1932

Abstract

The basic geometry of the Solar System—the shapes, spacings, and orientations of the planetary orbits—has long been a subject of fascination as well as inspiration for planet-formation theories. For exoplanetary systems, those same properties have only recently come into focus. Here we review our current knowledge of the occurrence of planets around other stars, their orbital distances and eccentricities, the orbital spacings and mutual inclinations in multiplanet systems, the orientation of the host star's rotation axis, and the properties of planets in binary-star systems.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122246
2015-08-18
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/53/1/annurev-astro-082214-122246.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122246&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adibekyan VZ, Figueira P, Santos NC. et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 560:A51
  2. Agol E, Steffen J, Sari R, Clarkson W. 2005. MNRAS 359:567–79
  3. Aigrain S, Collier Cameron A, Ollivier M. et al. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 488:L43–46
  4. Albrecht S, Winn JN, Butler RP. et al. 2012a. Ap. J. 744:189
  5. Albrecht S, Winn JN, Johnson JA. et al. 2012b. Ap. J. 757:18
  6. Alves S, do Nascimento JD Jr, de Medeiros JR. 2010. MNRAS 408:1770–77
  7. Armstrong DJ, Osborn HP, Brown DJA. et al. 2014. MNRAS 444:1873–83
  8. Bakos , Csubry Z, Penev K. et al. 2013. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 125:154–82
  9. Ballard S, Fabrycky D, Fressin F. et al. 2011. Ap. J. 743:200
  10. Ballard S, Johnson JA. 2014. Ap. J. Submitted arXiv:1410.4192
  11. Baluev RV. 2011. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 111:235–66
  12. Barnes JW. 2009. Ap. J. 705:683–92
  13. Barnes JW, Linscott E, Shporer A. 2011. Ap. J. Suppl. 197:10
  14. Barnes JW, van Eyken JC, Jackson BK, Ciardi DR, Fortney JJ. 2013. Ap. J. 774:53
  15. Barnes SA. 2001. Ap. J. 561:1095–106
  16. Barry R, Kruk J, Anderson J. et al. 2011. Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V S Shaklan Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 815181510L Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  17. Bate MR, Lodato G, Pringle JE. 2010. MNRAS 401:1505–13
  18. Batygin K, Morbidelli A. 2013. Astron. J. 145:1
  19. Batygin K, Morbidelli A, Tsiganis K. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 533:A7
  20. Bayliss DDR, Sackett PD. 2011. Ap. J. 743:103
  21. Bean JL, Seifahrt A. 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 496:249–57
  22. Bean JL, Seifahrt A, Hartman H. et al. 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 711:L19–23
  23. Benedict GF, McArthur BE, Forveille T. et al. 2002. Ap. J. Lett. 581:L115–18
  24. Bennett DP, Rhie SH. 2002. Ap. J. 574:985–1003
  25. Benomar O, Masuda K, Shibahashi H, Suto Y. 2014. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 66:94
  26. Beuzit JL, Feldt M, Dohlen K. et al. 2008. Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy II IS McLean, MM Casali Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 7014701418 Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  27. Biller BA, Liu MC, Wahhaj Z. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 777:160
  28. Biller BA, Males J, Rodigas T. et al. 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 792:L22
  29. Bitsch B, Crida A, Libert AS, Lega E. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 555:A124
  30. Bonfils X, Delfosse X, Udry S. et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 549:A109
  31. Borkovits T, Csizmadia S, Forgács-Dajka E, Hegedüs T. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 528:A53
  32. Boss AP. 1997. Science 276:1836–39
  33. Bours M, Marsh T, Breedt E. et al. 2014. MNRAS 445:1924
  34. Brandt TD, Kuzuhara M, McElwain MW. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 786:1
  35. Broeg C, Fortier A, Ehrenreich D. et al. 2013. Eur. Phys. J. Web Conf. 47:3005
  36. Brown DJA. 2014. MNRAS 442:1844–62
  37. Brown DJA, Collier Cameron A, Hall C, Hebb L, Smalley B. 2011. MNRAS 415:605–18
  38. Buchhave LA, Latham DW, Johansen A. et al. 2012. Nature 486:375–77
  39. Burke CJ. 2008. Ap. J. 679:1566–73
  40. Burke CJ, Bryson ST, Mullally F. et al. 2014. Ap. J. Suppl. 210:19
  41. Butler RP, Marcy GW, Williams E, Hauser H, Shirts P. 1997. Ap. J. Lett. 474:L115–18
  42. Butler RP, Vogt SS, Marcy GW. et al. 2004. Ap. J. 617:580–88
  43. Carney BW, Aguilar LA, Lathsam DW, Laird JB. 2005. Astron. J. 129:1886–905
  44. Carter JA, Agol E, Chaplin WJ. et al. 2012. Science 337:556–59
  45. Casertano S, Lattanzi MG, Sozzetti A. et al. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 482:699–729
  46. Cassan A, Kubas D, Beaulieu JP. et al. 2012. Nature 481:167–69
  47. Catanzarite J, Shao M. 2011. Ap. J. 738:151
  48. Chamberlin TC. 1916. J. R. Astron. Soc. Can. 10:473
  49. Chaplin WJ, Sanchis-Ojeda R, Campante TL. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 766:101
  50. Chatterjee S, Ford EB. 2015. Ap. J. 803:33
  51. Chatterjee S, Ford EB, Matsumura S, Rasio FA. 2008. Ap. J. 686:580–602
  52. Chiang E, Laughlin G. 2013. MNRAS 431:3444–55
  53. Clanton C, Gaudi BS. 2014. Ap. J. 791:91
  54. Close LM, Males JR, Follette KB. et al. 2014. Adaptive Optics Systems IV E Marchetti, LM Close, J-P Véran Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 914891481M Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  55. Correia ACM, Couetdic J, Laskar J. et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 511:A21
  56. Counselman CC III. 1973. Ap. J. 180:307–16
  57. Cresswell P, Dirksen G, Kley W, Nelson RP. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 473:329–42
  58. Cumming A, Butler RP, Marcy GW. et al. 2008. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 120:531–54
  59. D'Angelo G, Lubow SH, Bate MR. 2006. Ap. J. 652:1698–714
  60. Dawson RI. 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 790:L31
  61. Dawson RI, Chiang E. 2014. Science 346:212–16
  62. Dawson RI, Johnson JA. 2012. Ap. J. 756:122
  63. Dawson RI, Johnson JA, Fabrycky DC. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 791:89
  64. Dawson RI, Murray-Clay RA. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 767:L24
  65. Deck KM, Holman MJ, Agol E. et al. 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 755:L21
  66. Delfosse X, Donati JF, Kouach D. et al. 2013. SF2A-2013: Proc. Annu. Meet. French Soc. Astron. Astrophys. L Cambresy, F Martins, E Nuss, A Palacios, Montpellier, June 4–7 497–508
  67. Désert JM, Charbonneau D, Demory BO. et al. 2011. Ap. J. Suppl. 197:14
  68. Dong S, Katz B, Socrates A. 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 781:L5
  69. Dong S, Zhu Z. 2013. Ap. J. 778:53
  70. Doolin S, Blundell KM. 2011. MNRAS 418:2656–68
  71. Doyle LR, Carter JA, Fabrycky DC. et al. 2011. Science 333:1602
  72. Dressing CD, Charbonneau D. 2013. Ap. J. 767:95
  73. Durisen RH, Boss AP, Mayer L. et al. 2007. Protostars and Planets V B Reipurth, D Jewitt, K Keil 607–22 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
  74. Dvorak R. 1982. Österr. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturwiss. Klasse Sitzungsber. Abt. 191:423–37
  75. Eggenberger A, Udry S, Chauvin G. et al. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 474:273–91
  76. Eggenberger A, Udry S, Chauvin G. et al. 2011. Proc. IAU Symp. 276 A Sozzetti, MG Lattanzi, AP Boss 409–10 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  77. Endl M, Cochran WD, Kürster M. et al. 2006. Ap. J. 649:436–43
  78. Fabrycky D, Tremaine S. 2007. Ap. J. 669:1298–315
  79. Fabrycky DC, Lissauer JJ, Ragozzine D. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 790:146
  80. Fabrycky DC, Murray-Clay RA. 2010. Ap. J. 710:1408–21
  81. Fang J, Margot JL. 2012. Ap. J. 761:92
  82. Fielding DB, McKee CF, Socrates A, Cunningham AJ, Klein RI. 2015. MNRAS 450:3306–18
  83. Figueira P, Marmier M, Boué G. et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 541:A139
  84. Ford EB. 2014. PNAS 111:12616
  85. Ford EB, Joshi KJ, Rasio FA, Zbarsky B. 2000. Ap. J. 528:336–50
  86. Ford EB, Quinn SN, Veras D. 2008. Ap. J. 678:1407–18
  87. Ford EB, Rasio FA. 2008. Ap. J. 686:621–36
  88. Foreman-Mackey D, Hogg DW, Morton TD. 2014. Ap. J. 795:64
  89. Fressin F, Torres G, Charbonneau D. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 766:81
  90. Gaudi BS, Bennett DP, Udalski A. et al. 2008. Science 319:927
  91. Giacobbe P, Damasso M, Sozzetti A. et al. 2012. MNRAS 424:3101–22
  92. Gillon M, Jehin E, Delrez L. et al. 2013. Protostars and Planets VI, Heidelberg, Poster. http://www.mpia-hd.mpg.de/homes/ppvi/posters/2K066.html
  93. Gizon L, Solanki SK. 2003. Ap. J. 589:1009–19
  94. Goldreich P, Sari R. 2003. Ap. J. 585:1024–37
  95. Goldreich P, Schlichting HE. 2014. Astron. J. 147:32
  96. Goldreich P, Soter S. 1966. Icarus 5:375–89
  97. Goldreich P, Tremaine S. 1980. Ap. J. 241:425–41
  98. Gonzalez G. 1997. MNRAS 285:403–12
  99. Gonzalez G. 2011. MNRAS 416:L80–83
  100. Gould A, Dong S, Gaudi BS. et al. 2010. Ap. J. 720:1073–89
  101. Gould A, Dorsher S, Gaudi BS, Udalski A. 2006. Acta Astron. 56:1–50
  102. Goździewski K, Migaszewski C. 2014. MNRAS 440:3140–71
  103. Greaves JS, Kennedy GM, Thureau N. et al. 2014. MNRAS 438:L31–35
  104. Grether D, Lineweaver CH. 2006. Ap. J. 640:1051–62
  105. Grether D, Lineweaver CH. 2007. Ap. J. 669:1220–34
  106. Guedel M, Dvorak R, Erkaev N. et al. 2014. Protostars and Planets VI H Beuther, RS Klessen, CP Dullemond, T Henning Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
  107. Han C, Udalski A, Choi JY. et al. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 762:L28
  108. Hansen BMS, Murray N. 2012. Ap. J. 751:158
  109. Hansen BMS, Murray N. 2013. Ap. J. 775:53
  110. Hayes W, Tremaine S. 1998. Icarus 135:549–57
  111. Hébrard G, Bouchy F, Pont F. et al. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 488:763–70
  112. Hébrard G, Désert JM, Díaz RF. et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 516:A95
  113. Hébrard G, Ehrenreich D, Bouchy F. et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 527:L11
  114. Heisler J, Tremaine S. 1986. Icarus 65:13–26
  115. Henderson CB, Gaudi BS, Han C. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 794:52
  116. Hirano T, Narita N, Sato B. et al. 2011. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 63:L57–61
  117. Hirano T, Narita N, Sato B. et al. 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 759:L36
  118. Hirano T, Sanchis-Ojeda R, Takeda Y. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 783:9
  119. Hogg DW, Myers AD, Bovy J. 2010. Ap. J. 725:2166–75
  120. Holman MJ, Fabrycky DC, Ragozzine D. et al. 2010. Science 330:51
  121. Holman MJ, Murray NW. 2005. Science 307:1288–91
  122. Holman MJ, Wiegert PA. 1999. Astron. J. 117:621–28
  123. Horner J, Wittenmyer R, Hinse T, Marshall J, Mustill A. 2014. Proc. 13th Aust. Space Sci. Conf. Sydney, Sept. 30–Oct. 2, 2013. W Short, I Cairns Sydney: Natl. Space Soc. Aust www.nssa.com.au/13assc/13assc-proceedings-web.pdf
  124. Howard AW, Marcy GW, Bryson ST. et al. 2012. Ap. J. Suppl. 201:15
  125. Howard AW, Marcy GW, Johnson JA. et al. 2010. Science 330:653
  126. Howell SB, Sobeck C, Haas M. et al. 2014. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 126:398–408
  127. Huber D, Carter JA, Barbieri M. et al. 2013. Science 342:331–34
  128. Husnoo N, Pont F, Mazeh T. et al. 2012. MNRAS 422:3151–77
  129. Hut P. 1980. Astron. Astrophys. 92:167–70
  130. Jeans JH. 1942. Nature 149:695
  131. Ji J, Li G, Liu L. 2002. Ap. J. 572:1041–47
  132. Johansen A, Davies MB, Church RP, Holmelin V. 2012. Ap. J. 758:39
  133. Johnson JA, Aller KM, Howard AW, Crepp JR. 2010. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 122:905–15
  134. Johnson JA, Butler RP, Marcy GW. et al. 2007. Ap. J. 670:833–40
  135. Johnson JA, Marcy GW, Fischer DA. et al. 2006. Ap. J. 652:1724–28
  136. Jovanovic N, Guyon O, Martinache F. et al. 2014. Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V SK Ramsay, IS McLean, H Takami Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 914791471Q Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  137. Jurić M, Tremaine S. 2008. Ap. J. 686:603–20
  138. Kaib NA, Raymond SN, Duncan M. 2013. Nature 493:381–84
  139. Kane SR, Ciardi DR, Gelino DM, von Braun K. 2012. MNRAS 425:757–62
  140. Kasting JF, Whitmire DP, Reynolds RT. 1993. Icarus 101:108–28
  141. Kennedy GM, Wyatt MC, Bryden G, Wittenmyer R, Sibthorpe B. 2013. MNRAS 436:898–903
  142. Kipping DM. 2013. MNRAS 434:L51–55
  143. Kipping DM. 2014. Proc. Frank N. Bash Symp. 2013: New Horizons Astronomy, Oct. 6–8, Austin, Tex. Austin: Univ. Tex.
  144. Kipping DM, Dunn WR, Jasinski JM, Manthri VP. 2012. MNRAS 421:1166–88
  145. Konacki M, Wolszczan A. 2003. Ap. J. Lett. 591:L147–50
  146. Kopparapu RK. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 767:L8
  147. Kostov VB, McCullough PR, Hinse TC. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 770:52
  148. Kraft R. 1967. Ap. J. 150:551
  149. Lafrenière D, Doyon R, Marois C. et al. 2007. Ap. J. 670:1367–90
  150. Lagrange AM, Boccaletti A, Milli J. et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 542:A40
  151. Lagrange AM, Bonnefoy M, Chauvin G. et al. 2010. Science 329:57
  152. Lai D. 2012. MNRAS 423:486–92
  153. Lai D, Foucart F, Lin DNC. 2011. MNRAS 412:2790–98
  154. Latham DW. 2012. New Astron. Rev. 56:16–18
  155. Latham DW, Rowe JF, Quinn SN. et al. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 732:L24
  156. Laughlin G, Chambers J, Fischer D. 2002. Ap. J. 579:455–67
  157. Le Bouquin JB, Absil O, Benisty M. et al. 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 498:L41–44
  158. Lee MH, Peale SJ. 2002. Ap. J. 567:596–609
  159. Limbach MA, Turner EL. 2014. PNAS 112:20–24
  160. Lin DNC, Bodenheimer P, Richardson DC. 1996. Nature 380:606–7
  161. Lissauer JJ. 2012. New Astron. Rev. 56:11
  162. Lissauer JJ, Jontof-Hutter D, Rowe JF. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 770:131
  163. Lissauer JJ, Ragozzine D, Fabrycky DC. et al. 2011. Ap. J. Suppl. 197:8
  164. Lithwick Y, Xie J, Wu Y. 2012. Ap. J. 761:122
  165. Lloyd JP. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 739:L49
  166. Macintosh B, Graham JR, Ingraham P. et al. 2014. PNAS 111:12661
  167. Mahadevan S, Ramsey L, Bender C. et al. 2012. Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV IS McLean, SK Ramsay, H Takami Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 844684461S Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  168. Marcy GW, Butler RP. 2000. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 112:137–40
  169. Marcy GW, Isaacson H, Howard AW. et al. 2014. Ap. J. Suppl. 210:20
  170. Mardling RA. 2007. MNRAS 382:1768–90
  171. Marois C, Zuckerman B, Konopacky QM, Macintosh B, Barman T. 2010. Nature 468:1080–83
  172. Martin DV, Triaud AHMJ. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 570:91
  173. Masuda K. 2014. Ap. J. 783:53
  174. Matthews B, Kennedy G, Sibthorpe B. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 780:97
  175. Mayor M, Marmier M, Lovis C. et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. Submitted arXiv:1109.2497
  176. Mazeh T, Holczer T, Shporer A. 2015. Ap. J. 800:142
  177. Mazeh T, Krymolowski Y, Rosenfeld G. 1997. Ap. J. Lett. 477:L103–6
  178. Mazeh T, Perets H, McQuillan A, Goldstein E. 2014. Ap. J. 801:3
  179. Mazeh T, Shaham J. 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 77:145–51
  180. McArthur BE, Benedict GF, Barnes R. et al. 2010. Ap. J. 715:1203–20
  181. McQuillan A, Mazeh T, Aigrain S. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 775:L11
  182. Mizuno H. 1980. Prog. Theor. Phys. 64:544–57
  183. Moorhead AV, Ford EB, Morehead RC. et al. 2011. Ap. J. Suppl. 197:1
  184. Morton TD, Winn JN. 2014. Ap. J. 796:47
  185. Mudryk LR, Wu Y. 2006. Ap. J. 639:423–31
  186. Mugrauer M, Ginski C, Seeliger M. 2014. MNRAS 439:1063–70
  187. Mulders GD, Pascucci I, Apai D. 2015. Ap. J. 798:112
  188. Naef D, Latham DW, Mayor M. et al. 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 375:L27–30
  189. Naoz S, Farr WM, Lithwick Y, Rasio FA, Teyssandier J. 2011. Nature 473:187–89
  190. Nelson BE, Ford EB, Wright JT. et al. 2014. MNRAS 441:442–51
  191. Nesvorný D, Kipping D, Terrell D, Feroz F. 2014. Ap. J. 790:31
  192. Nesvorný D, Kipping D, Terrell D. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 777:3
  193. Nesvorný D, Kipping DM, Buchhave LA. et al. 2012. Science 336:1133
  194. Nielsen EL, Close LM. 2010. Ap. J. 717:878–96
  195. Nielsen EL, Liu MC, Wahhaj Z. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 794:158
  196. Nutzman P, Charbonneau D. 2008. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 120:317–27
  197. Nutzman PA, Fabrycky DC, Fortney JJ. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 740:L10
  198. Ogilvie GI. 2014. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophy. 52:171–210
  199. Orosz JA, Welsh WF, Carter JA. et al. 2012a. Ap. J. 758:87
  200. Orosz JA, Welsh WF, Carter JA. et al. 2012b. Science 337:1511
  201. Park BG, Kim SL, Lee JW. et al. 2012. Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes I LM Stepp, R Gilmozzi, HJ Hall Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 8444844447 Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  202. Pasquini L, Avila G, Dekker H. et al. 2008. Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy II IS McLean, MM Casali Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 701470141I Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  203. Pepe FA, Cristiani S, Rebolo Lopez R. et al. 2010. Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy III IS McLean, SK Ramsay, H Takami Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 773577350F Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  204. Pepper J, Gould A, Depoy DL. 2003. Acta Astron. 53:213–28
  205. Petigura EA, Howard AW, Marcy GW. 2013. PNAS 110:19273
  206. Pierens A, Nelson RP. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 483:633–42
  207. Plavchan P, Bilinski C, Currie T. 2014. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 126:34–47
  208. Pollack JB, Hubickyj O, Bodenheimer P. et al. 1996. Icarus 124:62–85
  209. Pont F. 2009. MNRAS 396:1789–96
  210. Poppenhaeger K, Wolk SJ. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 565:L1
  211. Pourbaix D, Tokovinin AA, Batten AH. et al. 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 424:727–32
  212. Pravdo SH, Shaklan SB. 2009. Ap. J. 700:623–32
  213. Queloz D, Eggenberger A, Mayor M. et al. 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 359:L13–17
  214. Quirrenbach A, Amado PJ, Mandel H. et al. 2010. Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy III IS McLean, SK Ramsay, H Takami Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 7735773513 Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  215. Raghavan D, McAlister HA, Henry TJ. et al. 2010. Ap. J. Suppl. 190:1–42
  216. Rappaport S, Sanchis-Ojeda R, Rogers LA, Levine A, Winn JN. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 773:L15
  217. Rasio FA, Ford EB. 1996. Science 274:954–56
  218. Rauer H, Catala C, Aerts C. et al. 2014. Exp. Astron. 38:249–330
  219. Raymond SN, Barnes R, Mandell AM. 2008. MNRAS 384:663–74
  220. Reggiani M, Quanz SP, Meyer MR. et al. 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 792:L23
  221. Ricker GR, Winn JN, Vanderspek R. et al. 2015. J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 1:014003
  222. Rivera EJ, Laughlin G, Butler RP. et al. 2010. Ap. J. 719:890–99
  223. Rivera EJ, Lissauer JJ. 2001. Ap. J. 558:392–402
  224. Roell T, Neuhäuser R, Seifahrt A, Mugrauer M. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 542:A92
  225. Rogers TM, Lin DNC, Lau HHB. 2012. Ap. J. Lett. 758:L6
  226. Roy AE, Ovenden MW. 1954. MNRAS 114:232
  227. Sahlmann J, Ségransan D, Queloz D. et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 525:A95
  228. Sanchis-Ojeda R, Fabrycky DC, Winn JN. et al. 2012. Nature 487:449–53
  229. Sanchis-Ojeda R, Rappaport S, Winn JN. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 787:47
  230. Sanchis-Ojeda R, Winn JN, Holman MJ. et al. 2011. Ap. J. 733:127
  231. Santos NC, Israelian G, Mayor M. 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 415:1153–66
  232. Schlaufman KC. 2010. Ap. J. 719:602–11
  233. Schlaufman KC. 2014. Ap. J. 790:91
  234. Schlaufman KC, Winn JN. 2013. Ap. J. 772:143
  235. Schneider J. 1994. Planet. Space Sci. 42:539–44
  236. Schneider J, Dedieu C. Sidaner P, Savalle R, Zolotukhin I. , Le 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 532:A79
  237. Schwamb ME, Orosz JA, Carter JA. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 768:127
  238. Seager S. 2011. Exoplanets Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
  239. Seager S. 2013. Science577–81
  240. Shen Y, Turner EL. 2008. Ap. J. 685:553–59
  241. Sigurdsson S, Stairs IH, Moody K, Arzoumanian KMZ, Thorsett SE. 2008. Extreme Solar Systems D Fischer, F Rasio, SE Thorsett, A Wolszczan ASP Conf. Ser. 398119 San Francisco: ASP
  242. Silburt A, Gaidos E, Wu Y. 2015. Ap. J. 799:180
  243. Sliski DH, Kipping DM. 2014. Ap. J. 788:148
  244. Snellen IAG, Brandl BR, de Kok RJ. et al. 2014. Nature 509:63–65
  245. Sousa SG, Santos NC, Mayor M. et al. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 487:373–81
  246. Steffen JH, Farr WM. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 774:L12
  247. Steffen JH, Ragozzine D, Fabrycky DC. et al. 2012. PNAS 109:7982–87
  248. Storch NI, Anderson KR, Lai D. 2014. Science 345:1317–21
  249. Sumi T, Kamiya K, Bennett DP. et al. 2011. Nature 473:349–52
  250. Szabó GM, Szabó R, Benkö JM. et al. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 736:L4
  251. Szentgyorgyi A, Frebel A, Furesz G. et al. 2012. Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV IS McLean, SK Ramsay, H Takami Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 844684461H Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  252. Tamura M, Suto H, Nishikawa J. et al. 2012. Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV IS McLean, SK Ramsay, H Takami Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser. 844684461T Bellingham, WA: SPIE
  253. Tamuz O, Ségransan D, Udry S. et al. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 480:L33–36
  254. Tan X, Payne MJ, Lee MH. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 777:101
  255. Tarter JC, Backus PR, Mancinelli RL. et al. 2007. Astrobiology 7:30–65
  256. Teitler S, Königl A. 2014. Ap. J. 786:139
  257. Terquem C, Papaloizou JCB. 2007. Ap. J. 654:1110–20
  258. Thebault P, Haghighipour N. 2014. Planetary Exploration and Science: Recent Advances and Applications S Jin, N Haghighipour, WH Ip 309–40 Dordrect, Neth: Springer
  259. Thies I, Kroupa P, Goodwin SP, Stamatellos D, Whitworth AP. 2011. MNRAS 417:1817–22
  260. Thommes EW, Lissauer JJ. 2003. Ap. J. 597:566–80
  261. Thorsett SE, Arzoumanian Z, Camilo F, Lyne AG. 1999. Ap. J. 523:763–70
  262. Traub WA. 2012. Ap. J. 745:20
  263. Tremaine S. 1991. Icarus 89:85–92
  264. Tremaine S, Dong S. 2012. Astron. J. 143:94
  265. Triaud AHMJ, Collier Cameron A, Queloz D. et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 524:A25
  266. Udry S, Mayor M, Naef D. et al. 2002. Astron. Astrophys. 390:267–79
  267. Udry S, Mayor M, Santos NC. 2003. Astron. Astrophys. 407:369–76
  268. Valenti JA, Fischer DA. 2005. Ap. J. Suppl. 159:141–66
  269. Valsecchi F, Rasio FA. 2014. Ap. J. 786:102
  270. van Eyken JC, Ciardi DR, von Braun K. et al. 2012. Ap. J. 755:42
  271. van Eylen V, Lund MN, Silva V. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 782:14
  272. Veras D, Armitage PJ. 2004. Icarus 172:349–71
  273. Veras D, Crepp JR, Ford EB. 2009. Ap. J. 696:1600–11
  274. Veras D, Ford EB. 2012. MNRAS 420:L23–27
  275. Veras D, Ford EB, Payne MJ. 2011. Ap. J. 727:74
  276. Villaver E, Livio M. 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 705:L81–85
  277. Walkowicz LM, Basri GS. 2013. MNRAS 436:1883–95
  278. Wang J, Fischer DA, Xie JW, Ciardi DR. 2014. Ap. J. 791:111
  279. Wang J, Ford EB. 2011. MNRAS 418:1822–33
  280. Ward WR. 1997. Icarus 126:261–81
  281. Watson CA, Littlefair SP, Diamond C. et al. 2011. MNRAS 413:L71–75
  282. Weidenschilling SJ, Marzari F. 1996. Nature 384:619–21
  283. Welsh WF, Orosz JA, Carter JA. et al. 2012. Nature 481:475–79
  284. Welsh WF, Orosz JA, Short DR. et al. 2014. Ap. J. Submitted arXiv:1409.1605
  285. Wheatley PJ, Pollacco DL, Queloz D. et al. 2013. Eur. Phys. J. Web Conf. 47:13002
  286. Williams IP, Cremin AW. 1968. Q. J. R. Astron. Soc. 9:40
  287. Winn JN, Fabrycky D, Albrecht S, Johnson JA. 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 718:L145–49
  288. Winn JN, Johnson JA, Fabrycky D. et al. 2009. Ap. J. 700:302–8
  289. Winn JN, Johnson JA, Marcy GW. et al. 2006. Ap. J. Lett. 653:L69–72
  290. Wittenmyer RA, Endl M, Cochran WD, Levison HF, Henry GW. 2009. Ap. J. Suppl. 182:97–119
  291. Wolszczan A, Frail DA. 1992. Nature 355:145–47
  292. Wright DJ, Chené AN, De Cat P. et al. 2011a. Ap. J. Lett. 728:L20
  293. Wright JT, Fakhouri O, Marcy GW. et al. 2011b. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 123:412–22
  294. Wright JT, Gaudi BS. 2013. Exoplanet Detection Methods TD Oswalt, LM French, P Kalas 489 Dordrecht, Neth: Springer
  295. Wright JT, Marcy GW, Howard AW. et al. 2012. Ap. J. 753:160
  296. Wright JT, Upadhyay S, Marcy GW. et al. 2009. Ap. J. 693:1084–99
  297. Wright JT, Veras D, Ford EB. et al. 2011c. Ap. J. 730:93
  298. Wu Y, Lithwick Y. 2013. Ap. J. 772:74
  299. Xiang-Gruess M, Papaloizou JCB. 2013. MNRAS 431:1320–36
  300. Xie JW, Wu Y, Lithwick Y. 2014. Ap. J. 789:165
  301. Youdin AN. 2011. Ap. J. 742:38
  302. Zakamska NL, Pan M, Ford EB. 2011. MNRAS 410:1895–910
  303. Zsom A, Seager S, de Wit J, Stamenković V. 2013. Ap. J. 778:109
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122246
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122246
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error