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Annual Review of Psychology

Volume 76, 2025

Boosting: Empowering Citizens with Behavioral Science

Abstract

Behavioral public policy came to the fore with the introduction of nudging, which aims to steer behavior while maintaining freedom of choice. Responding to critiques of nudging (e.g., that it does not promote agency and relies on benevolent choice architects), other behavioral policy approaches focus on empowering citizens. Here we review boosting, a behavioral policy approach that aims to foster people's agency, self-control, and ability to make informed decisions. It is grounded in evidence from behavioral science showing that human decision making is not as notoriously flawed as the nudging approach assumes. We argue that addressing the challenges of our time—such as climate change, pandemics, and the threats to liberal democracies and human autonomy posed by digital technologies and choice architectures—calls for fostering capable and engaged citizens as a first line of response to complement slower, systemic approaches.

Keyword(s): behavioral public policy, boosting, choice architectures, competences, empowerment, nudging
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-020924-124753
2025-01-17
2025-04-24
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Boosting: Empowering Citizens with Behavioral Science
Annual Review of Psychology 76, 851 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-020924-124753
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-020924-124753
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-020924-124753
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