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Annual Review of Public Health

Volume 46, 2025

Global Burden of Disease from Environmental Factors

  • Sierra N. Clark1, Susan C. Anenberg2 and Michael Brauer3,4
  • 1School of Health & Medical Sciences, City St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom 2Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA 3Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; email: [email protected] 4School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; email: [email protected]
  • Vol. 46:233-251 (Volume publication date April 2025)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on December 17, 2024
  • Copyright © 2025 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Abstract

Estimation of the disease burden attributable to environmental factors is a powerful tool for prioritizing environmental and pollution management and public health actions around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) began estimating the environmental disease burden in 2000, which has formed the basis for the modern estimation approach conducted in the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor (GBD) study. In 2021, environmental and occupational risk factors in the GBD were responsible for 18.9% (12.8 million) of global deaths and 14.4% of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), led by ambient PM air pollution (4.2% DALYs, 4.7 million deaths) and household air pollution from the use of solid fuels for cooking (3.9% DALYs, 3.1 million deaths). Climate change exacerbates many environmental hazards, leading to increased disease burdens from heat, air pollution, vector-borne diseases, storms, and flooding. Other environmental risk factors not included in the GBD, such as poor indoor air quality, various chemical exposures, and environmental noise pollution, also significantly contribute to disease burden in many countries, though more efforts are needed to generate and integrate data resources for inclusion in global estimations.

Keyword(s): burden of disease, environmental risk factors, global, review
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Global Burden of Disease from Environmental Factors
Annual Review of Public Health 46, 233 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071823-105338
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