Racialized Reshuffling: Urban Change and the Persistence of Segregation in the Twenty-First Century

Literature Cited

1. Adelman RM. 2004. Neighborhood opportunities, race, and class: the black middle class and residential segregation. City Community 3:143–63
   [Google Scholar]
2. Athey S, Ferguson B, Gentzkow M, Schmidt T. 2020. Experienced segregation NBER Work. Pap27572
   [Google Scholar]
3. Bader MDM, Warkentien S. 2016. The fragmented evolution of racial integration since the civil rights movement. Sociol. Sci. 3:135–66
   [Google Scholar]
4. Been V, Ellen IG, Madar J 2009. The high cost of segregation: exploring racial disparities in high-cost lending. Fordham Urban Law J 36:3361–93
   [Google Scholar]
5. Bell MC. 2020. Located institutions: neighborhood frames, residential preferences, and the case of policing. Am. J. Sociol. 125:4917–73
   [Google Scholar]
6. Besbris M. 2020. Upsold: Real Estate Agents, Prices, and Neighborhood Inequality Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
   [Google Scholar]
7. Besbris M, Faber JW, Rich P, Sharkey P 2015. Effect of neighborhood stigma on economic transactions. PNAS 112:164994–98
   [Google Scholar]
8. Boeing G. 2020. Online rental housing market representation and the digital reproduction of urban inequality. Environ. Plan. A 52:2449–68
   [Google Scholar]
9. Boeing G, Besbris M, Schachter A, Kuk J. 2021. Housing search in the age of big data: smarter cities or the same old blind spots?. Hous. Policy Debate 31:1112–26
   [Google Scholar]
10. Bostic RW, Martin RW. 2003. Black home-owners as a gentrifying force? Neighbourhood dynamics in the context of minority home-ownership. Urban Stud 40:122427–49
    [Google Scholar]
11. Boy JD, Uitermark J. 2016. How to study the city on Instagram. PLOS ONE 11:6e0158161
    [Google Scholar]
12. Brown-Saracino J. 2017. Explicating divided approaches to gentrification and growing income inequality. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 43:515–39
    [Google Scholar]
13. Browning CR, Calder CA, Boettner B, Tarrence J, Khan K et al. 2021. Neighborhoods, activity spaces, and the span of adolescent exposures. Am. Sociol. Rev. 86:2201–33
    [Google Scholar]
14. Bruch E, Swait J. 2019. Choice set formation in residential mobility and its implications for segregation dynamics. Demography 56:51665–92
    [Google Scholar]
15. Bruch EE, Mare RD. 2006. Neighborhood choice and neighborhood change. Am. J. Sociol. 112:3667–709
    [Google Scholar]
16. Cagney KA, York Cornwell E, Goldman AW, Cai L 2020. Urban mobility and activity space. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 46:623–48
    [Google Scholar]
17. Charles CZ. 2003. The dynamics of racial residential segregation. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 29:167–207
    [Google Scholar]
18. Charles CZ. 2006. Won't You Be My Neighbor?: Race, Class and Residence in Los Angeles New York: Russell Sage Found.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Chaskin RJ, Joseph ML. 2015. Integrating the Inner City: The Promise and Perils of Mixed-Income Public Housing Transformation. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
20. Chetty R, Hendren N. 2018. The impacts of neighborhoods on intergenerational mobility I: childhood exposure effects. Q. J. Econ. 133:31107–62
    [Google Scholar]
21. Chin JJ. 2009. The limits and potential of nonprofit organizations in participatory planning: a case study of the New York HIV Planning Council. J. Urban Aff. 31:4431–60
    [Google Scholar]
22. Clark WAV, Fossett M. 2008. Understanding the social context of the Schelling segregation model. PNAS 105:114109–14
    [Google Scholar]
23. Crowder K, Hall M, Tolnay SE. 2011. Neighborhood immigration and native out-migration. Am. Sociol. Rev. 76:125–47
    [Google Scholar]
24. Crowder K, South SJ. 2008. Spatial dynamics of white flight: the effects of local and extralocal racial conditions on neighborhood out-migration. Am. Sociol. Rev. 73:5792–812
    [Google Scholar]
25. Davidson M. 2008. Spoiled mixture: where does state-led ‘positive’ gentrification end?. Urban Stud 45:122385–2405
    [Google Scholar]
26. DeLuca S, Wood H, Rosenblatt P. 2019. Why poor families move (and where they go): reactive mobility and residential decisions. City Community 18:2556–93
    [Google Scholar]
27. Desmond M. 2012. Eviction and the reproduction of urban poverty. Am. J. Sociol. 118:188–133
    [Google Scholar]
28. Desmond M, Shollenberger T. 2015. Forced displacement from rental housing: prevalence and neighborhood consequences. Demography 52:51751–72
    [Google Scholar]
29. DiTomaso N, Post C, Parks-Yancy R. 2007. Workforce diversity and inequality: power, status, and numbers. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 33:473–501
    [Google Scholar]
30. Elbers B. 2021a. A method for studying differences in segregation across time and space. Sociol. Methods Res. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0049124121986204
    [Google Scholar]
31. Elbers B. 2021b. Did residential racial segregation in the U.S. really increase? An analysis accounting for changes in racial diversity. SocArXiv. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/dvutw
32. Ellen IG, Horn KM, Reed D. 2019. Has falling crime invited gentrification?. J. Hous. Econ. 46:1–11
    [Google Scholar]
33. Ellen IG, O'Regan KM. 2011. How low income neighborhoods change: entry, exit, and enhancement. Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 41:289–97
    [Google Scholar]
34. Ellen IG, Torrats-Espinosa G. 2019. Gentrification and fair housing: Does gentrification further integration?. Hous. Policy Debate 29:5835–51
    [Google Scholar]
35. Elliott JR, Pais J. 2010. When nature pushes back: environmental impact and the spatial redistribution of socially vulnerable populations. Soc. Sci. Q. 91:51187–1202
    [Google Scholar]
36. Ellis M, Wright R, Holloway S, Fiorio L. 2018. Remaking white residential segregation: metropolitan diversity and neighborhood change in the United States. Urban Geogr 39:4519–45
    [Google Scholar]
37. Faber JW. 2013. Racial dynamics of subprime mortgage lending at the peak. Hous. Policy Debate 23:2328–49
    [Google Scholar]
38. Faber JW. 2020. We built this: consequences of New Deal era intervention in America's racial geography. Am. Sociol. Rev. 85:5739–75
    [Google Scholar]
39. Finnigan R. 2021. The growth and shifting spatial distribution of tent encampments in Oakland, California. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 693:1284–300
    [Google Scholar]
40. Fischer MJ. 2008. Shifting geographies: examining the role of suburbanization in blacks’ declining segregation. Urban Aff. Rev. 43:4475–96
    [Google Scholar]
41. Flippen CA, Farrell-Bryan D. 2021. New destinations and the changing geography of immigrant incorporation. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 47:479–500
    [Google Scholar]
42. Flippen CA, Kim E. 2015. Immigrant context and opportunity: new destinations and socioeconomic attainment among Asians in the United States. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 660:1175–98
    [Google Scholar]
43. Fong E, Shibuya K. 2005. Multiethnic cities in North America. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 31:285–304
    [Google Scholar]
44. Freeman L. 2005. Displacement or succession? Residential mobility in gentrifying neighborhoods. Urban Aff. Rev. 40:4463–91
    [Google Scholar]
45. Freeman L. 2009. Neighbourhood diversity, metropolitan segregation and gentrification: What are the links in the US?. Urban Stud 46:102079–2101
    [Google Scholar]
46. Freeman L, Cai T 2015. White entry into black neighborhoods: advent of a new era?. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 660:1302–18
    [Google Scholar]
47. Frey WH, Farley R. 1996. Latino, Asian, and Black segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas: Are multiethnic metros different?. Demography 33:135–50
    [Google Scholar]
48. Fussell E, Sastry N, Vanlandingham M. 2010. Race, socioeconomic status, and return migration to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. Popul. Environ. 31:20–42
    [Google Scholar]
49. Goetz E. 2011. Gentrification in black and white: the racial impact of public housing demolition in American cities. Urban Stud 48:81581–1604
    [Google Scholar]
50. Graves EM. 2010. The structuring of urban life in a mixed-income housing “community. .” City Community 9:1109–31
    [Google Scholar]
51. Hall M, Crowder K, Spring A. 2015. Neighborhood foreclosures, racial/ethnic transitions, and residential segregation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 80:3526–49
    [Google Scholar]
52. Hall M, Singer A, De Jong GF, Graefe DR. 2011. The geography of immigrant skills: educational profiles of metropolitan areas Rep., Brookings Inst. Washington, DC: https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-geography-of-immigrant-skills-educational-profiles-of-metropolitan-areas/
    [Google Scholar]
53. Hall M, Tach L, Lee BA 2016. Trajectories of ethnoracial diversity in American communities, 1980–2010. Popul. Dev. Rev. 42:2271–97
    [Google Scholar]
54. Hasan S, Kumar A. 2018. Digitization and divergence: online school ratings and segregation in America. SSRN http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3265316
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
55. Horn KM, O'Regan KM. 2011. The low income housing tax credit and racial segregation. Hous. Policy Debate 21:3443–73
    [Google Scholar]
56. Hwang J. 2016. The social construction of a gentrifying neighborhood: reifying and redefining identity and boundaries in inequality. Urban Aff. Rev. 52:198–128
    [Google Scholar]
57. Hwang J. 2019. Racialized recovery: postforeclosure pathways in Boston neighborhoods. City Community 18:41287–1313
    [Google Scholar]
58. Hwang J. 2020. Gentrification without segregation? Race, immigration, and renewal in a diversifying city. City Community 19:3538–72
    [Google Scholar]
59. Hwang J, Ding L. 2020. Unequal displacement: gentrification, racial stratification, and residential destinations in Philadelphia. Am. J. Sociol. 126:2354–406
    [Google Scholar]
60. Hwang J, Roberto E, Stephens FI, Rugh JS 2019. Integrating or segregating? Gentrification, black exceptionalism, and the changing structure of segregation Paper presented at the 114th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association New York: Aug. 10–13
    [Google Scholar]
61. Hwang J, Sampson RJ. 2014. Divergent pathways of gentrification: racial inequality and the social order of renewal in Chicago neighborhoods. Am. Sociol. Rev. 79:4726–51
    [Google Scholar]
62. Hyra DS. 2017. Race, Class, and Politics in the Cappuccino City Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
63. Iceland J, Sharp G, Timberlake JM. 2013. Sun Belt rising: regional population change and the decline in black residential segregation, 1970–2009. Demography 50:197–123
    [Google Scholar]
64. Iceland J, Weinberg D, Hughes L. 2014. The residential segregation of detailed Hispanic and Asian groups in the United States: 1980–2010. Demogr. Res. 31:1593–624
    [Google Scholar]
65. Jean N, Burke M, Xie M, Davis WM, Lobell DB, Ermon S. 2016. Combining satellite imagery and machine learning to predict poverty. Science 353:6301790–94
    [Google Scholar]
66. Jones K, Johnston R, Manley D, Owen D, Charlton C 2015. Ethnic residential segregation: a multilevel, multigroup, multiscale approach exemplified by London in 2011. Demography 52:61995–2019
    [Google Scholar]
67. Keenan JM, Hill T, Gumber A 2018. Climate gentrification: from theory to empiricism in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Environ. Res. Lett. 13:51–11
    [Google Scholar]
68. Klinenberg E, Araos M, Koslov L 2020. Sociology and the climate crisis. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 46:649–69
    [Google Scholar]
69. Korver-Glenn E 2021. Race Brokers: Housing Markets and Segregation in 21st Century Urban America Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
70. Krivo LJ, Vélez MB, Lyons CJ, Phillips JB, Sabbath E. 2018. Race, crime, and the changing fortunes of urban neighborhoods, 1999–2013. Du Bois Rev. 15:147–68
    [Google Scholar]
71. Krysan M, Couper MP, Farley R, Forman TA. 2009. Does race matter in neighborhood preferences? Results from a video experiment. Am. J. Sociol. 115:2527–59
    [Google Scholar]
72. Krysan M, Crowder K. 2017. Cycle of Segregation New York: Russell Sage Found.
    [Google Scholar]
73. Kye SH, Halpern-Manners A. 2019. Detecting “white flight” in the contemporary United States: a multicomponent approach. Sociol. Methods Res. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0049124119882454
    [Google Scholar]
74. Lacy K. 2016. The new sociology of suburbs: a research agenda for analysis of emerging trends. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 42:369–84
    [Google Scholar]
75. Lens M. 2022. Zoning and land use. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 48:421–39
    [Google Scholar]
76. Levine JR. 2016. The privatization of political representation: community-based organizations as nonelected neighborhood representatives. Am. Sociol. Rev. 81:61251–75
    [Google Scholar]
77. Lewis VA, Emerson MO, Klineberg SL 2011. Who we'll live with: neighborhood racial composition preferences of whites, blacks and Latinos. Soc. Forces. 89:41385–1408
    [Google Scholar]
78. Lichter DT, Parisi D, Taquino MC. 2015. Toward a new macro-segregation? Decomposing segregation within and between metropolitan cities and suburbs. Am. Sociol. Rev. 80:4843–73
    [Google Scholar]
79. Logan JR, Foster A, Xu H, Zhang W. 2020. Income segregation: up or down, and for whom?. Demography 57:1951–74
    [Google Scholar]
80. Logan JR, Issar S, Xu Z 2016. Trapped in place? Segmented resilience to hurricanes in the Gulf Coast, 1970–2005. Demography 53:51511–34
    [Google Scholar]
81. Logan JR, Zhang C. 2010. Global neighborhoods: new pathways to diversity and separation. Am. J. Sociol. 115:41069–1109
    [Google Scholar]
82. Logan JR, Zhang W, Alba RD. 2002. Immigrant enclaves and ethnic communities in New York and Los Angeles. Am. Sociol. Rev. 67:2299–322
    [Google Scholar]
83. Marwell NP, Marantz EA, Baldassarri D. 2020. The microrelations of urban governance: dynamics of patronage and partnership. Am. J. Sociol. 125:61559–1601
    [Google Scholar]
84. Massey DS, Denton NA. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
85. Massey DS, Rothwell J, Domina T. 2009. The changing bases of segregation in the United States. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 626:174–90
    [Google Scholar]
86. McClure K. 2008. Deconcentrating poverty with housing programs. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 74:190–99
    [Google Scholar]
87. McKinnish T, Walsh R, White TK. 2010. Who gentrifies low-income neighborhoods?. J. Urban Econ. 67:2180–93
    [Google Scholar]
88. McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM. 2001. Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 27:415–44
    [Google Scholar]
89. Menendian S, Gambhir S, Gailes A 2021. The roots of structural racism project: twenty-first century racial residential segregation in the United States Rep., Othering Belonging Inst., Univ. Calif. Berkeley, CA: https://belonging.berkeley.edu/roots-structural-racism
    [Google Scholar]
90. Molina ET. 2016a. Foreclosures, investors, and uneven development during the great recession in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. J. Urban Aff. 38:4564–80
    [Google Scholar]
91. Molina ET. 2016b. Neighborhood inequalities and the long-term impact of foreclosures: evidence from the Los Angeles-Inland Empire region. City Community 15:3315–37
    [Google Scholar]
92. Mora R, Ruiz-Castillo J. 2011. Entropy-based segregation indices. Sociol. Methodol. 41:1159–94
    [Google Scholar]
93. Naik N, Kominers SD, Raskar R, Glaeser EL, Hidalgo CA. 2017. Computer vision uncovers predictors of physical urban change. PNAS 114:297571–76
    [Google Scholar]
94. Napierala J, Denton N. 2017. Measuring residential segregation with the ACS: how the margin of error affects the dissimilarity index. Demography 54:1285–309
    [Google Scholar]
95. Newman K, Wyly E. 2006. The right to stay put, revisited: gentrification and resistance to displacement in New York City. Urban Stud 43:123–57
    [Google Scholar]
96. O'Brien DT, Sampson RJ, Winship C 2015. Ecometrics in the age of big data: measuring and assessing “broken windows” using large-scale administrative records. Sociol. Methodol. 45:1101–147
    [Google Scholar]
97. Oakley D. 2008. Locational patterns of low-income housing tax credit developments: a sociospatial analysis of four metropolitan areas. Urban Aff. Rev. 43:5599–628
    [Google Scholar]
98. Olteanu M, Randon-Furling J, Clark WAV. 2019. Segregation through the multiscalar lens. PNAS 116:2512250–54
    [Google Scholar]
99. Owens A. 2015. Housing policy and urban inequality: Did the transformation of assisted housing reduce poverty concentration?. Soc. Forces. 94:1325–48
    [Google Scholar]
100. Owens A. 2016. Inequality in children's contexts. Am. Sociol. Rev. 81:3549–74
     [Google Scholar]
101. Owens A. 2019. Building inequality: housing segregation and income segregation. Sociol. Sci. 6:497–525
     [Google Scholar]
102. Owens A, Candipan J. 2019. Social and spatial inequalities of educational opportunity: a portrait of schools serving high- and low-income neighbourhoods in US metropolitan areas. Urban Stud 56:153178–97
     [Google Scholar]
103. Pais J. 2020. The intergenerational reproduction of multiethnic residential integration. Popul. Res. Policy Rev. 40:431–58
     [Google Scholar]
104. Pais JF, Elliott JR. 2008. Places as recovery machines: vulnerability and neighborhood change after major hurricanes. Soc. Forces. 86:41415–53
     [Google Scholar]
105. Parisi D, Lichter DT, Taquino MC. 2015. The buffering hypothesis: growing diversity and declining black-white segregation in America's cities, suburbs, and small towns?. Sociol. Sci. 2:125–57
     [Google Scholar]
106. Pattillo M. 2007. Black on the Block: The Politics of Race and Class in the City Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
107. Pattillo M. 2013. Housing: commodity versus right. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 39:509–31
     [Google Scholar]
108. Pattillo M. 2019. The problem of integration. The Dream Revisited: Contemporary Debates About Housing, Segregation, and Opportunity IG Ellen, J Steil 29–32 New York: Columbia Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
109. Pew Research Center. 2013. A nation of immigrants Rep., Pew Res. Cent. Washington, DC: https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2013/01/29/a-nation-of-immigrants/
     [Google Scholar]
110. Popkin SJ, Levy DK, Buron L. 2009. Has HOPE VI transformed residents’ lives? New evidence from the HOPE VI panel study. Hous. Stud. 24:4477–502
     [Google Scholar]
111. Quillian L. 2012. Segregation and poverty concentration: the role of three segregations. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77:3354–79
     [Google Scholar]
112. Raker EJ. 2020. Natural hazards, disasters, and demographic change: the case of severe tornadoes in the United States, 1980–2010. Demography 57:2653–74
     [Google Scholar]
113. Reardon SF, Bischoff K. 2011. Income inequality and income segregation. Am. J. Sociol. 116:41092–1153
     [Google Scholar]
114. Reardon SF, Bischoff K, Owens A, Townsend JB. 2018. Has income segregation really increased? Bias and bias correction in sample-based segregation estimates. Demography 55:62129–60
     [Google Scholar]
115. Reardon SF, Firebaugh G. 2002. Measures of multigroup segregation. Sociol. Methodol. 32:133–67
     [Google Scholar]
116. Reardon SF, Matthews SA, O'Sullivan D, Lee BA, Firebaugh G et al. 2008. The geographic scale of metropolitan racial segregation. Demography 45:3489–514
     [Google Scholar]
117. Reardon SF, Owens A. 2014. 60 years after Brown: trends and consequences of school segregation. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 40:199–218
     [Google Scholar]
118. Reckhow S, Downey D, Sapotichne J. 2020. Governing without government: nonprofit governance in Detroit and Flint. Urban Aff. Rev. 56:51472–1502
     [Google Scholar]
119. Roberto E. 2016. The divergence index: a decomposable measure of segregation and inequality. arXiv:1508.01167 [stat.ME]
120. Roscigno VJ, Karafin DL, Tester G. 2009. The complexities and processes of racial housing discrimination. Soc. Probl. 56:149–69
     [Google Scholar]
121. Rosen E. 2020. The Voucher Promise: “Section 8” and the Fate of an American Neighborhood Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
122. Ross SL, Turner MA. 2005. Housing discrimination in metropolitan America: explaining changes between 1989 and 2000. Soc. Probl. 52:2152–80
     [Google Scholar]
123. Rothstein R. 2017. The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
     [Google Scholar]
124. Rucks-Ahidiana Z. 2020. Racial composition and trajectories of gentrification in the United States. Urban Stud 58:132721–41
     [Google Scholar]
125. Rugh JS, Massey DS. 2010. Racial segregation and the American foreclosure crisis. Am. Sociol. Rev. 75:5629–51
     [Google Scholar]
126. Rugh JS, Massey DS. 2014. Segregation in post-civil rights America: stalled integration or end of the segregated century?. Du Bois Rev. 11:2205–32
     [Google Scholar]
127. Salganik MJ. 2017. Bit by Bit: Social Research in the Digital Age Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
128. Sampson RJ. 2012. Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
129. Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Gannon-Rowley T. 2002. Assessing “neighborhood effects”: social processes and new directions in research. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 28:443–78
     [Google Scholar]
130. Schachner JN, Sampson RJ 2020. Skill-based contextual sorting: how parental cognition and residential mobility produce unequal environments for children. Demography 57:2675–703
     [Google Scholar]
131. Sharkey P. 2013. Stuck in Place: Urban Neighborhoods and the End of Progress Toward Racial Equality Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
132. Sharkey P, Faber JW. 2014. Where, when, why, and for whom do residential contexts matter? Moving away from the dichotomous understanding of neighborhood effects. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 40:559–79
     [Google Scholar]
133. Sharkey P, Torrats-Espinosa G, Takyar D. 2017. Community and the crime decline: the causal effect of local nonprofits on violent crime. Am. Sociol. Rev. 82:61214–40
     [Google Scholar]
134. Shelton T, Poorthuis A, Zook M 2015. Social media and the city: rethinking urban socio-spatial inequality using user-generated geographic information. Landsc. Urban Plan. 142:198–211
     [Google Scholar]
135. Silm S, Ahas R, Mooses V 2018. Are younger age groups less segregated? Measuring ethnic segregation in activity spaces using mobile phone data. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 44:111797–817
     [Google Scholar]
136. Singer A. 2004. The rise of new immigrant gateways Rep., Brookings Inst. Washington, DC: https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-rise-of-new-immigrant-gateways/
     [Google Scholar]
137. Smith N. 1998. Gentrification. The Encyclopedia of Housing W van Vliet 198–99 London: Taylor & Francis
     [Google Scholar]
138. Sutton S. 2018. Gentrification and the increasing significance of racial transition in New York City 1970–2010. Urban Aff. Rev. 56:165–95
     [Google Scholar]
139. Tach LM. 2009. More than bricks and mortar: neighborhood frames, social processes, and the mixed-income redevelopment of a public housing project. City Community 8:3269–99
     [Google Scholar]
140. Tach LM. 2014. Diversity, inequality, and microsegregation: dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in a racially and economically diverse community. Cityscape J. Policy Dev. Res. 16:313–45
     [Google Scholar]
141. Tach LM, Emory AD. 2017. Public housing redevelopment, neighborhood change, and the restructuring of urban inequality. Am. J. Sociol. 123:3686–739
     [Google Scholar]
142. Taylor K-Y. 2019. Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership Chapel Hill: Univ. N. C. Press
     [Google Scholar]
143. Tienda M, Fuentes N. 2014. Hispanics in metropolitan America: new realities and old debates. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 40:499–520
     [Google Scholar]
144. Timberlake JM, Johns-Wolfe E. 2017. Neighborhood ethnoracial composition and gentrification in Chicago and New York, 1980 to 2010. Urban Aff. Rev. 53:2236–72
     [Google Scholar]
145. Travis A. 2019. The organization of neglect: limited liability companies and housing disinvestment. Am. Sociol. Rev. 84:1142–70
     [Google Scholar]
146. Wang RQ, Phillips NE, Small ML, Sampson RJ. 2018. Urban mobility and neighborhood isolation in America's 50 largest cities. PNAS 115:307735–40
     [Google Scholar]
147. Waters MC, Kasinitz P, Asad AL. 2014. Immigrants and African Americans. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 40:369–90
     [Google Scholar]
148. White MJ, Kim AH, Glick JE. 2005. Mapping social distance: ethnic residential segregation in a multiethnic metro. Sociol. Methods Res. 34:2173–203
     [Google Scholar]
149. Wong DWS, Shaw S-L. 2011. Measuring segregation: an activity space approach. J. Geogr. Syst. 13:2127–45
     [Google Scholar]
150. Xie Y, Zhou X. 2012. Modeling individual-level heterogeneity in racial residential segregation. PNAS 109:2911646–51
     [Google Scholar]
151. Zhang W, Logan JR. 2016. Global neighborhoods: beyond the multiethnic metropolis. Demography 53:61933–53
     [Google Scholar]
152. Zuk M, Bierbaum AH, Chapple K, Gorska K, Loukaitou-Sideris A. 2018. Gentrification, displacement, and the role of public investment. J. Plan. Lit. 33:131–44
     [Google Scholar]
153. Zukin S, Lindeman S, Hurson L. 2017. The omnivore's neighborhood? Online restaurant reviews, race, and gentrification. J. Consum. Cult. 17:3459–79
     [Google Scholar]