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Annual Review of Physical Chemistry

Volume 76, 2025

Flow of Energy and Information in Molecular Machines

  • Matthew P. Leighton1,2 and David A. Sivak1
  • 1Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; email: [email protected] 2Current affiliation: Department of Physics and Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; email: [email protected]
  • Vol. 76:379-403 (Volume publication date April 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on February 14, 2025
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Molecular machines transduce free energy between different forms throughout all living organisms. Unlike their macroscopic counterparts, molecular machines are characterized by stochastic fluctuations, overdamped dynamics, and soft components, and operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium. In addition, information is a relevant free energy resource for molecular machines, leading to new modes of operation for nanoscale engines. Toward the objective of engineering synthetic nanomachines, an important goal is to understand how molecular machines transduce free energy to perform their functions in biological systems. In this review, we discuss the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of free energy transduction within molecular machines, with a focus on quantifying energy and information flows between their components. We review results from theory, modeling, and inference from experiments that shed light on the internal thermodynamics of molecular machines, and ultimately explore what we can learn from considering these interactions.

Keyword(s): information, molecular machines, nonequilibrium, stochastic thermodynamics
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2025-04-21
2025-06-16
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-physchem-082423-030023
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Flow of Energy and Information in Molecular Machines
Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 76, 379 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-082423-030023
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-physchem-082423-030023
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-physchem-082423-030023
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