1932

Abstract

Our desire to cultivate and sustain positive identities has a powerful influence on workplace diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) dynamics. While sometimes the quest for positive identities promotes celebration of diversity and uniqueness, in many other circumstances our inherent motivation to strive toward building more positive identities can have unintended consequences for DEI in organizations. In this review, we organize research on positive identities at work to better understand the experiences of the diverse set of individuals that compose our work organizations today. We invite a critical examination of how individuals with underrepresented and dominant identities deal with identity demands in diverse workplaces in both helpful and harmful ways. We conclude with directions for future research on interventions that mitigate identity threat and promote inclusion.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041934
2025-01-21
2025-06-14
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/orgpsych/12/1/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041934.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041934&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adams G, Tormala TT, O'Brien LT. 2006.. The effect of self-affirmation on perception of racism. . J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 42:(5):61626
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alicke MD, Sedikides C. 2009.. Self-enhancement and self-protection: what they are and what they do. . Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 20::148
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  3. Apfelbaum EP, Norton MI, Sommers SR. 2012.. Racial color blindness: emergence, practice, and implications. . Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 21:(3):2059
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  4. Aquino K, Reed A II. 2002.. The self-importance of moral identity. . J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 83:(6):142340
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  5. Ashforth BE, Harrison SH, Corley KG. 2008.. Identification in organizations: an examination of four fundamental questions. . J. Manag. 34:(3):32574
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Ashforth BE, Kreiner GE, Fugate M. 2000.. All in a day's work: boundaries and micro role transitions. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 25:(3):47291
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ashforth BE, Mael F. 1989.. Social identity theory and the organization. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 14:(1):2039
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  8. Ashforth BE, Schinoff BS. 2016.. Identity under construction: how individuals come to define themselves in organizations. . Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 3::11137
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  9. Avanzi L, van Dick R, Fraccaroli F, Sarchielli G. 2012.. The downside of organizational identification: relations between identification, workaholism and well-being. . Work Stress 26:(3):289307
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  10. Avery DR, Hall AV, Preston M, Ruggs EN, Washington E. 2023.. Is justice colorblind? A review of workplace racioethnic differences through the lens of organizational justice. . Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 10::389412
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bain K, Kreps TA, Meikle NL, Tenney ER. 2021.. Amplifying voice in organizations. . Acad. Manag. J. 64:(4):1288312
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  12. Baird N, Robertson JL, McLarnon MJ. 2022.. Looking in the mirror: including the Reflected Best Self exercise in management curricula to increase students’ interview self-efficacy. . Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ. 22:(4):66280
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bergsieker HB, Shelton JN, Richeson JA. 2010.. To be liked versus respected: divergent goals in interracial interactions. . J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 99:(2):24864
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bhattacharyya B, Erskine SE, McCluney C. 2024.. Not all allies are created equal: an intersectional examination of relational allyship for women of color at work. . Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 182::104331
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  15. Blanken I, Van De Ven N, Zeelenberg M. 2015.. A meta-analytic review of moral licensing. . Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 41:(4):54058
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  16. Boothby EJ, Bohns VK. 2021.. Why a simple act of kindness is not as simple as it seems: underestimating the positive impact of our compliments on others. . Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 47:(5):82640
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  17. Boothby EJ, Cooney G, Sandstrom GM, Clark MS. 2018.. The liking gap in conversations: Do people like us more than we think?. Psychol. Sci. 29:(11):174256
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  18. Branscombe NR. 1998.. Thinking about one's gender group's privileges or disadvantages: consequences for well-being in women and men. . Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 37:(2):16784
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  19. Branscombe NR, Ellemers N, Spears R, Doosje B. 1999.. The context and content of social identity threat. . In Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content, ed. N Ellemers, R Spears, B Doosje , pp. 3558. Malden, MA:: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Brown AD. 2015.. Identities and identity work in organizations. . Int. J. Manag. Rev. 17:(1):2040
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  21. Caprar DV, Walker BW, Ashforth BE. 2022.. The dark side of strong identification in organizations: a conceptual review. . Acad. Manag. Ann. 16:(2):759805
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  22. Castilla EJ. 2016.. Achieving meritocracy in the workplace. . MIT Sloan Management Review, Summer. https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/achieving-meritocracy-in-the-workplace/
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Castilla EJ, Benard S. 2010.. The paradox of meritocracy in organizations. . Adm. Sci. Q. 55:(4):543676
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  24. Castilla EJ, Ranganathan A. 2020.. The production of merit: how managers understand and apply merit in the workplace. . Organ. Sci. 31:(4):90935
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  25. Caza BB, Heaphy E, Roberts LM, Spreitzer G. 2024.. Revaluing ordinary moments: disrupting gendered positive self-concepts through a narrative feedback intervention. . Acad. Manag. Discov. 10:(1):3458
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  26. Caza BB, Vough H, Puranik H. 2018.. Identity work in organizations and occupations: definitions, theories, and pathways forward. . J. Organ. Behav. 39:(7):889910
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  27. Caza BB, Wilson MG. 2009.. Me, myself, and I: the benefits of work-identity complexity. . In Exploring Positive Identities and Organizations: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation, ed. LM Roberts, JE Dutton , pp. 99125. New York:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Cha SE, Roberts LM. 2019.. Leveraging minority identities at work: an individual-level framework of the identity mobilization process. . Organ. Sci. 30:(4):73560
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  29. Chang C-H, Ferris DL, Johnson RE, Rosen CC, Tan JA. 2012.. Core self-evaluations: a review and evaluation of the literature. . J. Manag. 38:(1):81128
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Chugh D. 2018.. The Person You Mean to Be: How Good People Fight Bias. New York:: Harper Collins
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Cohen GL, Sherman DK. 2014.. The psychology of change: self-affirmation and social psychological intervention. . Annu. Rev. Psychol. 65::33371
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  32. Conroy S, Henle CA, Shore L, Stelman S. 2017.. Where there is light, there is dark: a review of the detrimental outcomes of high organizational identification. . J. Organ. Behav. 38:(2):184203
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  33. Cooper D, Thatcher SM. 2010.. Identification in organizations: the role of self-concept orientations and identification motives. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 35:(4):51638
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Correll SJ, Weisshaar KR, Wynn AT, Wehner JD. 2020.. Inside the black box of organizational life: the gendered language of performance assessment. . Am. Sociol. Rev. 85:(6):102250
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  35. Cortina LM. 2008.. Unseen injustice: incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 33:(1):5575
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  36. Cortina LM, Kabat-Farr D, Leskinen EA, Huerta M, Magley VJ. 2013.. Selective incivility as modern discrimination in organizations: evidence and impact. . J. Manag. 39:(6):1579605
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Coverman S. 1989.. Role overload, role conflict, and stress: addressing consequences of multiple role demands. . Soc. Forces 67:(4):96582
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  38. Creary SJ, Caza BB, Roberts LM. 2015.. Out of the box? How managing a subordinate's multiple identities affects the quality of a manager-subordinate relationship. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 40:(4):53862
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  39. Crenshaw K. 1989.. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. . Univ. Chic. Legal Forum 1::8
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Crocker J, Voelkl K, Testa M, Major B. 1991.. Social stigma: the affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. . J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 60:(2):21828
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  41. Croft A, Schmader T. 2012.. The feedback withholding bias: Minority students do not receive critical feedback from evaluators concerned about appearing racist. . J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 48:(5):113944
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  42. Dahm PC, Kim Y, Glomb TM, Harrison SH. 2019.. Identity affirmation as threat? Time-bending sensemaking and the career and family identity patterns of early achievers. . Acad. Manag. J. 62:(4):1194225
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  43. Danbold F, Bendersky C. 2020.. Balancing professional prototypes increases the valuation of women in male-dominated professions. . Organ. Sci. 31:(1):11940
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  44. Danbold F, Onyeador IN, Unzueta MM. 2022.. Dominant groups support digressive victimhood claims to counter accusations of discrimination. . J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 98::104233
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  45. Dixon TM, Baumeister RF. 1991.. Escaping the self: the moderating effect of self-complexity. . Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 17:(4):36368
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  46. Doldor E, Atewologun D. 2021.. Why work it when you can dodge it? Identity responses to ethnic stigma among professionals. . Hum. Relat. 74:(6):892921
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  47. Dumas TL, Phillips KW, Rothbard NP. 2013.. Getting closer at the company party: integration experiences, racial dissimilarity, and workplace relationships. . Organ. Sci. 24:(5):1377401
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  48. Dunning D, Heath C, Suls JM. 2004.. Flawed self-assessment: implications for health, education, and the workplace. . Psychol. Sci. Public Interest 5:(3):69106
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  49. Dutton JE, Roberts LM, Bednar J. 2010.. Pathways for positive identity construction at work: four types of positive identity and the building of social resources. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 35:(2):26593
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Dutton JE, Roberts LM, Bednar J. 2011.. Using a positive lens to complicate the positive in identity research. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 36:(2):42731
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Eagly AH, Karau SJ. 2002.. Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. . Psychol. Rev. 109:(3):57398
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  52. Ellemers N, Spears R, Doosje B. 2002.. Self and social identity. . Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53::16186
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  53. Ely RJ. 1995.. The power in demography: women's social constructions of gender identity at work. . Acad. Manag. J. 38:(3):589634
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  54. Epley N, Kumar A, Dungan J, Echelbarger M. 2023.. A prosociality paradox: how miscalibrated social cognition creates a misplaced barrier to prosocial action. . Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 32:(1):3341
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  55. Essers C, Benschop Y, Doorewaard H. 2010.. Female ethnicity: understanding Muslim immigrant businesswomen in the Netherlands. . Gender Work Organ. 17:(3):32039
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  56. Eury JL, Kreiner GE, Treviño LK, Gioia DA. 2018.. The past is not dead: legacy identification and alumni ambivalence in the wake of the Sandusky scandal at Penn State. . Acad. Manag. J. 61:(3):82656
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  57. Fein S, Spencer SJ. 1997.. Prejudice as self-image maintenance: affirming the self through derogating others. . J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 73:(1):3144
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  58. Fernando D, Kenny E. 2023.. The identity impact of witnessing selective incivility: a study of minority ethnic professionals. . J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 96:(1):5680
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  59. Fetzer GT, Harrison SH, Rouse ED. 2023.. Navigating the paradox of promise through the construction of meaningful career narratives. . Acad. Manag. J. 66:(6):1896928
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  60. Gabriel AS, Ladge JJ, Little LM, MacGowan RL, Stillwell EE. 2023.. Sensemaking through the storm: how postpartum depression shapes personal work-family narratives. . J. Appl. Psychol. 108:(12):190323
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  61. Gabriel AS, Volpone SD, MacGowan RL, Butts MM, Moran CM. 2020.. When work and family blend together: examining the daily experiences of breastfeeding mothers at work. . Acad. Manag. J. 63:(5):133769
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  62. Gibson CB, Dunlop PD, Raghav S. 2021.. Navigating identities in global work: antecedents and consequences of intrapersonal identity conflict. . Hum. Relat. 74:(4):55686
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  63. Gu MM, Jiang L, Ou WA. 2022.. Exploring the professional teacher identity as ethical self-formation of two multilingual native English teachers. . Lang. Teach. Res. In press. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221117061
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Harber KD. 1998.. Feedback to minorities: evidence of a positive bias. . J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 74:(3):62228
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  65. Haslam SA, Ellemers N. 2005.. Social identity in industrial and organizational psychology: concepts, controversies and contributions. . Int. Rev. Ind. Organ. Psychol. 20::39118
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Hatmaker DM. 2013.. Engineering identity: gender and professional identity negotiation among women engineers. . Gender Work Organ. 20:(4):38296
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  67. Hay GJ, Parker SK, Luksyte A. 2021.. Making sense of organisational change failure: an identity lens. . Hum. Relat. 74:(2):180207
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  68. He JC, Kang SK. 2021.. Covering in cover letters: gender and self-presentation in job applications. . Acad. Manag. J. 64:(4):1097126
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  69. Hennekam S, Ladge JJ. 2023.. Free to be me? Evolving gender expression and the dynamic interplay between authenticity and the desire to be accepted at work. . Acad. Manag. J. 66:(5):152953
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  70. Hennekam S, Ladge JJ, Powell GN. 2021.. Confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic: how multi-domain work-life shock events may result in positive identity change. . J. Vocat. Behav. 130::103621
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  71. Hewlin PF. 2003.. And the award for best actor goes to…: facades of conformity in organizational settings. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 28:(4):63342
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Hewlin PF. 2009.. Wearing the cloak: antecedents and consequences of creating facades of conformity. . J. Appl. Psychol. 94:(3):72741
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  73. Hewlin PF, Kim SS, Song YH. 2016.. Creating facades of conformity in the face of job insecurity: a study of consequences and conditions. . J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 89:(3):53967
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  74. Holmes O IV, Whitman MV, Campbell KS, Johnson DE. 2016.. Exploring the social identity threat response framework. . Equal. Divers. Incl. 35:(3):20520
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  75. Hornsey MJ, Spears R, Cremers I, Hogg MA. 2003.. Relations between high and low power groups: the importance of legitimacy. . Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 29:(2):21627
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  76. Ibarra H, Barbulescu R. 2010.. Identity as narrative: prevalence, effectiveness, and consequences of narrative identity work in macro work role transitions. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 35:(1):13554
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Ingram P. 2023.. Identity multiplicity and the formation of professional network ties. . Acad. Manag. J. 66:(3):72043
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  78. Iyer A. 2022.. Understanding advantaged groups’ opposition to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) policies: the role of perceived threat. . Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 16:(5):e12666
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  79. Jammaers E, Zanoni P, Hardonk S. 2016.. Constructing positive identities in ableist workplaces: disabled employees’ discursive practices engaging with the discourse of lower productivity. . Hum. Relat. 69:(6):136586
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  80. Jang S. 2017.. Cultural brokerage and creative performance in multicultural teams. . Organ. Sci. 28:(6):9931009
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  81. Jiang WY, Zhao-Ding A, Qi S. 2024.. Breaking free or locking in: how socially disadvantaged individuals achieve or reject an aspired identity in an entrepreneurial context. . Acad. Manag. J. In press. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2022.1104
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Johnson MD, Morgeson FP, Ilgen DR, Meyer CJ, Lloyd JW. 2006.. Multiple professional identities: examining differences in identification across work-related targets. . J. Appl. Psychol. 91:(2):498506
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  83. Judge TA, Bono JE. 2001.. Relationship of core self-evaluations traits—self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job satisfaction and job performance: a meta-analysis. . J. Appl. Psychol. 86::8092
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  84. Judge TA, Bono JE, Erez A, Locke EA. 2005.. Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: the role of self-concordance and goal attainment. . J. Appl. Psychol. 90::25768
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  85. Kang SK, DeCelles KA, Tilcsik A, Jun S. 2016.. Whitened résumés: race and self-presentation in the labor market. . Adm. Sci. Q. 61:(3):469502
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  86. Kim JY, Meister A. 2022.. Microaggressions, interrupted: the experience and effects of gender microaggressions for women in STEM. . J. Bus. Ethics 185:(3):51331
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  87. Kim JY, Shang Z. 2024.. No, I do belong: how Asian American and Asian Canadian professionals defy and counter workplace racial violence during COVID-19. . J. Manag. Stud. 61:(3):888925
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  88. King DD, Fattoracci ES, Hollingsworth DW, Stahr E, Nelson M. 2022.. When thriving requires effortful surviving: delineating manifestations and resource expenditure outcomes of microaggressions for Black employees. . J. Appl. Psychol. 108:(2):183207
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  89. King DD, Hall AV, Johnson L, Carter J, Burrows D, Samuel N. 2023.. Research on anti-Black racism in organizations: insights, ideas, and considerations. . J. Bus. Psychol. 38:(1):14562
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  90. Knowles ED, Lowery BS. 2012.. Meritocracy, self-concerns, and Whites’ denial of racial inequity. . Self Identity 11:(2):20222
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  91. Knowles ED, Lowery BS, Chow RM, Unzueta MM. 2014.. Deny, distance, or dismantle? How White Americans manage a privileged identity. . Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 9:(6):594609
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  92. Knowlton K, Carton AM, Grant AM. 2022.. Help (un)wanted: why the most powerful allies are the most likely to stumble—and when they fulfill their potential. . Res. Organ. Behav. 42::100180
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Koerner MM. 2014.. Courage as identity work: accounts of workplace courage. . Acad. Manag. J. 57:(1):6393
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  94. Kouchaki M. 2011.. Vicarious moral licensing: the influence of others’ past moral actions on moral behavior. . J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 101:(4):70215
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  95. Kumar A, Epley N. 2018.. Undervaluing gratitude: expressers misunderstand the consequences of showing appreciation. . Psychol. Sci. 29:(9):142335
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  96. Labelle-Deraspe R, Mathieu C. 2023.. Exploring incivility experiences of marginalized employees: implications for psychological distress. . Curr. Psychol. 43:(6):516378
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  97. Lee Cunningham J, Gino F, Cable DM, Staats BR. 2021.. Seeing oneself as a valued contributor: Social worth affirmation improves team information sharing. . Acad. Manag. J. 64:(6):181641
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  98. Lee YG, Koval CZ, Lee SS. 2023.. The glass wall and the gendered evaluation of role expansion in freelancing careers. . Acad. Manag. J. 66:(4):104270
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  99. Leigh A, Melwani S. 2019.. #BlackEmployeesMatter: mega-threats, identity fusion, and enacting positive deviance in organizations. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 44:(3):56491
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  100. Leigh A, Melwani S. 2022.. “ Am I next?” The spillover effects of mega-threats on avoidant behaviors at work. . Acad. Manag. J. 65:(3):72048
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  101. Leslie LM, Flynn E, Foster-Gimbel OA, Manchester CF. 2023.. Happy talk: Is common diversity rhetoric effective diversity rhetoric?. Acad. Manag. J. 67:(3):595624
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  102. Linville PW. 1985.. Self-complexity and affective extremity: Don't put all of your eggs in one cognitive basket. . Soc. Cogn. 3::94120
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  103. Linville PW. 1987.. Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression. . J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 52:(4):66376
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  104. Maitlis S. 2005.. The social processes of organizational sensemaking. . Acad. Manag. J. 48:(1):2149
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  105. Maitlis S. 2020.. Posttraumatic growth at work. . Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 7::395419
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  106. Maitlis S. 2022.. Rupture and reclamation in the life story: the role of early relationships in self-narratives following a forced career transition. . Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 169::104115
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  107. Major B, Feinstein J, Crocker J. 1994.. Attributional ambiguity of affirmative action. . Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 15:(1–2):11341
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  108. Major B, Kunstman JW, Malta BD, Sawyer PJ, Townsend SS, Mendes WB. 2016.. Suspicion of motives predicts minorities’ responses to positive feedback in interracial interactions. . J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 62::7588
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  109. Major B, O'Brien LT. 2005.. The social psychology of stigma. . Annu. Rev. Psychol. 56::393421
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  110. McClean EJ, Kim S, Martinez T. 2022.. Which ideas for change are endorsed? How agentic and communal voice affects endorsement differently for men and for women. . Acad. Manag. J. 65:(2):63455
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  111. McCluney CL, Bryant CM, King DD, Ali AA. 2017.. Calling in Black: a dynamic model of racially traumatic events, resourcing, and safety. . Equal. Divers. Incl. 36:(8):76786
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  112. McCluney CL, Durkee MI, Smith RE II, Robotham KJ, Lee SSL. 2021.. To be, or not to be…Black: the effects of racial codeswitching on perceived professionalism in the workplace. . J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 97::104199
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  113. Merritt AC, Effron DA, Monin B. 2010.. Moral self-licensing: when being good frees us to be bad. . Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 4:(5):34457
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  114. Mezulis AH, Abramson LY, Hyde JS, Hankin BL. 2004.. Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias. . Psychol. Bull. 130:(5):71147
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  115. Milton LP, Westphal JD. 2005.. Identity confirmation networks and cooperation in work groups. . Acad. Manag. J. 48:(2):191212
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  116. Mobasseri S, Kahn WA, Ely RJ. 2024.. Racial inequality in organizations: a systems psychodynamic perspective. . Acad. Manag. Rev. In press. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2021.0446
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Motro D, Evans JB, Ellis AP, Benson L III. 2022.. Race and reactions to women's expressions of anger at work: examining the effects of the “angry Black woman” stereotype. . J. Appl. Psychol. 107:(1):14252
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  118. Neeley T, Reiche BS. 2022.. How global leaders gain power through downward deference and reduction of social distance. . Acad. Manag. J. 65:(1):1134
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  119. Nurmohamed S. 2020.. The underdog effect: when low expectations increase performance. . Acad. Manag. J. 63:(4):110633
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  120. Nurmohamed S, Kundro TG, Myers CG. 2021.. Against the odds: developing underdog versus favorite narratives to offset prior experiences of discrimination. . Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 167::20621
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  121. Onyeador IN, Daumeyer NM, Rucker JM, Duker A, Kraus MW, Richeson JA. 2021.. Disrupting beliefs in racial progress: Reminders of persistent racism alter perceptions of past, but not current, racial economic equality. . Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 47:(5):75365
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  122. Peterson C, Seligman ME. 2004.. Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification, Vol. 1. Washington, DC:: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Petriglieri JL. 2011.. Under threat: responses to and the consequences of threats to individuals’ identities. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 36:(4):64162
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Petriglieri JL. 2015.. Co-creating relationship repair: pathways to reconstructing destabilized organizational identification. . Adm. Sci. Q. 60:(3):51857
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  125. Phillips KW, Rothbard NP, Dumas TL. 2009.. To disclose or not to disclose? Status distance and self-disclosure in diverse environments. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 34:(4):71032
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Phillips LT, Lowery BS. 2015.. The hard-knock life? Whites claim hardships in response to racial inequity. . J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 61::1218
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  127. Plaut VC, Thomas KM, Goren MJ. 2009.. Is multiculturalism or color blindness better for minorities?. Psychol. Sci. 20:(4):44446
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  128. Pratt MG. 2000.. The good, the bad, and the ambivalent: managing identification among Amway distributors. . Adm. Sci. Q. 45:(3):45693
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  129. Preston MC, Boyd TL, Leigh A, Burgess R, Marsh V. 2024.. An ally by any other name: examining the effects of racial minority leaders as allies for advancing racial justice. . Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 181::104321
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  130. Radcliffe L, Cassell C, Malik F. 2022.. Providing, performing and protecting: the importance of work identities in negotiating conflicting work-family ideals as a single mother. . Br. J. Manag. 33:(2):890905
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  131. Reed A II, Aquino KF. 2003.. Moral identity and the expanding circle of moral regard toward out-groups. . J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 84:(6):127086
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  132. Reynolds SJ, Ceranic TL. 2007.. The effects of moral judgment and moral identity on moral behavior: an empirical examination of the moral individual. . J. Appl. Psychol. 92:(6):161024
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  133. Richard S, Hennekam S. 2021.. Constructing a positive identity as a disabled worker through social comparison: the role of stigma and disability characteristics. . J. Vocat. Behav. 125::103528
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  134. Richeson JA, Nussbaum RJ. 2004.. The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias. . J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 40:(3):41723
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  135. Roberson QM. 2006.. Disentangling the meanings of diversity and inclusion in organizations. . Group Organ. Manag. 31:(2):21236
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  136. Roberson QM. 2019.. Diversity in the workplace: a review, synthesis, and future research agenda. . Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 6::6988
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  137. Roberts LM. 2005.. Changing faces: professional image construction in diverse organizational settings. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 30:(4):685711
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  138. Roberts LM, Creary SJ. 2012.. Positive identity construction: insights from classical and contemporary theoretical perspectives. . In The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship, ed. KS Cameron, GM Spreitzer , pp. 7183. New York:: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Roberts LM, Creary SJ. 2013.. Navigating the self in diverse work contexts. . In The Oxford Handbook of Diversity and Work, ed. QM Roberson , pp. 7397. Oxford, UK:: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Roberts LM, Dutton JE, Spreitzer GM, Heaphy ED, Quinn RE. 2005.. Composing the reflected best-self portrait: building pathways for becoming extraordinary in work organizations. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 30:(4):71236
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  141. Roberts LM, Mayo AJ, Thomas DA, eds. 2019.. Race, Work, and Leadership: New Perspectives on the Black Experience. Boston:: Harvard Bus. Rev. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Roccas S, Brewer MB. 2002.. Social identity complexity. . Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 6:(2):88106
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  143. Rogers KM, Corley KG, Ashforth BE. 2017.. Seeing more than orange: organizational respect and positive identity transformation in a prison context. . Adm. Sci. Q. 62:(2):21969
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  144. Rothbard NP, Ramarajan L. 2009.. Checking your identities at the door? Positive relationships between nonwork and work identities. . In Exploring Positive Identities and Organizations, ed. LM Roberts, JE Dutton , pp. 12548. East Sussex, UK:: Psychol. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Ryan AM, King DD, Elizondo F, Wadlington P. 2020.. Social identity management strategies of women in STEM fields. . J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 93:(2):24572
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  146. Sachdeva S, Iliev R, Medin DL. 2009.. Sinning saints and saintly sinners: the paradox of moral self-regulation. . Psychol. Sci. 20:(4):52328
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  147. Schaubroeck J, Peng AC, Hannah ST, Ma J, Cianci AM. 2021.. Struggling to meet the bar: Occupational progress failure and informal leadership behavior. . Acad. Manag. J. 64:(6):174062
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  148. Scheitle CP, Dabbs E. 2021.. Religiosity and identity interference among graduate students in the sciences. . Soc. Sci. Res. 93::102503
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  149. Scopelliti I, Morewedge CK, McCormick E, Min HL, Lebrecht S, Kassam KS. 2015.. Bias blind spot: structure, measurement, and consequences. . Manag. Sci. 61:(10):246886
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  150. Sedikides C, Gregg AP. 2008.. Self-enhancement: food for thought. . Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3:(2):10216
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  151. Settles IH. 2004.. When multiple identities interfere: the role of identity centrality. . Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 30:(4):487500
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  152. Settles IH, Jellison WA, Pratt-Hyatt JS. 2009.. Identification with multiple social groups: the moderating role of identity change over time among women-scientists. . J. Res. Personal. 43:(5):85667
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  153. Shepherd DA, Maitlis S, Parida V, Wincent J, Lawrence TB. 2022.. Intersectionality in intractable dirty work: how Mumbai ragpickers make meaning of their work and lives. . Acad. Manag. J. 65:(5):1680708
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  154. Sherman DK, Cohen GL. 2006.. The psychology of self-defense: self-affirmation theory. . Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 38::183242
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  155. Sherman DK, Hartson KA, Binning KR, Purdie-Vaughns V, Garcia J, et al. 2013.. Deflecting the trajectory and changing the narrative: how self-affirmation affects academic performance and motivation under identity threat. . J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 104:(4):591618
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  156. Shih M, Young MJ, Bucher A. 2013.. Working to reduce the effects of discrimination: identity management strategies in organizations. . Am. Psychol. 68:(3):14557
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  157. Sonenshein S, Dutton JE, Grant AM, Spreitzer GM, Sutcliffe KM. 2013.. Growing at work: employees’ interpretations of progressive self-change in organizations. . Organ. Sci. 24:(2):55270
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  158. Soral P, Pati SP, Singh SK, Cooke FL. 2022.. Coping with dirty work: a meta-synthesis from a resource perspective. . Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev. 32:(4):100861
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  159. Spreitzer G, Stephens JP, Sweetman D. 2009.. The Reflected Best Self field experiment with adolescent leaders: exploring the psychological resources associated with feedback source and valence. . J. Posit. Psychol. 4:(5):33148
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  160. Spreitzer G, Sutcliffe K, Dutton J, Sonenshein S, Grant AM. 2005.. A socially embedded model of thriving at work. . Organ. Sci. 16:(5):53749
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  161. Steele CM. 1988.. The psychology of self-affirmation: sustaining the integrity of the self. . In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 21:, ed. L Berkowitz , pp. 261302. Orlando, FL:: Academic
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  162. Steele CM. 1997.. A threat in the air: how stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. . Am. Psychol. 52:(6):61329
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  163. Sugiyama K, Ladge JJ, Bilimoria D. 2023.. Calling oneself and others in: brokering identities in diversity training. . Acad. Manag. J. 66:(6):1681710
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  164. Tajfel H, Turner JC. 1986.. The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. . In Psychology of Intergroup Relations, ed. S Worchel, WG Austin , pp. 724. Chicago:: Nelson-Hall. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Thoits PA. 1983.. Multiple identities and psychological well-being: a reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. . Am. Sociol. Rev. 48:(2):17487
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  166. To C, Sherf EN, Kouchaki M. 2024.. How much inequity do you see? Structural power, perceptions of gender and racial inequity, and support for diversity initiatives. . Acad. Manag. J. 67:(1):12649
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  167. To C, Wiwad D, Kouchaki M. 2023.. Economic inequality reduces sense of control and increases the acceptability of self-interested unethical behavior. . J. Exp. Psychol. 152:(10):274774
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  168. Uhlmann EL, Cohen GL. 2007.. “ I think it, therefore it's true”: effects of self-perceived objectivity on hiring discrimination. . Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 104:(2):20723
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  169. Unzueta MM, Lowery BS. 2008.. Defining racism safely: the role of self-image maintenance on white Americans’ conceptions of racism. . J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44:(6):149197
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  170. Unzueta MM, Lowery BS, Knowles ED. 2008.. How believing in affirmative action quotas protects White men's self-esteem. . Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 105:(1):113
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  171. Vough HC, Caza BB. 2017.. Where do I go from here? Sensemaking and the construction of growth-based stories in the wake of denied promotions. . Acad. Manag. Rev. 42:(1):10328
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  172. Walton GM, Cohen GL. 2003.. Stereotype lift. . J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 39:(5):45667
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  173. Wang Y, Lau DC, Kim Y. 2022.. Are multiple-identity holders more creative? The roles of ambivalence and mindfulness. . J. Bus. Psychol. 39::187207
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  174. Warren MA, Bordoloi SD, Warren MT. 2021.. Good for the goose and good for the gander: examining positive psychological benefits of male allyship for men and women. . Psychol. Men Masc. 22:(4):72331
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  175. West K, Eaton AA. 2019.. Prejudiced and unaware of it: evidence for the Dunning-Kruger model in the domains of racism and sexism. . Personal. Individ. Differ. 146::11119
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  176. West K, Greenland K, van Laar C, Barnoth D. 2022.. It's only discrimination when they do it to us: when White men use ingroup-serving double standards in definitional boundaries of discrimination. . Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 52:(4):73547
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  177. Yip J, Trainor LL, Black H, Soto-Torres L, Reichard RJ. 2020.. Coaching new leaders: a relational process of integrating multiple identities. . Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ. 19:(4):50320
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  178. Yoon MY, Joshi A, Dang CT. 2023.. Male privilege awareness and relational well-being at work: an allyship pathway. . Psychol. Men Masc. 24:(2):14961
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  179. Yoshino K. 2007.. Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights. New York:: Random House
    [Google Scholar]
  180. Zell E, Strickhouser JE, Sedikides C, Alicke MD. 2020.. The better-than-average effect in comparative self-evaluation: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. . Psychol. Bull. 146:(2):11849
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  181. Zhang T, Wang DJ, Galinsky AD. 2023.. Learning down to train up: Mentors are more effective when they value insights from below. . Acad. Manag. J. 66:(2):60437
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  182. Zheng W, Meister A, Caza BB. 2021.. The stories that make us: leaders’ origin stories and temporal identity work. . Hum. Relat. 74:(8):1178210
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041934
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-041934
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error