence was synthesized using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) and vote counting. Data were available from 170 studies. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest that nutrient declarations likely improved consumer understanding of the nutritional quality/content of foods (moderate certainty) and may have improved the healthfulness of choices (low certainty) versus no label. RCT evidence also suggests that claims likely increased consumer perceptions of food healthfulness and increased choice and purchases of labeled foods (both moderate certainty), irrespective of nutritional quality. To improve label understanding and avoid misinterpretation, nutrient declarations may incorporate interpretive elements and claims can apply disqualifying conditions for their usage, on the basis of overall nutritional quality.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nutr-011224-054913
2024-08-29
2025-02-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/nutr/44/1/annurev-nutr-011224-054913.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nutr-011224-054913&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1.
    Acton RB, Vanderlee L, White C, Hammond D. 2016.. The efficacy of calorie labelling formats on pre-packaged foods: an experimental study among adolescents and young adults in Canada. . Can. J. Public Health 107::e296302
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  2. 2.
    Anderson CL, O'Connor EL. 2019.. The effect of the Health Star Rating on consumer decision-making. . Food Q. Prefer. 73::21525
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  3. 3.
    André Q, Chandon P, Haws K. 2019.. Healthy through presence or absence, nature or science?: A framework for understanding front-of-package food claims. . J. Public Policy Mark. 38::17291
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  4. 4.
    Andrews JC, Burton S, Kees J. 2011.. Is simpler always better? Consumer evaluations of front-of-package nutrition symbols. . J. Public Policy Mark. 30::17590
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  5. 5.
    Angka S, Hémar-Nicolas V, Hapsari HP, Olsen A. 2020.. How packaging colours and claims influence children's vegetable attitude and intake—an exploratory cross-cultural comparison between Indonesia and Denmark. . Food Q. Prefer. 79::103795
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  6. 6.
    Annunziata A, Mariani A. 2019.. Do consumers care about nutrition and health claims? Some evidence from Italy. . Nutrients 11::2735
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  7. 7.
    Antonuk B, Block LG. 2006.. The effect of single serving versus entire package nutritional information on consumption norms and actual consumption of a snack food. . J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 38::36570
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  8. 8.
    Ares G, Arrúa A, Antúnez L, Vidal L, Machín L, et al. 2016.. Influence of label design on children's perception of two snack foods: comparison of rating and choice-based conjoint analysis. . Food Q. Prefer. 53::18
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  9. 9.
    Ares G, Giménez A, Deliza R. 2010.. Influence of three non-sensory factors on consumer choice of functional yogurts over regular ones. . Food Q. Prefer. 21::36167
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  10. 10.
    Ares G, Giménez A, Gámbaro A. 2009.. Consumer perceived healthiness and willingness to try functional milk desserts. Influence of ingredient, ingredient name and health claim. . Food Q. Prefer. 20::5056
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  11. 11.
    Arrúa A, Curutchet MR, Rey N, Barreto P, Golovchenko N, et al. 2017.. Impact of front-of-pack nutrition information and label design on children's choice of two snack foods: comparison of warnings and the traffic-light system. . Appetite 116::13946
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  12. 12.
    Arrúa A, Vidal L, Antúnez L, Machín L, Martínez J, et al. 2017.. Influence of label design on children's perception of 2 snack foods. . J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 49::21117.e1
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  13. 13.
    Aschemann-Witzel J. 2010.. Kaufbereitschaft für Lebensmittel mit Claims: Untersuchungsergebnisse aus Sicht des Verbraucherschutzes [Consumer acceptance of food with claims: studies on consumer protection]. . Ernähr. Umsch. 57::23842
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 14.
    Bailey R, Muldrow A. 2018.. Healthy food identification: food cues and claims affect speeded and thoughtful evaluations of food. . Health Commun. 34::73546
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  15. 15.
    Baker P, Machado P, Santos T, Sievert K, Backholer K, et al. 2020.. Ultra-processed foods and the nutrition transition: global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers. . Obes. Rev. 21::e13126
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  16. 16.
    Balasubramanian SK, Cole C. 2002.. Consumers' search and use of nutrition information: the challenge and promise of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act. . J. Mark. 66::11227
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  17. 17.
    Ballco P, de-Magistris T, Caputo V. 2019.. Consumer preferences for nutritional claims: an exploration of attention and choice based on an eye-tracking choice experiment. . Food Res. Int. 116::3748
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  18. 18.
    Ballco P, Jurado F, Gracia A. 2020.. Do health claims add value to nutritional claims? Evidence from a close-to-real experiment on breakfast biscuits. . Food Q. Prefer. 85::103968
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  19. 19.
    Banovic M, Reinders MJ, Claret A, Guerrero L, Krystallis A. 2019.. A cross-cultural perspective on impact of health and nutrition claims, country-of-origin and eco-label on consumer choice of new aquaculture products. . Food Res. Int. 123::3647
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  20. 20.
    Barone MJ, Rose RL, Manning KC, Miniard PW. 1996.. Another look at the impact of reference information on consumer impressions of nutrition information. . J. Public Policy Mark. 15::5562
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  21. 21.
    Barreiro-Hurle J, Gracia A, de-Magistris T. 2010.. The effects of multiple health and nutrition labels on consumer food choices. . J. Agric. Econ. 61::42643
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  22. 22.
    Barreiro-Hurlé J, Gracia A, de-Magistris T. 2009.. Market implications of new regulations: impact of health and nutrition information on consumer choice. . Span. J. Agric. Res. 7::25768
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  23. 23.
    Baxter VM, Andrushko JW, Teucher U. 2018.. Size matters: Package size influences recognition of serving size information. . Can. J. Diet. Pract. Res. 79::2002
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  24. 24.
    Benson T, Lavelle F, Bucher T, McCloat A, Mooney E, et al. 2018.. The impact of nutrition and health claims on consumer perceptions and portion size selection: results from a nationally representative survey. . Nutrients 10::656
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  25. 25.
    Bialkova S, Sasse L, Fenko A. 2016.. The role of nutrition labels and advertising claims in altering consumers' evaluation and choice. . Appetite 96::3846
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  26. 26.
    Bilman EM, van Kleef E, Mela DJ, Hulshof T, van Trijp HCM. 2012.. Consumer understanding, interpretation and perceived levels of personal responsibility in relation to satiety-related claims. . Appetite 59::91220
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  27. 27.
    Bond CA, Thilmany DD, Bond JK. 2008.. What to choose? The value of label claims to fresh produce consumers. . J. Agric. Resour. Econ. 33::40227
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28.
    Booth SL, Sallis JF, Ritenbaugh C, Hill JO, Birch LL, et al. 2001.. Environmental and societal factors affect food choice and physical activity: rationale, influences, and leverage points. . Nutr. Rev. 59::S2136
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  29. 29.
    Bossuyt S, Custers K, Tummers J, Verbeyst L, Oben B. 2021.. Nutri-Score and nutrition facts panel through the eyes of the consumer: Correct healthfulness estimations depend on transparent labels, fixation duration, and product equivocality. . Nutrients 13::2915
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  30. 30.
    Bower JA, Saadat MA, Whitten C. 2003.. Effect of liking, information and consumer characteristics on purchase intention and willingness to pay more for a fat spread with a proven health benefit. . Food Q. Prefer. 14::6574
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  31. 31.
    Burton S, Biswas A, Netemeyer R. 1994.. Effects of alternative nutrition label formats and nutrition reference information on consumer perceptions, comprehension, and product evaluations. . J. Public Policy Mark. 13::3647
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  32. 32.
    Byrd-Bredbenner C, Alfieri L, Kiefer L. 2000.. The nutrition label knowledge and usage behaviours of women in the US. . Nutr. Bull. 25::31522
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  33. 33.
    Byrd-Bredbenner C, Wong A, Cottee P. 2000.. Consumer understanding of US and EU nutrition labels. . Br. Food J. 102::61529
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  34. 34.
    Campos S, Doxey J, Hammond D. 2011.. Nutrition labels on pre-packaged foods: a systematic review. . Public Health Nutr. 14::1496506
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  35. 35.
    Carneiro JDS, Minim VPR, Deliza R, Silva CHO, Carneiro JCS, Leão FP. 2005.. Labelling effects on consumer intention to purchase for soybean oil. . Food Q. Prefer. 16::27582
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  36. 36.
    Centurión M, Machín L, Ares G. 2019.. Relative impact of nutritional warnings and other label features on cereal bar healthfulness evaluations. . J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 51::85056
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  37. 37.
    Chimedtseren N, Kelly B, McMahon AT, Yeatman H. 2020.. Prevalence and credibility of nutrition and health claims: policy implications from a case study of Mongolian food labels. . Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17::7456
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  38. 38.
    Choi H, Northup T, Reid LN. 2021.. How health consciousness and health literacy influence evaluative responses to nutrient-content claimed messaging for an unhealthy food. . J. Health Commun. 26::35059
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  39. 39.
    Codex Aliment. Comm. 2013.. Guidelines for use of nutrition and health claims. Rep., CAC/GL 23–1997 . Food Agric. Organ. U. N., Geneva:
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40.
    Codex Aliment. Comm. 2021.. Guidelines on nutrition labelling. Rep., CAC/GL 2–1985 . World Health Organ./Food Agric. Organ. U. N., Geneva:
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41.
    Coleman KL, Miah EM, Morris GA, Morris C. 2014.. Impact of health claims in prebiotic-enriched breads on purchase intent, emotional response and product liking. . Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 65::16471
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  42. 42.
    Contini C, Casini L, Stefan V, Romano C, Juhl HJ, et al. 2015.. Some like it healthy: Can socio-demographic characteristics serve as predictors for a healthy food choice?. Food Q. Prefer. 46::10312
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  43. 43.
    Cook LA, Burton S, Howlett E. 2013.. Leaner choices? The potential influence of the inclusion of nutrition facts panels on consumer evaluations and choices of ground beef products. . J. Public Policy Mark. 32::97115
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  44. 44.
    Corney MJ, Shepherd R, Hedderley D, Nanayakkara C. 1994.. Consumer acquisition of commercial and nutrition information in food choice. . J. Econ. Psychol. 15::285300
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  45. 45.
    Costanigro M, Deselnicu O, Kroll S. 2015.. Food beliefs: elicitation, estimation and implications for labeling policy. . J. Agric. Econ. 66::10828
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  46. 46.
    Cowburn G, Stockley L. 2005.. Consumer understanding and use of nutrition labelling: a systematic review. . Public Health Nutr. 8::2128
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  47. 47.
    Dachner N, Mendelson R, Sacco J, Tarasuk V. 2015.. An examination of the nutrient content and on-package marketing of novel beverages. . Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 40::19198
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  48. 48.
    Dallas SK, Liu PJ, Ubel PA. 2015.. Potential problems with increasing serving sizes on the Nutrition Facts label. . Appetite 95::57784
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  49. 49.
    de-Magistris T, Gracia A. 2016.. Consumers’ willingness to pay for light, organic and PDO cheese: an experimental auction approach. . Br. Food J. 118::56071
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  50. 50.
    de-Magistris T, Lopéz-Galán B. 2016.. Consumers' willingness to pay for nutritional claims fighting the obesity epidemic: the case of reduced-fat and low salt cheese in Spain. . Public Health 135::8390
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  51. 51.
    de-Magistris T, López-Galán B, Caputo V. 2016.. The impact of body image on the WTP values for reduced-fat and low-salt content potato chips among obese and non-obese consumers. . Nutrients 8::830
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  52. 52.
    Dean M, Lampila P, Shepherd R, Arvola A, Saba A, et al. 2012.. Perceived relevance and foods with health-related claims. . Food Q. Prefer. 24::12935
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  53. 53.
    Dixon H, Scully M, Niven P, Kelly B, Chapman K, et al. 2014.. Effects of nutrient content claims, sports celebrity endorsements and premium offers on pre-adolescent children's food preferences: experimental research. . Pediatr. Obes. 9::e4757
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  54. 54.
    Dixon H, Scully M, Wakefield M, Kelly B, Chapman K, Donovan R. 2011.. Parent's responses to nutrient claims and sports celebrity endorsements on energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods: an experimental study. . Public Health Nutr. 14::107179
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  55. 55.
    Drewnowski A, Moskowitz H, Reisner M, Krieger B. 2010.. Testing consumer perception of nutrient content claims using conjoint analysis. . Public Health Nutr. 13::68894
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  56. 56.
    Drichoutis AC, Lazaridis P, Nayga RM Jr. 2006.. Consumers' use of nutritional labels: a review of research studies and issues. . Acad. Mark. Sci. Rev. 2006:(9):125
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57.
    Drichoutis AC, Lazaridis P, Nayga RM Jr. 2009.. On consumers' valuation of nutrition information. . Bull. Econ. Res. 61::22347
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  58. 58.
    Eguren J, Antúnez L, Otterbring T, Curutchet MR, Ares G. 2021.. Health gains through loss frames: testing the effectiveness of message framing on citizens' use of nutritional warnings. . Appetite 166::105469
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  59. 59.
    Finkelstein EA, Ang FJL, Doble B. 2020.. Randomized trial evaluating the effectiveness of within versus across-category front-of-package lower-calorie labelling on food demand. . BMC Public Health 20::312
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  60. 60.
    Ford GT, Hastak M, Mitra A, Ringold DJ. 1996.. Can consumers interpret nutrition information in the presence of a health claim? A laboratory investigation. . J. Public Policy Mark. 15::16-27
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  61. 61.
    Franco-Arellano B, Vanderlee L, Ahmed M, Oh A, L'Abbé M. 2020.. Influence of front-of-pack labelling and regulated nutrition claims on consumers' perceptions of product healthfulness and purchase intentions: a randomized controlled trial. . Appetite 149::104629
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  62. 62.
    Friesen R, Innis SM. 2006.. Trans fatty acids in human milk in Canada declined with the introduction of trans fat food labeling. . J. Nutr. 136::255861
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  63. 63.
    Gadioli IL, Pineli LLO, Rodrigues JSQ, Campos AB, Gerolim IQ, Chiarello MD. 2013.. Evaluation of packing attributes of orange juice on consumers' intention to purchase by conjoint analysis and consumer attitudes expectation. . J. Sens. Stud. 28::5765
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  64. 64.
    Garretson JA, Burton S. 2000.. Effects of nutrition facts panel values, nutrition claims, and health claims on consumer attitudes, perceptions of disease-related risks, and trust. . J. Public Policy Mark. 19::21327
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  65. 65.
    González-Vallejo C, Lavins BD. 2016.. Evaluation of breakfast cereals with the current nutrition facts panel (NFP) and the Food and Drug Administration's NFP proposal. . Public Health Nutr. 19::104758
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  66. 66.
    Gracia A, Loureiro ML, Nayga RM Jr. 2009.. Consumers' valuation of nutritional information: a choice experiment study. . Food Q. Prefer. 20::46371
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  67. 67.
    Graham DJ, Roberto CA. 2016.. Evaluating the impact of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-proposed nutrition facts label changes on young adults' visual attention and purchase intentions. . Health Educ. Behav. 43::38998
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  68. 68.
    Grebitus C, Davis GC. 2019.. Does the new nutrition facts panel help compensate for low numeracy skills? An eye-tracking analysis. . Agric. Econ. 50::24958
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  69. 69.
    Gregori D, Ballali S, Vecchio MG, Contreras LMV, Correa JB, et al. 2013.. How mothers cook in Chile: an experimental exercise to use food labels to control portion sizes. . Open Obes. J. 5::2229
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  70. 70.
    Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. 2008.. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. . BMJ 336::92426
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  71. 71.
    Hagmann D, Siegrist M. 2020.. Nutri-Score, multiple traffic light and incomplete nutrition labelling on food packages: effects on consumers’ accuracy in identifying healthier snack options. . Food Q. Prefer. 83::103894
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  72. 72.
    Hall MG, Lazard AJ, Grummon AH, Mendel JR, Taillie LS. 2020.. The impact of front-of-package claims, fruit images, and health warnings on consumers' perceptions of sugar-sweetened fruit drinks: three randomized experiments. . Prev. Med. 132::105998
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  73. 73.
    Hall MG, Lazard AJ, Higgins ICA, Blitstein JL, Duffy EW, et al. 2022.. Nutrition-related claims lead parents to choose less healthy drinks for young children: a randomized trial in a virtual convenience store. . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 115::114454
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  74. 74.
    Harris JL, Thompson JM, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. 2011.. Nutrition-related claims on children's cereals: What do they mean to parents and do they influence willingness to buy?. Public Health Nutr. 14::220712
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  75. 75.
    Hémar-Nicolas V, Putri Hapsari H, Angka S, Olsen A. 2021.. How cartoon characters and claims influence children's attitude towards a snack vegetable—an explorative cross-cultural comparison between Indonesia and Denmark. . Food Q. Prefer. 87::104031
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  76. 76.
    Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, et al., eds. 2022.. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Ver. 6.3. Cochrane, London. https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.3
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77.
    Hobin E, Sacco J, Vanderlee L, White CM, Zuo F, et al. 2015.. A randomized trial testing the efficacy of modifications to the nutrition facts table on comprehension and use of nutrition information by adolescents and young adults in Canada. . Health Promot. Chronic Dis. Prev. Can. 35::17383
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  78. 78.
    Hobin E, Shen-Tu G, Sacco J, White C, Bowman C, et al. 2016.. Comprehension and use of nutrition facts tables among adolescents and young adults in Canada. . Can. J. Diet. Pract. Res. 77::5965
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  79. 79.
    Howlett E, Burton S, Kozup J. 2008.. How modification of the nutrition facts panel influences consumers at risk for heart disease: the case of trans fat. . J. Public Policy Mark. 27::8397
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  80. 80.
    Huang L, Lu J. 2016.. The impact of package color and the nutrition content labels on the perception of food healthiness and purchase intention. . J. Food Prod. Mark. 22::191218
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  81. 81.
    Hughes C, Wellard L, Lin J, Suen KL, Chapman K. 2013.. Regulating health claims on food labels using nutrient profiling: What will the proposed standard mean in the Australian supermarket?. Public Health Nutr. 16::215461
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  82. 82.
    Ikonen I, Sotgiu F, Aydinli A, Verlegh PWJ. 2020.. Consumer effects of front-of-package nutrition labeling: an interdisciplinary meta-analysis. . J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 48::36083
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  83. 83.
    Iles IA, Nan X, Verrill L. 2018.. Nutrient content claims: how they impact perceived healthfulness of fortified snack foods and the moderating effects of nutrition facts labels. . Health Commun. 33::130816
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  84. 84.
    Jones AC, Vanderlee L, White CM, Hobin EP, Bordes I, Hammond D. 2016.. ‘ How many calories did I just eat?’ An experimental study examining the effect of changes to serving size information on nutrition labels. . Public Health Nutr. 19::295964
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  85. 85.
    Kapsak WR, Schmidt D, Childs NM, Meunier J, White C. 2008.. Consumer perceptions of graded, graphic and text label presentations for qualified health claims. . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 48::24856
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  86. 86.
    Kaur A, Scarborough P, Rayner M. 2017.. A systematic review, and meta-analyses, of the impact of health-related claims on dietary choices. . Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 14::93
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  87. 87.
    Keller SB, Landry M, Olson J, Velliquette AM, Burton S, Andrews JC. 1997.. The effects of nutrition package claims, nutrition facts panels, and motivation to process nutrition information on consumer product evaluations. . J. Public Policy Mark. 16::25669
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  88. 88.
    Kelly B, Ng SH, Carrad A, Pettigrew S. 2024.. The potential effectiveness of front-of-pack nutrition labeling for improving population diets. . Annu. Rev. Nutr. 44::40540
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 89.
    Kemp E, Burton S, Creyer EH, Suter TA. 2007.. When do nutrient content and nutrient content claims matter? Assessing consumer tradeoffs between carbohydrates and fat. . J. Consum. Aff. 41::4773
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  90. 90.
    Khandpur N, Graham DJ, Roberto CA. 2017.. Simplifying mental math: Changing how added sugars are displayed on the nutrition facts label can improve consumer understanding. . Appetite 114::3846
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  91. 91.
    Khandpur N, Rimm EB, Moran AJ. 2020.. The influence of the new US nutrition facts label on consumer perceptions and understanding of added sugars: a randomized controlled experiment. . J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 120::197209
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  92. 92.
    Kim H, House LA, Rampersaud G, Gao Z. 2012.. Front-of-package nutritional labels and consumer beverage perceptions. . Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy 34::599614
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  93. 93.
    Kim MK, Lee K-G. 2014.. Consumer awareness and interest toward sodium reduction trends in Korea. . J. Food Sci. 79::S141623
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 94.
    Kozup JC, Creyer EH, Burton S. 2003.. Making healthful food choices: the influence of health claims and nutrition information on consumers' evaluations of packaged food products and restaurant menu items. . J. Mark. 67::1934
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  95. 95.
    Krystallis A, Chrysochou P. 2011.. Health claims as communication tools that enhance brand loyalty: the case of low-fat claims within the dairy food category. . J. Mark. Commun. 17::21328
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  96. 96.
    Krystallis A, Chrysochou P. 2012.. Do health claims and prior awareness influence consumers' preferences for unhealthy foods? The case of functional children's snacks. . Agribusiness 28::86102
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  97. 97.
    Labiner-Wolfe J, Lin C-TJ, Verrill L. 2010.. Effect of low-carbohydrate claims on consumer perceptions about food products' healthfulness and helpfulness for weight management. . J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 42::31520
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  98. 98.
    Lando AM, Lo SC. 2013.. Single-larger-portion-size and dual-column nutrition labeling may help consumers make more healthful food choices. . J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 113::24150
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  99. 99.
    Levy AS, Fein SB, Schucker RE. 1992.. More effective nutrition label formats are not necessarily preferred. . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 92::123034
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  100. 100.
    Levy AS, Fein SB, Schucker RE. 1996.. Performance characteristics of seven nutrition label formats. . J. Public Policy Mark. 15::115
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  101. 101.
    Liem DG, Miremadi F, Zandstra EH, Keast RSJ. 2012.. Health labelling can influence taste perception and use of table salt for reduced-sodium products. . Public Health Nutr. 15::234047
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  102. 102.
    Lim S-L, Penrod MT, Ha O-R, Bruce JM, Bruce AS. 2018.. Calorie labeling promotes dietary self-control by shifting the temporal dynamics of health- and taste-attribute integration in overweight individuals. . Psychol. Sci. 29::44762
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  103. 103.
    Maubach N, Hoek J, Mather D. 2014.. Interpretive front-of-pack nutrition labels. Comparing competing recommendations. . Appetite 82::6777
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  104. 104.
    McCrickerd K, Tang CS, Forde CG. 2020.. The independent and combined impact of front-of-pack labelling and sensory quality on calorie estimations and portion selection of commercial food products. . Food Q. Prefer. 79::103766
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  105. 105.
    McKenzie JE, Brennan SE. 2021.. Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods. . In Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Ver. 6.2, ed. JPT Higgins, J Thomas, J Chandler, M Cumpston, T Li , et al. Cochrane, London:. https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.2/chapter-12
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106.
    McLean R, Hoek J, Hedderley D. 2012.. Effects of alternative label formats on choice of high- and low-sodium products in a New Zealand population sample. . Public Health Nutr. 15::78391
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  107. 107.
    Stoltze FM, Busey E, Taillie LS, Dillman Carpentier FR. 2021.. Impact of warning labels on reducing health halo effects of nutrient content claims on breakfast cereal packages: a mixed-measures experiment. . Appetite 163::105229
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  108. 108.
    Meng Y, Chan EY. 2021.. Traffic light signals and healthy food choice: investigating gender differences. . Psychol. Mark. 39::36069
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  109. 109.
    Menger-Ogle AD, Graham DJ. 2018.. The influence of front-of-package nutrition claims on food perceptions and purchase intentions among Nepali consumers. . Food Q. Prefer. 66::16070
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  110. 110.
    Miller DL, Castellanos VH, Shide DJ, Peters JC, Rolls BJ. 1998.. Effect of fat-free potato chips with and without nutrition labels on fat and energy intakes. . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68::28290
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  111. 111.
    Mojduszka EM, Caswell JA, Harris JM. 2001.. Consumer choice of food products and the implications for price competition and government policy. . Agribusiness 17::81104
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  112. 112.
    Nayga RM Jr. 2002.. The impact of nutritional labels and health claims on consumers' diets. . Sciences des Aliments 22::50714
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  113. 113.
    Nobrega L, Ares G, Deliza R. 2020.. Are nutritional warnings more efficient than claims in shaping consumers’ healthfulness perception?. Food Q. Prefer. 79::103749
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  114. 114.
    Rønnow HN. 2020.. The effect of front-of-pack nutritional labels and back-of-pack tables on dietary quality. . Nutrients 12::1704
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  115. 115.
    Oostenbach LH, Slits E, Robinson E, Sacks G. 2019.. Systematic review of the impact of nutrition claims related to fat, sugar and energy content on food choices and energy intake. . BMC Public Health 19::1296
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  116. 116.
    Padhi EMT, Ramdath DD, Carson SJ, Hawke A, Blewett HJ, et al. 2015.. Liking of soy flour muffins over time and the impact of a health claim on willingness to consume. . Food Res. Int. 77::49197
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  117. 117.
    Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, et al. 2021.. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. . BMJ 372::n71
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  118. 118.
    Pichierri M, Pino G, Peluso AM, Guido G. 2020.. The interplay between health claim type and individual regulatory focus in determining consumers' intentions toward extra-virgin olive oil. . Food Res. Int. 136::109467
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  119. 119.
    Pietinen P, Valsta LM, Hirvonen T, Sinkko H. 2008.. Labelling the salt content in foods: a useful tool in reducing sodium intake in Finland. . Public Health Nutr. 11::33540
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  120. 120.
    Popkin BM, Ng SW. 2022.. The nutrition transition to a stage of high obesity and noncommunicable disease prevalence dominated by ultra-processed foods is not inevitable. . Obes. Rev. 23::e13366
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  121. 121.
    Presseau T, Malla S, Klein KK. 2020.. Health claim regulations on foods: impacts on life expectancy in Canada and the United States. . Can. J. Public Health 111::70515
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  122. 122.
    Ran T, Yue C, Rihn A. 2017.. Does nutrition information contribute to grocery shoppers’ willingness to pay?. J. Food Prod. Mark. 23::591608
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  123. 123.
    Ratnayake WN, Swist E, Zoka R, Gagnon C, Lillycrop W, Pantazapoulos P. 2014.. Mandatory trans fat labeling regulations and nationwide product reformulations to reduce trans fatty acid content in foods contributed to lowered concentrations of trans fat in Canadian women's breast milk samples collected in 2009–2011. . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 100::103640
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  124. 124.
    Rebouças MC, Rodrigues MCP, Freitas SM, Ferreira BBA, Costa VS. 2017.. Effect of nutritional information and health claims related to cashew nut and soya milk beverages on consumers’ acceptance and perception. . Nutr. Food Sci. 47::72130
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  125. 125.
    Ricciuto L, Lin K, Tarasuk V. 2009.. A comparison of the fat composition and prices of margarines between 2002 and 2006, when new Canadian labelling regulations came into effect. . Public Health Nutr. 12::127075
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  126. 126.
    Roe B, Levy AS, Derby BM. 1999.. The impact of health claims on consumer search and product evaluation outcomes: results from FDA experimental data. . J. Public Policy Mark. 18::89105
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  127. 127.
    Rudd J. 1986.. Aiding consumer nutrition decisions with the simple graphic label format. . Home Econ. Res. J. 14::34246
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  128. 128.
    Rusmevichientong P, Ebrahim R, Nila J, Cheng I, Weiss J. 2021.. The new FDA nutrition facts labels and consumer purchase intentions: an effect of emotional tax. . J. Consum. Behav. 20::142235
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  129. 129.
    Russell CG, Burke PF, Waller DS, Wei E. 2017.. The impact of front-of-pack marketing attributes versus health information on parents' food choices. . Appetite 116::32338
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  130. 130.
    Saba A, Vassallo M, Shepherd R, Lampila P, Arvola A, et al. 2010.. Country-wise differences in perception of health-related messages in cereal-based food products. . Food Q. Prefer. 21::38593
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  131. 131.
    Schnettler B, Ares G, Sepúlveda N, Bravo S, Villalobos B, et al. 2019.. Are consumers willing to pay more for reformulated processed meat products in the context of the implementation of nutritional warnings? Case study with frankfurters in Chile. . Meat Sci. 152::1048
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  132. 132.
    Scott V, Worsley AF. 1994.. Ticks, claims, tables and food groups—a comparison for nutrition labeling. . Health Promot. Int. 9::2737
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  133. 133.
    Sharf M, Sela R, Zentner G, Shoob H, Shai I, Stein-Zamir C. 2012.. Figuring out food labels. Young adults' understanding of nutritional information presented on food labels is inadequate. . Appetite 58::53134
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  134. 134.
    Siegrist M, Hartmann C, Lazzarini GA. 2019.. Healthy choice label does not substantially improve consumers' ability to select healthier cereals: results of an online experiment. . Br. J. Nutr. 121::131320
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  135. 135.
    Singer L, Williams P, Ridges L, Murray S, McMahon A. 2006.. Consumer reactions to different health claim formats on food labels. . Food Aust. 58::9297
    [Google Scholar]
  136. 136.
    Sjostrom T, Corsi AM, Driesener C, Chrysochou P. 2014.. Are food brands that carry light claims different?. J. Brand Manag. 21::32541
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  137. 137.
    Soldavini J, Crawford P, Ritchie LD. 2012.. Nutrition claims influence health perceptions and taste preferences in fourth- and fifth-grade children. . J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 44::62427
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  138. 138.
    Steinhauser J, Janssen M, Hamm U. 2019.. Consumers’ purchase decisions for products with nutrition and health claims: What role do product category and gaze duration on claims play?. Appetite 141::104337
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  139. 139.
    Steinhauser J, Janssen M, Hamm U. 2019.. Who buys products with nutrition and health claims? A purchase simulation with eye tracking on the influence of consumers’ nutrition knowledge and health motivation. . Nutrients 11::2199
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  140. 140.
    Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, et al. 2019.. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. . BMJ 366::l4898
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  141. 141.
    Stokes RC. 1972.. Consumer Research Institute's nutrient labeling research program. . Food Drug Cosmet. Law J. 27::24962
    [Google Scholar]
  142. 142.
    Talati Z, Norman R, Kelly B, Dixon H, Neal B, et al. 2018.. A randomized trial assessing the effects of health claims on choice of foods in the presence of front-of-pack labels. . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 108::127582
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  143. 143.
    Talati Z, Pettigrew S, Dixon H, Neal B, Ball K, Hughes C. 2016.. Do health claims and front-of-pack labels lead to a positivity bias in unhealthy foods?. Nutrients 8::787
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  144. 144.
    Tangari AH, Bui M, Haws KL, Liu PJ. 2019.. That's not so bad, I'll eat more! Backfire effects of calories-per-serving information on snack consumption. . J. Mark. 83::13350
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  145. 145.
    Theben A, Gerards M, Folkvord F. 2020.. The effect of packaging color and health claims on product attitude and buying intention. . Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17::1991
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  146. 146.
    Thunström L, Nordström J. 2015.. Determinants of food demand and the experienced taste effect of healthy labels—an experiment on potato chips and bread. . J. Behav. Exp. Econ. 56::1320
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  147. 147.
    Tzeng MS, Huang LW, Kuo YL, Chang HL. 1999.. Knowledge and preference on nutrition labeling among Taipei metropolitan residents. . Nutr. Sci. J. 24::27487
    [Google Scholar]
  148. 148.
    Van Camp D, Hooker NH, Lin C-TJ. 2012.. Changes in fat contents of US snack foods in response to mandatory trans fat labelling. . Public Health Nutr. 15::113037
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  149. 148a.
    van Kleef E, van Trijp HCM, Luning P. 2005.. Functional foods: health claim-food product compatibility and the impact of health claim framing on consumer evaluation. . Appetite 44::299308
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  150. 149.
    Van der Horst K, Bucher T, Duncanson K, Murawski B, Labbe D. 2019.. Consumer understanding, perception and interpretation of serving size information on food labels: a scoping review. . Nutrients 11::2189
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  151. 150.
    van Herpen E, van Trijp HCM. 2011.. Front-of-pack nutrition labels. Their effect on attention and choices when consumers have varying goals and time constraints. . Appetite 57::14860
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  152. 151.
    Vanderlee L, Goodman S, Sae Yang W, Hammond D. 2012.. Consumer understanding of calorie amounts and serving size: implications for nutritional labelling. . Can. J. Public Health 103::e32731
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  153. 152.
    Vanderlee L, White CM, Bordes I, Hobin EP, Hammond D. 2015.. The efficacy of sugar labeling formats: implications for labeling policy. . Obesity 23::240613
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  154. 153.
    Verbeke W, Scholderer J, Lähteenmäki L. 2009.. Consumer appeal of nutrition and health claims in three existing product concepts. . Appetite 52::68492
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  155. 154.
    Verrill L, Wood D, Cates S, Lando A, Zhang Y. 2017.. Vitamin-fortified snack food may lead consumers to make poor dietary decisions. . J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 117::37685
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  156. 155.
    Viswanathan M, Hastak M, Gau R. 2009.. Understanding and facilitating the usage of nutritional labels by low-literate consumers. . J. Public Policy Mark. 28::13545
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  157. 156.
    Wang EY, Wei H, Caswell JA. 2016.. The impact of mandatory trans fat labeling on product mix and consumer choice: a longitudinal analysis of the U.S. market for margarine and spreads. . Food Policy 64::6381
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  158. 157.
    Wansink B. 2003.. How do front and back package labels influence beliefs about health claims?. J. Consumer Aff. 37::30516
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  159. 158.
    Wansink B, Chandon P. 2006.. Can ‘low-fat’ nutrition labels lead to obesity?. J. Mark. Res. 43::60517
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  160. 159.
    Watson M, Watson L. 2001.. An evaluation of the impact of the folate and neural tube defects health claim pilot. . Aust. J. Nutr. Diet. 58::23641
    [Google Scholar]
  161. 160.
    Watson WL, Kury A, Wellard L, Hughes C, Dunford E, Chapman K. 2016.. Variations in serving sizes of Australian snack foods and confectionery. . Appetite 96::3237
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  162. 161.
    Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, et al. 2021.. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Rep. , Ottawa Hosp. Res. Inst., Ottawa, Can.:
    [Google Scholar]
  163. 161a.
    Williams P, Ridges L, Batterham M, Ripper B, Hung MC. 2008.. Australian consumer attitudes to health claim–food product compatibility for functional foods. . Food Policy 33:64043
    [Google Scholar]
  164. 162.
    Wogalter MS, Kalsher MJ, Litynski DM. 1996.. Influence of food label quantifier terms on connoted amount and purchase intention. . Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet. 40::38589
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  165. 163.
    Wolfson JA, Graham DJ, Bleich SN. 2017.. Attention to physical activity–equivalent calorie information on nutrition facts labels: an eye-tracking investigation. . J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 49::3542.e1
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  166. 164.
    Wong CL, Arcand J, Mendoza J, Henson SJ, Ying Q, et al. 2013.. Consumer attitudes and understanding of low-sodium claims on food: an analysis of healthy and hypertensive individuals. . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97::128898
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  167. 165.
    Wong CL, Mendoza J, Henson SJ, Qi Y, Lou W, L'Abbé MR. 2014.. Consumer attitudes and understanding of cholesterol-lowering claims on food: randomize mock-package experiments with plant sterol and oat fibre claims. . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 68::94652
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  168. 166.
    World Cancer Res. Fund Int. (WCRF Int.). 2023.. NOURISHING database. NOURISHING and MOVING Policy Databases . WCRF Int., London:, accessed April 23, 2024. https://policydatabase.wcrf.org/
    [Google Scholar]
  169. 167.
    World Health Organ. 2017.. Tackling NCDs. Best Buys. Geneva:: WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  170. 168.
    World Health Organ. 2018.. Global Nutrition Policy Review 2016–2017: Country Progress in Creating Enabling Policy Environments for Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition. Geneva:: WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  171. 169.
    World Health Organ. 2021.. Food Systems Delivering Better Health: Executive Summary. Geneva:: WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  172. 170.
    World Health Organ. 2021.. Implementing Nutrition Labelling Policies. A Review of Contextual Factors. Geneva:: WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  173. 171.
    World Health Organ. 2022.. Nutrition Labelling: Policy Brief. Geneva:: WHO
    [Google Scholar]
  174. 172.
    Yeomans L. 1986.. Practical use of nutrition labels. . Nutr. Bull. 11::1222
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  175. 173.
    Zandstra EH, Carvalho ÁHP, van Herpen E. 2017.. Effects of front-of-pack social norm messages on food choice and liking. . Food Q. Prefer. 58::8593
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  176. 174.
    Zandstra EH, Willems AA, Lion R. 2018.. Making salt-reduced products more appealing to consumers: impact of front-of-pack messages on liking and table salt use over time. . Public Health Nutr. 21::276272
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  177. 175.
    Zank GM, Kemp E. 2012.. Examining consumers' perceptions of the health benefits of products with fiber claims. . J. Consum. Aff. 46::33344
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  178. 176.
    Zarkin GA, Dean N, Mauskopf JA, Williams R. 1993.. Potential health benefits of nutrition label changes. . Am. J. Public Health 83::71724
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nutr-011224-054913
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nutr-011224-054913
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplemental Materials

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error