1932

Abstract

Experts and expertise contribute to consequential organizational decisions from recruitment to CEO succession, but these constructs are inconsistently operationalized and poorly understood. To better explicate how experts and expertise function in organizations, we first conduct an integrative review of the general literature to describe what is known about these phenomena in cognitive science, psychology, and the clinical and technical professions. This review of the general literature indicates that expertise represents domain-specific hierarchical knowledge structures developed by an individual over time. The quality of the individual's domain-related education, training, and opportunities for practice and learning affects the level of expertise acquired. We then review what is known about experts and expertise in organizations. Many organizational studies on expertise focus on an individual's years of experience rather than the nature of that experience or its contribution to expertise. Conflating expertise with years of experience generally leads to less consistent effects on performance than operationalizing expertise in terms of individual cognitive processes, knowledge, and capabilities. Findings from organizational studies that do assess expertise are in line with the general literature, indicating that the quality of practice and learning experiences are particularly important in developing expertise. We then offer ways for scholars to better study how expertise functions in organizations and conclude by developing implications for practice.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-020323-012717
2025-01-21
2025-02-17
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/orgpsych/12/1/annurev-orgpsych-020323-012717.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-020323-012717&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Ahire S, Golhar D. 1996.. Quality management in large versus small firms. . J. Small Bus. Manag. 27::2356
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Aldamen H, Duncan K, Kelly S, McNamara R, Nagel S. 2012.. Audit committee characteristics and firm performance during the global financial crisis. . Account. Finance 52:(4):9711000
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  3. Almandoz J, Tilcsik A. 2016.. When experts become liabilities: domain experts on boards and organizational failure. . Acad. Manag. J. 59:(4):112449
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  4. Baard SK, Rench TA, Kozlowski SWJ. 2014.. Performance adaptation: a theoretical integration and review. . J. Manag. 40:(1):4899
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Barends E, Rousseau DM. 2018.. Evidence-Based Management: How to Use Evidence to Make Better Organizational Decisions. London:: Kogan Page
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Barends E, Villanueva J, Rousseau DM, Briner RB, Jepsen DM, et al. 2017.. Managerial attitudes and perceived barriers regarding evidence-based practice: an international survey. . PLOS ONE 12:(10):e0184594
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  7. Barnett SM, Koslowski B. 2002.. Adaptive expertise: effects of type of experience and the level of theoretical understanding it generates. . Think. Reason. 8:(4):23767
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  8. Becker HS. 1993.. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press. , 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Becker HS. 2017.. The nature of a profession. . In Sociological Work: Method and Substance, pp. 87104. New York:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bell BS, Kozlowski SWJ. 2008.. Active learning: effects of core training design elements on self-regulatory processes, learning, and adaptability. . J. Appl. Psychol. 93:(2):296316
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  11. Benner P. 1982.. From novice to expert. . AJN Am. J. Nurs. 82:(3):4027
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Benner P, Benner RV. 1999.. The clinical practice development model: making the clinical judgment, caring, and collaborative work of nurses visible. . In Clinical Practice Development: Using Novice to Expert Theory, ed. B Haag-Heitman , pp. 1718. Gaithersburg, MD:: Aspen
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Berner ES, Graber ML. 2008.. Overconfidence as a cause of diagnostic error in medicine. . Am. J. Med. 121:(5):S223
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bilal Chen S, Komal B. 2018.. Audit committee financial expertise and earnings quality: a meta-analysis. . J. Bus. Res. 84::25370
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bohle Carbonell K, Stalmeijer RE, Könings KD, Segers M, van Merriënboer JJG. 2014.. How experts deal with novel situations: a review of adaptive expertise. . Educ. Res. Rev. 12::1429
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bourgoin A, Bencherki N, Faraj S. 2020.. “ And who are you?”: A performative perspective on authority in organizations. . Acad. Manag. J. 63:(4):113465
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bragaw NA, Misangyi VF. 2017.. The value of CEO mobility: contextual factors that shape the impact of prior CEO experience on market performance and CEO compensation. . Hum. Resour. Manag. 56:(2):24365
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  18. Brams S, Ziv G, Levin O, Spitz J, Wagemans J, et al. 2019.. The relationship between gaze behavior, expertise, and performance: a systematic review. . Psychol. Bull. 145:(10):9801027
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  19. Camerer CF, Johnson EJ. 1991.. The process-performance paradox in expert judgment: How can experts know so much and predict so badly?. In Toward a General Theory of Expertise: Prospects and Limits, ed. KA Ericsson, J Smith , pp. 195217. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Cellier JM, Eyrolle H, Mariné C. 1997.. Expertise in dynamic environments. . Ergonomics 40:(1):2850
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chase WG, Simon HA. 1973.. Perception in chess. . Cognit. Psychol. 4::5581
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  22. Chi MTH, Glaser R, Farr MJ. 1988.. The Nature of Expertise. Hillsdale, NJ:: Lawrence Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Choudhry NK, Fletcher RH, Soumerai SB. 2005.. Systematic review: the relationship between clinical experience and quality of health care. . Ann. Intern. Med. 142:(4):26073
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  24. Chow DL, Miller SD, Seidel JA, Kane RT, Thornton JA, Andrews WP. 2015.. The role of deliberate practice in the development of highly effective psychotherapists. . Psychotherapy 52:(3):33745
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cooke GB, Chowhan J, Mac Donald K, Mann S. 2022.. Talent management: four “buying versus making” talent development approaches. . Pers. Rev. 51:(9):2181200
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  26. Criscuolo A, Pando-Naude V, Bonetti L, Vuust P, Brattico E. 2022.. An ALE meta-analytic review of musical expertise. . Sci. Rep. 12:(1):11726
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  27. Crook TR, Todd SY, Combs JG, Woehr DJ, Ketchen DJ Jr. 2011.. Does human capital matter? A meta-analysis of the relationship between human capital and firm performance. . J. Appl. Psychol. 96:(3):44356
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  28. De Vos A, Forrier A, Van der Heijden B, De Cuyper N. 2017.. Keep the expert! Occupational expertise, perceived employability and job search: a study across age groups. . Career Dev. Int. 22:(3):31832
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  29. Desender K, Boldt A, Yeung N. 2018.. Subjective confidence predicts information seeking in decision making. . Psychol. Sci. 29:(5):76178
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  30. Desender K, Murphy P, Boldt A, Verguts T, Yeung N. 2019.. A postdecisional neural marker of confidence predicts information-seeking in decision-making. . J. Neurosci. 39:(17):330919
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  31. Dreyfus H, Dreyfus S. 1980.. A five-stage model of mental activities involved in directed skill acquisition. Rep. ORC-80-2, US Air Force , Univ. Calif., Berkeley:, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA084551.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Dunning D. 2011.. The Dunning–Kruger effect: on being ignorant of one's own ignorance. . Adv. Experim. Soc. Psychol. 44::24796
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Elstad EA, Lutfey KE, Marceau LD, Campbell SM, Von Dem Knesebeck O, McKinlay JB. 2010.. What do physicians gain (and lose) with experience? Qualitative results from a cross-national study of diabetes. . Soc. Sci. Med. 70:(11):172836
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  34. Elvira Q, Imants J, Dankbaar B, Segers M. 2017.. Designing education for professional expertise development. . Scand. J. Educ. Res. 61:(2):187204
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  35. Ericsson KA. 2008.. Deliberate practice and acquisition of expert performance: a general overview. . Acad. Emerg. Med. 15:(11):98894
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  36. Ericsson KA, Towne TJ. 2010.. Expertise. . WIREs Cogn. Sci. 1:(3):40416
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  37. Farrington-Darby T, Wilson JR. 2006.. The nature of expertise: a review. . Appl. Ergon. 37:(1):1732
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fitzgerald J. 2018.. Moving Up in the New Economy: Career Ladders for U.S. Workers. Ithaca, NY:: Cornell Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Furr NR, Cavarretta F, Garg S. 2012.. Who changes course? The role of domain knowledge and novel framing in making technology changes. . Strateg. Entrep. J. 6:(3):23656
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  40. Gamborg ML, Mehlsen M, Paltved C, Vetter SS, Musaeus P. 2023.. Clinical decision-making and adaptive expertise in residency: a think-aloud study. . BMC Med. Educ. 23:(1):22
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  41. Gawande A. 2010.. The Checklist Manifesto. New York:: Penguin
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Gegenfurtner A, Lehtinen E, Säljö R. 2011.. Expertise differences in the comprehension of visualizations: a meta-analysis of eye-tracking research in professional domains. . Educ. Psychol. Rev. 23:(4):52352
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  43. Georgakakis D, Ruigrok W. 2017.. CEO succession origin and firm performance: a multilevel study. . J. Manag. Stud. 54:(1):5887
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  44. Germer S, Weyrich V, Bräscher AK, Mütze K, Witthöft M. 2022.. Does practice really make perfect? A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between therapist experience and therapy outcome: a replication of Goldberg, Rousmaniere, et al. (2016). . J. Couns. Psychol. 69:(5):74554
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  45. Goldberg SB, Babins-Wagner R, Rousmaniere T, Berzins S, Hoyt WT, et al. 2016.. Creating a climate for therapist improvement: a case study of an agency focused on outcomes and deliberate practice. . Psychotherapy 53:(3):36775
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  46. Griffith R, Neely A. 2009.. Performance pay and managerial experience in multitask teams: evidence from within a firm. . J. Labor Econ. 27:(1):4982
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  47. Grissinger M. 2010.. The five rights: a destination without a map. . Pharm. Ther. 35::542
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Gunawan J, Aungsuroch Y, Fisher ML. 2018.. Factors contributing to managerial competence of first-line nurse managers: a systematic review. . Int. J. Nurs. Pract. 24:(1):e12611
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  49. Haag-Heitman B. 1999.. Clinical Practice Development: Using Novice to Expert Theory. Gaithersburg, MD:: Aspen
    [Google Scholar]
  50. HakemZadeh F, Rousseau DM 2024.. Evidence-based decision making as a social endeavor. . Behav. Sci. Policy. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Hambrick DZ, Macnamara BN, Oswald FL. 2020.. Is the deliberate practice view defensible? A review of evidence and discussion of issues. . Front. Psychol. 11::518237
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hamori M, Koyuncu B. 2015.. Experience matters? The impact of prior CEO experience on firm performance. . Hum. Resour. Manag. 54:(1):2344
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  53. Han Y, Dunning D. 2024.. Metaknowledge of experts versus nonexperts: Do experts know better what they do and do not know?. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 37:(2):e2375
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  54. Hannah ST, Jennings PL, Nobel OB-Y. 2010.. Tactical military leader requisite complexity: toward a referent structure. . Mil. Psychol. 22:(4):41249
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hannah TC, Turner D, Kellner R, Bederson J, Putrino D, Kellner CP. 2022.. Neuromonitoring correlates of expertise level in surgical performers: a systematic review. . Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16::705238
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  56. Hashai N, Zahra S. 2022.. Founder team prior work experience: an asset or a liability for startup growth?. Strateg. Entrep. J. 16:(1):15584
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  57. Heavey C, Simsek Z, Fox BC, Hersel MC. 2022.. Executive confidence: a multidisciplinary review, synthesis, and agenda for future research. . J. Manag. 48:(6):143068
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Heimstädt M, Koljonen T, Elmholdt KT. 2024.. Expertise in management research: a review and agenda for future research. . Acad. Manag. Ann. 18:(1):12156
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hepher T. 2024.. United exec says loss of skills may have contributed to Boeing problems. . Reuters, Jan. 30
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Hmelo-Silver CE, Pfeffer MG. 2004.. Comparing expert and novice understanding of a complex system from the perspective of structures, behaviors, and functions. . Cogn. Sci. 28:(1):12738
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  61. Ho VT, Wong SS. 2009.. Knowing who knows what and who knows whom: expertise recognition, network recognition, and individual work performance. . J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 82:(1):14758
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  62. Hofmann DA, Lei Z, Grant AM. 2009.. Seeking help in the shadow of doubt: the sensemaking processes underlying how nurses decide whom to ask for advice. . J. Appl. Psychol. 94:(5):126174
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  63. Horton S, Baker J, Schorer J. 2008.. Expertise and aging: maintaining skills through the lifespan. . Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act. 5:(2):8996
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  64. Howard RW. 2013.. Practice other than playing games apparently has only a modest role in the development of chess expertise. . Br. J. Psychol. 104:(1):3956
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  65. Joshi A. 2014.. By whom and when is women's expertise recognized? The interactive effects of gender and education in science and engineering teams. . Adm. Sci. Q. 59:(2):20239
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  66. Joung W, Hesketh B, Neal A. 2006.. Using “war stories” to train for adaptive performance: Is it better to learn from error or success?. Appl. Psychol. 55:(2):282302
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  67. Kang S, Kim JW. 2022.. The fragility of experts: a moderated-mediation model of expertise, expert identity threat, and overprecision. . Acad. Manag. J. 65::577605
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  68. Kochan TA, Riordan CA, Kowalski AM, Khan M, Yang D. 2019.. The changing nature of employee and labor-management relationships. . Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 6::195219
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  69. Kornei K. 2024.. These may be the oldest olive trees in the world. . NY Times, Mar. 9
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Koumakhov R, Daoud A. 2017.. Routine and reflexivity: Simonian cognitivism versus practice approach. . Ind. Corp. Change 26:(4):72743
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Kua J, Lim WS, Teo W, Edwards RA. 2021.. A scoping review of adaptive expertise in education. . Med. Teach. 43:(3):34755
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  72. Leatherbee M, Katila R. 2020.. The lean startup method: early-stage teams and hypothesis-based probing of business ideas. . Strateg. Entrep. J. 14:(4):57093
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  73. Li M, Patel PC. 2019.. Jack of all, master of all? CEO generalist experience and firm performance. . Leadersh. Q. 30:(3):32034
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  74. Lin S-W, Bier VM. 2008.. A study of expert overconfidence. . Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 93:(5):71121
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  75. Lismont J, Van Calster T, Óskarsdóttir M, vanden Broucke S, Baesens B, et al. 2019.. Closing the gap between experts and novices using analytics-as-a-service: an experimental study. . Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 61:(6):67993
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  76. Lyon LJ. 2014.. Development of teaching expertise viewed through the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition. . J. Scholarsh. Teach. Learn. 15::88105
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  77. Maddy L, Rosenbaum L. 2018.. Determining leadership levels with the Dreyfus model. . J. Workplace Learn. 30:(8):62639
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  78. Mahon D. 2022.. A scoping review of deliberate practice in the acquisition of therapeutic skills and practices. . Couns. Psychother. Res. 23:(4):96581
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  79. McCall M, Lombardo M, Morrison A. 1988.. The Lessons of Experience: How Successful Executives Develop on the Job. New York:: Lexington Books
    [Google Scholar]
  80. McEnrue MP. 1988.. Length of experience and the performance of managers in the establishment phase of their careers. . Acad. Manag. J. 31:(1):17585
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  81. Mellers B, Ungar L, Baron J, Ramos J, Gurcay B, et al. 2014.. Psychological strategies for winning a geopolitical forecasting tournament. . Psychol. Sci. 25:(5):110615
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  82. Merkebu J, Veen M, Hosseini S, Varpio L. 2024.. The case for metacognitive reflection: a theory integrative review with implications for medical education. . Adv. Health Sci. Educ. 2024::120
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Miller DJ, Spengler ES, Spengler PM. 2015.. A meta-analysis of confidence and judgment accuracy in clinical decision making. . J. Couns. Psychol. 62:(4):55367
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  84. Mintzberg H. 2023.. Simply Managing: What Managers Doand Can Do Better. San Francisco:: Berrett-Koehler
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Neumann N, Lotze M, Eickhoff SB. 2016.. Cognitive expertise: an ALE meta-analysis. . Hum. Brain Mapp. 37:(1):26272
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  86. Ng TWH, Feldman DC. 2013.. Does longer job tenure help or hinder job performance?. J. Vocat. Behav. 83:(3):30514
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  87. Pelaccia T, Plotnick LH, Audétat MC, Nendaz M, Lubarsky S, et al. 2020.. A scoping review of physicians’ clinical reasoning in emergency departments. . Ann. Emerg. Med. 75:(2):20617
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  88. Pelgrim E, Hissink E, Bus L, van der Schaaf M, Nieuwenhuis L, et al. 2022.. Professionals’ adaptive expertise and adaptive performance in educational and workplace settings: an overview of reviews. . Adv. Health Sci. Educ. 27:(5):124563
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  89. Penrose ET. 2009.. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Oxford, UK:: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Perkins WS. 1993.. The effects of experience and education on the organization of marketing knowledge. . Psychol. Mark. 10:(3):16983
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  91. Propheter G. 2016.. Managerial experience and organizational performance: a 15-year panel study of local assessors. . Public Adm. Rev. 76:(3):43846
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  92. Quińones MA, Ford JK, Teachout MS. 1995.. The relationship between work experience and job performance: a conceptual and meta-analytic review. . Pers. Psychol. 48:(4):887910
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  93. Read S, Sarasvathy SD. 2005.. Knowing what to do and doing what you know: effectuation as a form of entrepreneurial expertise. . J. Priv. Equity 9:(1):4562
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  94. Reagans R, Argote L, Brooks D. 2005.. Individual experience and experience working together: predicting learning rates from knowing who knows what and knowing how to work together. . Manag. Sci. 51:(6):86981
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  95. Ren Y, Croson R. 2013.. Overconfidence in newsvendor orders: an experimental study. . Manag. Sci. 59:(11):250217
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  96. Salas E, Rosen MA. 2010.. Experts at Work: Principles for Developing Expertise in Organizations. New York:: Routledge/Taylor & Francis
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Sarasvathy DK, Simon HA, Lave L. 1998.. Perceiving and managing business risks: differences between entrepreneurs and bankers. . J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 33:(2):20725
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  98. Sarmento H, Anguera MT, Pereira A, Araújo D. 2018.. Talent identification and development in male football: a systematic review. . Sports Med. 48:(4):90731
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  99. Sawyer TL, Deering S. 2013.. Adaptation of the US Army's after-action review for simulation debriefing in healthcare. . Simul. Healthc. 8:(6):38897
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  100. Schelling TC. 1980.. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA:: Harvard Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Shanteau J, Weiss DJ, Thomas RP, Pounds J, Hall B. 2003.. How can you tell if someone is an expert? Empirical assessment of expertise. . In Emerging Perspectives on Judgment and Decision Research, ed. SL Schneider, J Shanteau , pp. 62041. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Sharma A, Levy M, Kumar A. 2000.. Knowledge structures and retail sales performance: an empirical examination. . J. Retail. 76:(1):5369
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  103. Silva AF, Afonso J, Sampaio A, Pimenta N, Lima RF, et al. 2022.. Differences in visual search behavior between expert and novice team sports athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. . Front. Psychol. 13::100106
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Sparrow P. 1999.. Strategy and cognition: understanding the role of management knowledge structures, organizational memory and information overload. . Creat. Innov. Manag. 8:(2):14048
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  105. Speirs-Bridge A, Fidler F, McBride M, Flander L, Cumming G, Burgman M. 2010.. Reducing overconfidence in the interval judgments of experts. . Risk Anal. 30:(3):51223
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  106. Spengler PM, White MJ, Ægisdóttir S, Maugherman AS, Anderson LA, et al. 2009.. The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: effects of experience on judgment accuracy. . Couns. Psychol. 37:(3):35099
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  107. Sun B, Xiao W, Feng X, Shao Y, Zhang W, Li W. 2020.. Behavioral and brain synchronization differences between expert and novice teachers when collaborating with students. . Brain Cogn. 139::105513
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  108. Tannenbaum SI, Wolfson MA. 2022.. Informal (field-based) learning. . Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 9::391414
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  109. Taylor JL, Kennedy Q, Noda A, Yesavage JA. 2007.. Pilot age and expertise predict flight simulator performance: a 3-year longitudinal study. . Neurology 68:(9):64854
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  110. Taylor SE, Brown J. 1988.. Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health. . Psychol. Bull. 103::193210
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  111. Tjernström E, Lybbert TJ, Hernández RF, Correa JS. 2021.. Learning by (virtually) doing: experimentation and belief updating in smallholder agriculture. . J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 189::2850
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  112. Toft-Kehler R, Wennberg K, Kim PH. 2014.. Practice makes perfect: entrepreneurial-experience curves and venture performance. . J. Bus. Ventur. 29:(4):45370
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  113. Torngren G, Montgomery H. 2004.. Worse than chance? Performance and confidence among professionals and laypeople in the stock market. . J. Behav. Finance 5:(3):14853
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  114. Tracey TJG, Wampold BE, Lichtenberg JW, Goodyear RK. 2014.. Expertise in psychotherapy: an elusive goal?. Am. Psychol. 69:(3):21829
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  115. Tsai CI, Klayman J, Hastie R. 2008.. Effects of amount of information on judgment accuracy and confidence. . Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 107:(2):97105
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  116. Ullén F, Hambrick DZ, Mosing MA. 2016.. Rethinking expertise: a multifactorial gene-environment interaction model of expert performance. . Psychol. Bull. 142:(4):42746
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  117. Uygur U, Kim SM. 2016.. Evolution of entrepreneurial judgment with venture-specific experience. . Strateg. Entrep. J. 10:(2):16993
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  118. Van Iddekinge CH, Arnold JD, Frieder RE, Roth PL. 2019.. A meta-analysis of the criterion-related validity of prehire work experience. . Pers. Psychol. 72:(4):57198
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  119. Veenman MVJ, Verheij J. 2003.. Technical students’ metacognitive skills: relating general versus specific metacognitive skills to study success. . Learn. Individ. Differ. 13:(3):25972
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  120. Veltrop DB, Molleman E, Hooghiemstra RBH, Van Ees H. 2017.. Who's the boss at the top? A micro-level analysis of director expertise, status and conformity within boards. . J. Manag. Stud. 54:(7):1079110
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  121. Voss MW, Kramer AF, Basak C, Prakash RS, Roberts B. 2010.. Are expert athletes ‘expert’ in the cognitive laboratory? A meta-analytic review of cognition and sport expertise. . Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 24::81226
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  122. Wang G, Holmes RM, Oh IS, Zhu W. 2016.. Do CEOs matter to firm strategic actions and firm performance? A meta-analytic investigation based on upper echelons theory. . Pers. Psychol. 69:(4):775862
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  123. Weber B. 2009.. Daniel C. Tosteson, longtime dean who reshaped Harvard Medical School, dies at 84. . NY Times, June 3
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Webster-Wright A. 2009.. Reframing professional development through understanding authentic professional learning. . Rev. Educ. Res. 79:(2):70239
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  125. Williams CA, Haslam RA, Weiss DJ. 2008.. The Cochran-Weiss-Shanteau performance index as an indicator of upper limb risk assessment expertise. . Ergonomics 51:(8):121937
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-020323-012717
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-020323-012717
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplemental Materials

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error