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Annual Review of Public Health

Volume 46, 2025

Quantification of Epigenetic Aging in Public Health

  • Cynthia D.J. Kusters1 and Steve Horvath2,3
  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; email: [email protected] 2Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA 3Altos Labs, Cambridge, United Kingdom; email: [email protected]
  • Vol. 46:91-110 (Volume publication date April 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on December 16, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Estimators of biological age hold promise for use in preventive medicine, for early detection of chronic conditions, and for monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving population health. Among the promising biomarkers in this field are DNA methylation–based biomarkers, commonly referred to as epigenetic clocks. This review provides a survey of these clocks, with an emphasis on second-generation clocks that predict human morbidity and mortality. It explores the validity of epigenetic clocks when considering factors such as race, sex differences, lifestyle, and environmental influences. Furthermore, the review addresses the current challenges and limitations in this research area.

Keyword(s): aging, epigenetic age, epigenetic clock, human studies
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2025-04-04
2025-06-13
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