1932

Abstract

A focus on institutions frames this examination of the archaeology of African America. While initially emphasizing the institution of slavery and theories of Black difference, the field today has a much wider scope. Researchers engaged in this work critically examine past and present-day institutions. As such, this review also considers the place of African American archaeology in engaged scholarship, critical theory, and self-reflexive practice. As in past reviews, the emphasis is on the United States, with occasional references to important work in the rest of the African diaspora. African American archaeology is shown to be inextricably interwoven with scholarly work in North American archaeology, African American studies, heritage studies, and social theory.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-022153
2022-10-24
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/anthro/51/1/annurev-anthro-041320-022153.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-022153&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Agbe-Davies AS. 2015. Tobacco, Pipes, and Race in Colonial Virginia: Little Tubes of Mighty Power Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
  2. Agbe-Davies AS. 2016. How to do things with things, or, are blue beads good to think?. Semiotic Rev. 2016:4 https://www.semioticreview.com/ojs/index.php/sr/article/view/12
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Agbe-Davies AS. 2017. Where tradition and pragmatism meet: African diaspora archaeology at the crossroads. Hist. Archaeol. 51:9–27
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Agbe-Davies AS, Martin CF 2013.. “ Demanding a share of public regard:” African American education at New Philadelphia, Illinois. Transform. Anthropol. 21:103–21
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Agorsah EK. 2007. Scars of brutality: archaeology of the Maroons of the Caribbean. See Ogundiran & Falola 2007 332–54
  6. Alkalimat A. 2010. Conditions of subject and object. Hist. Archaeol. 44:155–57
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Arjona JM. 2017. Homesick blues: excavating crooked intimacies in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century jook joints. Hist. Archaeol. 51:43–59
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Armstrong D. 2011. Excavating inspiration: archaeology at the Harriet Tubman home, Auburn, New York. See Barnes 2011c 263–76
  9. Armstrong DV. 2022. The Archaeology of Harriet Tubman's Life in Freedom Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Univ. Press
  10. Babiarz JJ. 2011. White privilege and silencing within the heritage landscape: race and the practice of cultural resource management. See Barnes 2011c 47–57
  11. Barile KS. 2004. Race, the National Register, and cultural resource management: creating an historic context for postbellum sites. Hist. Archaeol. 38:90–100
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Barnes JA. 2011a. An archaeology of community life: Appalachia, 1865–1920. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 15:669–706
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Barnes JA. 2011b. Introduction: the materiality of freedom—archaeologies of postemancipation life. See Barnes 2011c 1–25
  14. Barnes JA 2011c. The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemancipation Life Columbia: Univ. S. C. Press
  15. Barnes JA. 2021. Behind the scenes of Hollywood: an archaeology of reproductive oppression at the intersections. Am. Anthropol. 123:9–35
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Barnes JA, Steen C. 2012. Archaeology of the Gullah past: a community scale of analysis. S. C. Antiq. 44:86–95
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Battle-Baptiste WL. 2007.. “ In this here place”: interpreting enslaved homeplaces. See Ogundiran & Falola 2007 233–48
  18. Battle-Baptiste WL. 2011. Black Feminist Archaeology Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
  19. Beaudry MC, Berkland EP. 2007. Archaeology of the African meeting house on Nantucket. See Ogundiran & Falola 2007 395–412
  20. Beisaw AM, Gibb JG. 2009. The Archaeology of Institutional Life Tuscaloosa: Univ. Ala. Press
  21. Bell A. 2005. White ethnogenesis and gradual capitalism: perspectives from colonial archaeological sites in the Chesapeake. Am. Anthropol. 107:446–60
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Black Cemet. Netw 2021. Our story. The Black Cemetery Network https://blackcemeterynetwork.org/whatwedo
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Blakey ML. 2001. Bioarchaeology of the African diaspora in the Americas: its origins and scope. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 30:387–422
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Blakey ML. 2010. African Burial Ground Project: paradigm for cooperation?. Mus. Int. 62:61–68
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Blakey ML. 2020. Archaeology under the blinding light of race. Curr. Anthropol. 61:S183–97
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Blakey ML, Rankin-Hill LM. 2016. Political economy of African forced migration and enslavement in colonial New York: an historical biology perspective. See Zuckerman & Martin 2016 107–32
  27. Boroughs J. 2021. From household to neighborhood: toward a community-oriented archaeological approach in the Plantation Chesapeake. See Edwards-Ingram & Edwards 2021 151–71
  28. Brandon JC. 2013. Reversing the narrative of hillbilly history: a case study using archaeology at Van Winkle's mill in the Arkansas Ozarks. Hist. Archaeol. 47:36–51
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Breen EE. 2017. Underpinning a plantation: a material culture approach to consumerism at George Washington's Mount Vernon. See Heath et al. 2017 77–97
  30. Brown KL. 2015. Retentions, adaptations, and the need for social control within African and African American communities across the southern United States from 1770 to 1930. See Marshall 2015 166–91
  31. Bugarin FT, King E. 2011. Through the challenges, archaeology blossoms at Howard University. Afr. Diaspora Archaeol. Newsl. 14:5
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Bugarin FT, King EM, Mack M, Payne-Jackson A. 2010. An impending death for anthropology at Howard University. Anthropol. News 51:28
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Burnett JJ 2022. Seeking radical solidarity in heritage studies: exploring the intersection of Black feminist archaeologies and geographies in Oak Bluffs, MA. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 26:53–78
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Cantwell A-M, Wall DD 2015. Looking for Africans in seventeenth-century New Amsterdam. The Archaeology of Race in the Northeast CN Matthews, AM McGovern 29–55 Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Chan AA. 2007. Bringing the out kitchen in? The experiential landscapes of black and white New England. See Ogundiran & Falola 2007 249–76
  36. Cobb CR, DePratter CB. 2012. Multisited research on colonowares and the paradox of globalization. Am. Anthropol. 114:446–61
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Collins PH. 2019. Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory Durham, NC: Durham: Duke Univ. Press
  38. Davidson JM. 2010. Keeping the devil at bay: the shoe on the coffin lid and other grave charms in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 14:614–49
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Davidson JM. 2014. Deconstructing the myth of the “hand charm”: mundane clothing fasteners and their curious transformations into supernatural objects. Hist. Archaeol. 48:18–60
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Davidson JM. 2020. Black and white beads in the African diaspora. Hist. Archaeol. 54:681–737
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Dawdy SL. 2005. Thinker-tinkers, race, and the archaeological critique of modernity. Archaeol. Dialogues 12:143–64
    [Google Scholar]
  42. De Cunzo LA 2006. Exploring the institution: reform, confinement, social change. Historical Archaeology M Hall, SW Silliman 167–89 Malden, MA: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Delle JA. 2019. The Archaeology of Northern Slavery and Freedom Gainesville, FL: Univ. Press Fla.
  44. DeMarrais E, Earle T. 2017. Collective action theory and the dynamics of complex societies. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 46:183–201
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Dunnavant J. 2017. Access denied: African Americans and access to end-of-life care in nineteenth-century Washington, DC. Hist. Archaeol. 51:114–30
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Dunnavant JP. 2021. Have confidence in the sea: maritime Maroons and fugitive geographies. Antipode 53:884–905
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Edwards-Ingram YD. 2021. Reconstructing the landscape of African and African American burials and commemorations in Williamsburg, Virginia. See Edwards-Ingram & Edwards 2021 172–91
  48. Edwards-Ingram YD, Edwards AC, eds. 2021. Historical Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century: Lessons from Colonial Williamsburg. Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
  49. Epperson TW. 2004. Critical race theory and the archaeology of the African diaspora. Hist. Archaeol. 38:101–8
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Fennell C. 2012. Introductory statement. J. Afr. Diaspora Archaeol. Herit. 1:5–8
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Fennell CC. 2007. Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
  52. Fennell CC. 2010. Damaging detours: routes, racism, and New Philadelphia. Hist. Archaeol. 44:138–54
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Fennell CC. 2011. Examining structural racism in the Jim Crow era of Illinois. See Barnes 2011c 173–89
  54. Fennell CC. 2017. Broken Chains and Subverted Plans: Ethnicity, Race, and Commodities Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
  55. Fennell CC. 2021. The Archaeology of Craft and Industry Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
  56. Ferguson L. 1980. Looking for the “Afro” in colono-Indian pottery. Archaeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America RL Schuyler 14–28 Farmingdale, NY: Baywood
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Ferguson LG. 2011. God's Fields: Landscape, Religion, and Race in Moravian Wachovia Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
  58. Ferreira LM. 2015. A global perspective on Maroon archaeology in Brazil. See Marshall 2015 375–90
  59. Flewellen AO. 2017. Locating marginalized historical narratives at Kingsley plantation. Hist. Archaeol. 51:71–87
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Flewellen AO, Dunnavant JP, Odewale A, Jones A, Wolde-Michael T et al. 2021a.. “ The future of archaeology is antiracist”: archaeology in the time of Black Lives Matter. Am. Antiq. 86:224–43
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Flewellen AO, Odewale A, Dunnavant J, Jones A, White W III 2021b. Creating community and engaging community: the foundations of the Estate Little Princess Archaeology Project in St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 26:147–76
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Fong KN 方少芳, Ng LW 伍穎華, Lee J 李紫瑄, Peterson VL 孫美華, Voss B. 2022. Race and racism in archaeologies of Chinese American communities. Annu Rev. Anthropol. 51:23350
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Franklin M. 2020. Enslaved household variability and plantation life and labor in colonial Virginia. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 24:115–55
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Franklin M, Dunnavant JP, Flewellen AO, Odewale A. 2020. The future is now: archaeology and the eradication of anti-Blackness. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 24:753–66
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Franklin M, Lee N. 2020. African American descendants, community outreach, and the Ransom and Sarah Williams Farmstead Project. J. Comm. Archaeol. Herit. 7:135–48
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Franklin M, Wilson SM. 2020. A bioarchaeological study of African American health and mortality in the post-emancipation U.S. South. Am. Antiq. 85:652–75
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Galke LJ. 2009. Colonowhen, colonowho, colonowhere, colonowhy: exploring the meaning behind the use of colonoware ceramics in nineteenth-century Manassas, Virginia. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 13:303–26
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Galle JE. 2010. Costly signaling and gendered social strategies among slaves in the eighteenth-century Chesapeake: an archaeological perspective. Am. Antiq. 75:19–43
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Galle JE. 2017. The Abundance Index: measuring variation in consumer behavior in the early modern Atlantic World. See Heath et al. 2017 162–91
  70. Gifford-Gonzalez D, Agbe-Davies AS. 2012. The SAA's historically underrepresented groups scholarships fund: a new opportunity and challenge. SAA Archaeol. Rec. 12:11–16
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Goffman E. 1961. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates Chicago: Aldine
  72. González-Tennant E. 2016. Recent directions and future developments in geographic information systems for historical archaeology. Hist. Archaeol. 50:24–49
    [Google Scholar]
  73. González-Tennant E. 2018. The Rosewood Massacre: An Archaeology and History of Intersectional Violence Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
  74. González-Tennant E, González-Tennant D. 2016. The practice and theory of new heritage for historical archaeology. Hist. Archaeol. 50:187–204
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Hanchard M. 2008. Black memory versus state memory: notes toward a method. Small Axe 12:45–62
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Handsman RG. 2019. An archaeology of prosperity and its meanings in antebellum communities of color. J. Afr. Diaspora Archaeol. Herit. 8:33–56
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Hauser MW. 2022. The work of boundaries: critical cartographies and the archaeological record of the relatively recent past. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 51:50926
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Heath BJ. 2016. Cowrie shells, global trade, and local exchange: piecing together the evidence for colonial Virginia. Hist. Archaeol. 50:17–46
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Heath BJ, Breen EE, Lee LA, eds. 2017. Material Worlds: Archaeology, Consumption, and the Road to Modernity London/New York: Routledge
  80. Hejtmanek KR 2016. Institutions. Oxford Bibliography of Anthropology JL Jackson Oxford Univ. Press https://doi.org/10.1093/OBO/9780199766567-0156
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  81. Helton EG. 2010. Education and gender in New Philadelphia. Hist. Archaeol. 44:112–24
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Hill JH. 2008. The Everyday Language of White Racism Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell
  83. Horning A. 2022. Reflections on research: race and the Virginia Blue Ridge. Hist. Archaeol. 56:32–48
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Jackson AT. 2011. Shattering slave life portrayals: uncovering subjugated knowledge in US plantation sites in South Carolina and Florida. Am. Anthropol. 113:448–62
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Jackson AT. 2012. Speaking for the Enslaved: Heritage Interpretation at Antebellum Plantation Sites Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
  86. Jackson FLC, Mayes A, Mack ME, Froment A, Keita SOY et al. 2004. Origins of the New York African burial ground population: biological evidence of geographical and macroethnic affiliations using craniometrics, dental morphology, and preliminary genetic analyses NY Afr. Burial Ground Skelet. Biol. Final Rep. Vol. 1 Natl. Park Serv. New York: https://core.tdar.org/document/365177/new-york-african-burial-ground-skeletal-biology-final-report-volume-1-chapter-5-origins-of-the-new-york-african-burial-ground-population-biological-evidence-of-geographical-and-macroethnic-affiliations-using-craniometrics-dental-morphology-and-preliminary-genetic-analysis
  87. Jenkins TH. 2022. Sustaining tangible neighborhood change through African American archaeology in Easton, Maryland: evaluating The Hill Community Project. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 26:118–46
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Jeppson PL. 2007. Civil religion and civically engaged archaeology: researching Benjamin Franklin and the pragmatic spirit. See Little & Shackel 2007 173–202
  89. Joseph JW. 2004. Resistance and compliance: CRM and the archaeology of the African diaspora. Hist. Archaeol. 38:18–31
    [Google Scholar]
  90. King EM. 2008. Buffalo soldiers, Apaches, and cultural heritage education. Herit. Manag. 1:219–41
    [Google Scholar]
  91. LaRoche CJ. 2011. Archaeology, the activist community, and the redistribution of power in New York City. Archaeologies 7:619–34
    [Google Scholar]
  92. LaRoche CJ. 2014. Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance Urbana: Univ. Ill. Press
  93. Lee L. 2017. Health consumerism among enslaved Virginians. See Heath et al. 2017 141–61
  94. Lee N, Bruseth J. 2008. Archeological and historical investigation and descendant community outreach on an African American graveyard: the case of Bull Hill Cemetery, Falls County, Texas. Bull. Tex. Archeol. Soc. 79:69–86
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Lee NK. 2019. Boarding: Black women in Nantucket generating income and building community. Transform. Anthropol. 27:91–104
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Lee NK. 2020. Race, socioeconomic status, and land ownership among freed African American farmers: the view from ceramic use at the Ransom and Sarah Williams Farmstead, Manchaca, Texas. Hist. Archaeol. 54:404–23
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Lee NK, Scott JN. 2019. The marathon continues: new directions in African diaspora archaeology. Transform. Anthropol. 27:2)
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Leone MP. 2005. The Archaeology of Liberty in an American Capital: Excavations in Annapolis Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  99. Leone MP. 2020. The problem: religion within the world of slaves. Curr. Anthropol. 61:S276–88
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Leone MP, LaRoche CJ, Barbiarz JJ. 2005. The archaeology of Black Americans in recent times. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 34:575–98
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Little BJ. 2007. Historical Archaeology: Why the Past Matters Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
  102. Little BJ, Shackel PA, eds. 2007. Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press
  103. Logan AL. 2016.. “ Why can't people feed themselves?”: archaeology as alternative archive of food security in Banda, Ghana. Am. Anthropol. 118:508–24
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Mack ME, Blakey ML. 2004. The New York African Burial Ground Project: past biases, current dilemmas, and future research opportunities. Hist. Archaeol. 38:10–17
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Marshall LW 2015. The Archaeology of Slavery: A Comparative Approach to Captivity and Coercion Carbondale: South. Ill. Univ. Press
  106. Martin A. 2018. Homeplace is also workplace: another look at Lucy Foster in Andover, Massachusetts. Hist. Archaeol. 52:100–12
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Martin TJ, Martin CF. 2010. Courtly, careful, thrifty: subsistence and regional origin at New Philadelphia. Hist. Archaeol. 44:85–101
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Matthews CN. 2020. A Struggle for Heritage: Archaeology and Civil Rights in a Long Island Community Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
  109. Matthews CN, McGovern AM. 2018. Created communities: segregation and the history of plural sites on eastern Long Island, New York. Hist. Archaeol. 52:30–50
    [Google Scholar]
  110. McDavid C. 2002. Archaeologies that hurt; descendants that matter: a pragmatic approach to collaboration in the public interpretation of African-American archaeology. World Archaeol 34:303–14
    [Google Scholar]
  111. McDavid C. 2007. Beyond strategy and good intentions: archaeology, race, and white privilege. See Little & Shackel 2007 67–88
  112. McDavid C. 2011. When is “gone” gone? Archaeology, gentrification, and competing narratives about Freedmen's Town, Houston. Hist. Archaeol. 45:74–88
    [Google Scholar]
  113. McDavid C, McGhee F 2010. Cultural resource management, public archaeology, and advocacy. Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology J Lydon, UZ Rizvi 481–94 New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  114. McGhee FL. 2007. Maritime archaeology and the African diaspora. See Ogundiran & Falola 2007 384–94
  115. Montgomery LM. 2022. The archaeology of settler colonialism in North America. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 51:47591
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Moore DD, Malcom C 2008. Seventeenth-century vehicle of the middle passage: archaeological and historical investigations on the Henrietta Marie shipwreck site. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 12:20–38
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Morris A. 2017. Materialities of homeplace. Hist. Archaeol. 51:28–42
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Mullins PR. 2008. Excavating America's metaphor: race, diaspora, and vindicationist archaeologies. Hist. Archaeol. 42:104–22
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Mullins PR. 2017. Imagining conformity: consumption and homogeneity in the postwar African American suburbs. Hist. Archaeol. 51:88–99
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Mullins PR, Huskins K, Hyall SB 2020. Race and the water: swimming, sewers, and structural violence in African America. Archaeologies of Violence and Privilege CN Matthews, BD Phillippi 154–68 Albuquerque: Univ. N. M. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Mullins PR, Jones LC. 2011. Race, displacement, and twentieth-century university landscapes: an archaeology of urban renewal and urban universities. See Barnes 2011c 250–62
  122. Mullins PR, Labode M, Jones LC, Essex ME, Kruse AM, Muncy GB. 2011. Consuming lines of difference: the politics of wealth and poverty along the color line. Hist. Archaeol. 45:140–50
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Neiman FD. 2008. The lost world of Monticello: an evolutionary perspective. J. Anthropol. Res. 64:161–93
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Odewale A, Slocum K. 2020. The rise, destruction, and rebuilding of Tulsa's Greenwood district. #TulsaSyllabus. https://tulsasyllabus.web.unc.edu/
  125. Ogundiran A 2014. Cowries and rituals of self-realization in the Yoruba region, ca. 1600–1860. Materialities of Ritual in the Black Atlantic A Ogundiran, P Saunders 68–86 Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Ogundiran A, Falola T, eds. 2007. Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press
  127. Orser CE Jr. 1998. The archaeology of the African diaspora. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 27:63–82
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Palmer DT. 2011. Archaeology of Jim Crow–Era African American life on Louisiana's sugar plantations. See Barnes 2011c 136–57
  129. Palus MM. 2011. Infrastructure and African American achievement in Annapolis, Maryland, during the twentieth century. See Barnes 2011c 228–49
  130. Paynter R, Battle-Baptiste W. 2019. Contexts of resistance in African American western Massachusetts: a view from the W. E. B. Du Bois homesite in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Hist. Archaeol. 53:323–40
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Perry WR, Howson J, Bianco BA, eds. 2009. The New York African Burial Ground: Unearthing the African Presence in Colonial New York, Vol. 2 The Archaeology of the New York African Burial Ground Washington, DC: Howard Univ. Press
  132. Planto RL. 2021. Revealing matters: an archaeology of building deposits from the Bacon's Castle site, Surry County, Virginia. Post-Mediev. Archaeol. 55:2211–49
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Praetzellis A, Praetzellis M. 2012. A land of inequality: structure, agency, and the archaeology of African Americans. Contemporary Issues in California Archaeology TL Jones, JE Perry 339–54 Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Presley DR, Bugarin FT. 2016. Morphology, provenance, and decomposition of a 19th century hybrid dugout and sod house in Nicodemus, Kansas. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 119:381–93
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Rankin-Hill LM. 2016. Identifying the first African Baptist Church: searching for historically invisible people. See Zuckerman & Martin 2016 133–56
  136. Reeves MB. 2022. Building a methodology for community-based archaeology of people of the African diaspora: thoughts on case studies. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 26:242–57
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Ross JR. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax PhD Thesis Dep. Mod. Lang. Linguist., Mass. Inst. Technol. Cambridge, MA:
  138. SAA (Soc. Am. Archaeol.) 2020. Member needs assessment. Exec. Summ., SAA Washington, DC: https://ecommerce.saa.org/SAA/SAAdocs/Survey2020/ExecutiveSummary.pdf
  139. Samford PM. 2007. Subfloor Pits and the Archaeology of Slavery in Colonial Virginia Tuscaloosa: Univ. Ala. Press
  140. Sayers DO. 2014. A Desolate Place for a Defiant People: The Archaeology of Maroons, Indigenous Americans, and Enslaved Laborers in the Great Dismal Swamp Gainesville, FL: Univ. Press Fla.
  141. Schneider GS. 2022. In reversal, Montpelier appoints directors from descendants of the enslaved. Washington Post May 16. https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/05/16/madison-montpelier-descendant-community-foundation-board/
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Schneider GS, Brown DL. 2022. Montpelier staffers say they were fired for backing descendants group. Washington Post April 18. https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/04/18/james-madison-montpelier-descendants-slavery/
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Schomburg AA. 1925. The negro digs up his past. The New Negro: An Interpretation A Locke 231–37 New York: Albert and Charles Boni
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Scott JN. 2018. Place and mobility in shaping the Freedmen's community of Antioch Colony, Texas, 1870–1954. J. Afr. Diaspora Archaeol. Herit. 7:1–16
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Shackel PA. 2011. New Philadelphia: An Archaeology of Race in the Heartland Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  146. Singleton TA. 1995. The archaeology of slavery in North America. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 24:119–40
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Singleton TA 2005. Before the revolution: archaeology and the African diaspora on the Atlantic Seaboard. North American Archaeology TR Pauketat, DD Loren 319–36 Oxford, UK: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Singleton TA 2010. African diaspora in archaeology. African Diaspora and the Disciplines T Olaniyan, JH Sweet 119–41 Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Singleton TA, Bograd MD. 1995. The Archaeology of the African Diaspora in the Americas Ann Arbor, MI: Braun-Brumfield, Inc.
  150. Soc. Black Archaeol 2021. Promoting academic excellence and social responsibility. About the Society of Black Archaeologists. Society of Black Archaeologists https://www.societyofblackarchaeologists.com/about
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Steen C. 2011. From slave to citizen on James Island: the archaeology of freedom at Fort Johnson. See Barnes 2011c 158–72
  152. Sterling K. 2015. Black feminist theory in prehistory. Archaeologies 11:93–120
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Teague MA, Davidson JM. 2011. Victorian ideals and evolving realities: late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Black Dallas and an engendered African America. See Barnes 2011c 87–114
  154. Thiaw I, Mack DL. 2020. Atlantic slavery and the making of the modern world: experiences, representations, and legacies. An introduction to Supplement 22. Curr. Anthropol. 61:S145–58
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Ward G. 2015. The slow violence of state organized race crime. Theor. Criminol. 19:299–314
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Watkins RJ. 2020. An alter(ed)native perspective on historical bioarchaeology. Hist. Archaeol. 54:17–33
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Webster J. 2008. Historical archaeology and the slave ship. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 12:1–5
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Weik TM. 2012. The Archaeology of Antislavery Resistance Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
  159. Westmont VC. 2021. Dark heritage in the new south: remembering convict leasing in southern middle Tennessee through community archaeology. Int. J. Hist. Archaeol. 26:1–21
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Wheaton TR. 2002. Colonial African American plantation villages. Another's Country: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Cultural Interactions in the Southern Colonies JW Joseph, M Zierden 30–44 Tuscaloosa: Univ. Ala. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  161. White W, Draycott C. 2020. Why the whiteness of archaeology is a problem. Sapiens July 7
    [Google Scholar]
  162. White WA III 2017. Writ on the landscape: racialization, whiteness, and River Street. Hist. Archaeol. 51:131–48
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Wilkie LA. 2003. The Archaeology of Mothering: An African-American Midwife's Tale New York: Routledge
  164. Wilkie LA. 2021. Unburied Lives: The Historical Archaeology of Buffalo Soldiers at Fort Davis, Texas, 18691875 Albuquerque: Univ. N. M. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Zuckerman MK, Martin DL, eds. 2016. New Directions in Biocultural Anthropology Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-022153
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error