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Annual Review of Psychology

Volume 76, 2025

Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects

  • Bertram Gawronski1 and Olivier Corneille2
  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; email: [email protected] 2Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; email: [email protected]
  • Vol. 76:359-384 (Volume publication date January 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on September 12, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Claims about unawareness are abundant in attitude research. This article provides an analysis of evidence regarding three aspects of an attitude of which people may lack awareness: () the attitude itself, () its environmental causes, and () its behavioral effects. Our analysis reveals that, despite widespread claims of unawareness of the three aspects, strong empirical evidence for these claims is surprisingly scarce. The article concludes with a discussion of the most likely aspects of attitudes that people may be unaware of; their relation to contextual factors that might influence evaluative responses outside of awareness; open questions about the (un)awareness of attitudes, their environmental causes, and their behavioral effects; and methodological recommendations for future research that aims to provide more compelling evidence for aspects of attitudes that may evade awareness.

Keyword(s): attitudes, attitude–behavior relations, awareness, consciousness, implicit measures, unconscious learning
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2025-01-17
2025-06-24
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Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects
Annual Review of Psychology 76, 359 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-051324-031037
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-051324-031037
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