The Ecological Importance of Allelopathy

Literature Cited

1. Adler PB, HilleRisLambers J, Levine JM. 2007. A niche for neutrality. Ecol. Lett. 10:95–104
   [Google Scholar]
2. Armas C, Pugnaire FI. 2011. Plant neighbour identity matters to belowground interactions under controlled conditions. PLOS ONE 6:11e27791
   [Google Scholar]
3. Aschehoug ET, Brooker R, Atwater DZ, Maron JL, Callaway RM. 2016. The mechanisms and consequences of interspecific competition among plants. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 47:263–81
   [Google Scholar]
4. Aschehoug ET, Callaway RM, Newcombe G, Tharayil N, Chen S 2014. Fungal endophyte increases the allelopathic effects of an invasive forb. Oecologia 175:285–91
   [Google Scholar]
5. Atwater DZ, Callaway RM. 2015. Testing the mechanisms of diversity-dependent overyielding in a grass species. Ecology 96:3332–42
   [Google Scholar]
6. Badr A, Müller K, Schäfer-Pregl R, El Rabey H, Effgen S et al. 2000. On the origin and domestication history of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Mol. Biol. Evol. 17:499–510
   [Google Scholar]
7. Bartholomew B. 1970. Bare zone between California shrub and grassland communities: the role of animals. Science 170:1210–12
   [Google Scholar]
8. Barto EK, Hilker M, Müller F, Mohney BK, Weidenhamer JD, Rillig MC. 2011. The fungal fast lane: Common mycorrhizal networks extend bioactive zones of allelochemicals in soils. PLOS ONE 6:11e27195
   [Google Scholar]
9. Becerra PI, Catford JA, Inderjit, McCleod M, Andonian K et al. 2017. Inhibitory effects of Eucalyptus globulus on understory plant growth and species richness are greater in non-native regions. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27:68–76
   [Google Scholar]
10. Begon M, Townsend CR, Harper JL. 2006. Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems Malden, MA: Blackwell, 4th ed..
11. Bertness M, Callaway RM. 1994. Positive interactions in communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9:191–93
    [Google Scholar]
12. Brisson J, Reynolds JF. 1994. The effect of neighbors on root distribution in a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) population. Ecology 75:1693–702
    [Google Scholar]
13. Bronstein JL. 1994. Our current understanding of mutualism. Q. Rev. Biol. 69:31–51
    [Google Scholar]
14. Bruno JF, Stachowicz JJ, Bertness MD. 2003. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18:119–25
    [Google Scholar]
15. Callaway RM, Aschehoug ET. 2000. Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion. Science 290:521–23Conducts the first test of the importance of coevolution for allelopathy strength and the novel weapons hypothesis.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Callaway RM, Cipollini D, Barto K, Thelen GC, Hallett SG et al. 2008. Novel weapons: Invasive plant suppresses fungal mutualists in America but not in its native Europe. Ecology 89:1043–55
    [Google Scholar]
17. Callaway RM, Kikodze D, Chiboshvili M, Khetsuriani L. 2005a. Unpalatable plants protect neighbors from grazing and increase plant community diversity. Ecology 86:1856–62
    [Google Scholar]
18. Callaway RM, Li L. 2020. Decisions, decisions, decisions: Plant roots detect and respond to complex environmental cues. New Phytol 226:1112–13
    [Google Scholar]
19. Callaway RM, Ridenour WM. 2004. Novel weapons: a biochemically based hypothesis for invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2:436–43
    [Google Scholar]
20. Callaway RM, Ridenour WM, Laboski T, Weir T, Vivanco JM. 2005b. Natural selection for resistance to the allelopathic effects of invasive plants. J. Ecol. 93:576–83
    [Google Scholar]
21. Caracuta V, Weinstein-Evron M, Kaufman D, Yeshurun R, Silvent J, Boaretto E. 2016. 14,000-year-old seeds indicate the Levantine origin of the lost progenitor of faba bean. Sci. Rep. 6:37399
    [Google Scholar]
22. Chen S, Xiao S, Callaway RM 2013. Light intensity alters the allelopathic effects of an exotic invader. Plant Ecol. Divers. 5:521–26
    [Google Scholar]
23. Chesson P. 2000. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31:343–66
    [Google Scholar]
24. Christensen NL, Muller CH. 1975. Relative importance of factors controlling germination and seedling survival in Adenostoma chaparral. Am. Midl. Nat. 93:71–78
    [Google Scholar]
25. Cipollini D, Rigsby CM, Barto EK. 2012. Microbes as targets and mediators of allelopathy in plants. J. Chem. Ecol. 38:714–27
    [Google Scholar]
26. Cohen D. 1966. Optimizing reproduction in a randomly varying environment. J. Theor. Biol. 12:119–29
    [Google Scholar]
27. Connell JH. 1961. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42:710–23
    [Google Scholar]
28. Czarnota MA, Paul RN, Dayan FE, Nimbal CI, Weston LA. 2001. Mode of action, localization of production, chemical nature, and activity of sorgoleone: a potent PSII inhibitor in Sorghum spp. root exudates. Weed Technol 15:813–25
    [Google Scholar]
29. Dayan FE, Rimando AM, Pan Z, Baerson SR, Gimsing AL, Duke SO 2010. Sorgoleone.. Phytochemistry 71:1032–39Provides one of the most thorough mechanistic understandings of allelopathy.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Dayan T, Simberloff D. 2005. Ecological and community-wide character displacement: the next generation. Ecol. Lett. 8:875–94
    [Google Scholar]
31. de Kroon H. 2007. How do roots interact?. Science 318:1562–63
    [Google Scholar]
32. Dudley SA. 2015. Plant cooperation.. AoB PLANTS 7:plv113
    [Google Scholar]
33. Ehlers BK, Berg MP, Staudt M, Holmstrup M, Glasius M et al. 2020. Plant secondary compounds in soil and their role in belowground species interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 35:716–30
    [Google Scholar]
34. Ehlers BK, Thompson J. 2004. Do co-occurring plant species adapt to one another? The response of Bromus erectus to the presence of different Thymus vulgaris chemotypes. Oecologia 141:511–18
    [Google Scholar]
35. Fonteyn PJ, Mahall BE. 1978. Competition among desert perennials. Nature 275:544–45
    [Google Scholar]
36. Gonzalez D, Sabnisc A, Fostera KR, Mavridouc DAI 2018. Costs and benefits of provocation in bacterial warfare. PNAS 115:7593–98
    [Google Scholar]
37. Greer MJ, Wilson GWT, Hickman KR, Wilson SM. 2014. Experimental evidence that invasive grasses use allelopathic biochemicals as a potential mechanism for invasion: chemical warfare in nature. Plant Soil 385:165–79
    [Google Scholar]
38. Grøndahl E, Ehlers BK. 2008. Local adaptation to biotic effects: reciprocal transplants of species associated with aromatic Thymus pulegioides and T. serpyllum. J. Ecol. 96:981–92
    [Google Scholar]
39. Gurevitch J, Scheiner SM, Fox GA. 2006. The Ecology of Plants Sunderland, MA: Sinauer
40. Harper JL. 1977. Population Biology of Plants London: Academic
41. Heun M, Schäfer-Pregl R, Klawan D, Castagna R, Accerbi M et al. 1997. Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting. Science 278:1312–14
    [Google Scholar]
42. Hierro JL, Callaway RM. 2003. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion. Plant Soil 256:29–39
    [Google Scholar]
43. HilleRisLambers J, Levine JM, Adler PB, Mayfield MM. 2012. Rethinking community assembly through the lens of coexistence theory. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 43:227–48
    [Google Scholar]
44. Hoeksema JD. 2010. Ongoing coevolution in mycorrhizal interactions. New Phytol 187:286–300
    [Google Scholar]
45. Holt RD. 1977. Predation, apparent competition, and structure of prey communities. Theor. Popul. Biol. 12:197–229
    [Google Scholar]
46. Huang F, Lankau R, Peng S. 2018. Coexistence via coevolution driven by reduced allelochemical effects and increased tolerance to competition between invasive and native plants. New Phytol 218:357–69
    [Google Scholar]
47. Hunter ME, Menges ES. 2002. Allelopathic effects and root distribution of Ceratiola ericoides (Empetraceae) on seven rosemary scrub species. Am. J. Bot. 89:1113–18
    [Google Scholar]
48. Hutchinson GE. 1957. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 22:415–27
    [Google Scholar]
49. Iason GR, Lennon JJ, Pakeman RJ, Thoss V, Beaton JK et al. 2005. Does chemical composition of individual Scots pine trees determine the biodiversity of their associated ground vegetation?. Ecol. Lett. 8:364–69
    [Google Scholar]
50. Inderjit 2005. Soil microorganisms: an important determinant of allelopathic activity. Plant Soil 274:227–36
    [Google Scholar]
51. Inderjit, Nilsen ET 2003. Bioassays and field studies for allelopathy in terrestrial plants: progress and problems. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22:221–38
    [Google Scholar]
52. Inderjit, Wardle DA, Karban R, Callaway RM 2011. The ecosystem and evolutionary contexts of allelopathy. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26:655–62
    [Google Scholar]
53. Jackson JBC, Buss L 1975. Allelopathy and spatial competition among coral reef invertebrates. PNAS 72:5160–63
    [Google Scholar]
54. Kalisz S, Kivlin SN, Bialic-Murphy L. 2021. Allelopathy is pervasive in invasive plants. Biol. Invasions 23:367–71
    [Google Scholar]
55. Karban R. 2007. Experimental clipping of sagebrush inhibits seed germination of neighbours. Ecol. Lett. 10:791–97
    [Google Scholar]
56. Karban R, Shiojiri K. 2009. Self-recognition affects plant communication and defense. Ecol. Lett. 12:502–6
    [Google Scholar]
57. Keeley JE. 1988. Allelopathy. Ecology 69:293–94
    [Google Scholar]
58. Kerr B, Riley MA, Feldman MW, Bohannan BJM. 2002. Local dispersal promotes biodiversity in a real-life game of rock-paper-scissors. Nature 418:171–74Is one of the best empirical studies of intransitive competition.
    [Google Scholar]
59. Lankau RA. 2008. Genetic variation in a secondary compound leads to a trade-off between intra- and inter-specific competitive ability. Ecology 89:1181–87
    [Google Scholar]
60. Lankau RA. 2009. Genetic variation promotes long-term coexistence of Brassica nigra and its competitors. Am. Nat. 174:E40–53
    [Google Scholar]
61. Lankau RA. 2011. Rapid evolutionary change and the coexistence of species. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 42:335–54
    [Google Scholar]
62. Lankau RA. 2012. Coevolution between invasive and native plants driven by chemical competition and soil biota. PNAS 109:11240–45Is the first study to document coevolution between native and nonnative plant species.
    [Google Scholar]
63. Lankau RA, Nuzzo V, Spyreas G, Davis AS 2009. Evolutionary limits ameliorate the negative impact of an invasive plant. PNAS 106:15362–67
    [Google Scholar]
64. Lankau RA, Strauss SY. 2007. Mutual feedbacks maintain both genetic and species diversity in a plant community. Science 317:1561–63Provides an excellent example of intransitive competition, by which maintaining species diversity requires conserving genotypes and vice versa.
    [Google Scholar]
65. Lankau RA, Wheeler E, Bennett AE, Strauss SY. 2011. Plant-soil feedbacks contribute to an intransitive competitive network that promotes both genetic and species diversity. J. Ecol. 99:176–85
    [Google Scholar]
66. Latef AAHA, Hashem A, Rasool S, Abd_Allah EF, Alqarawi AA et al. 2016. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and abiotic stress in plants: a review. J. Plant Biol. 59:407–26
    [Google Scholar]
67. Lau JA, Puliafico KP, Kopshever JA, Steltzer H, Jarvi EP et al. 2008. Inference of allelopathy is complicated by effects of activated carbon on plant growth. New Phytol 178:412–23
    [Google Scholar]
68. Lawrence JG, Colwell A, Sexton OJ. 1991. The ecological impact of allelopathy in Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae). Am. J. Bot. 78:948–58Seems to be the first report of adaptative responses of native species to nonnative chemicals.
    [Google Scholar]
69. Levine JM, Bascompte J, Adler PB, Allesina S. 2017. Beyond pairwise mechanisms of species coexistence in complex communities. Nature 546:56–64
    [Google Scholar]
70. Li B, Li Y-Y, Wu H-M, Zhang F-F, Li C-J et al. 2016. Root exudates drive interspecific facilitation by enhancing nodulation and N₂ fixation. PNAS 113:6496–501
    [Google Scholar]
71. Li L, Li S-M, Sun J-H, Zhou L-L, Bao X-G et al. 2007. Diversity enhances agricultural productivity via rhizosphere phosphorus facilitation on phosphorus-deficient soils. PNAS 104:11192–96
    [Google Scholar]
72. Lomolino MV, Riddle BR, Whittaker RJ. 2017. Biogeography Sunderland, MA: Oxford Univ. Press, 5th ed..
73. MacDougall AS, Gilbert B, Levine JM. 2009. Plant invasions and the niche. J. Ecol. 97:609–15
    [Google Scholar]
74. Mahall BE, Callaway RM 1991. Root communication among desert shrubs. PNAS 88:874–76First exploration of chemical root recognition between conspecifics and heterospecifics.
    [Google Scholar]
75. Mahall BE, Callaway RM. 1992. Root communication mechanisms and intracommunity distributions of two Mojave Desert shrubs. Ecology 73:2145–51
    [Google Scholar]
76. Mahall BE, Fonteyn PJ, Callaway RM, Schlesinger WH. 2017. A 37-year experimental study of the effects of structural alterations on a shrub community in the Mojave Desert, California. J. Ecol. 106:1057–72
    [Google Scholar]
77. McAuliffe JR. 1988. Markovian dynamics of simple and complex desert plant communities. Am. Nat. 131:459–90
    [Google Scholar]
78. McPherson JK, Muller CH. 1969. Allelopathic effects of Adenostoma fasciculatum, “chamise”, in the California chaparral. Ecol. Monogr. 39:177–98
    [Google Scholar]
79. Meiners SJ, Phipps KK, Pendergast TH IV, Canam T, Carson WP 2017. Soil microbial communities alter leaf chemistry and influence allelopathic potential among coexisting plant species. Oecologia 183:1155–65
    [Google Scholar]
80. Metlen KL, Aschehoug ET, Callaway RM. 2009. Plant behavioral ecology: dynamic plasticity in secondary metabolites. Plant Cell Environ 32:641–53
    [Google Scholar]
81. Metlen KL, Aschehoug ET, Callaway RM. 2013. Competitive outcomes between two exotic invaders are modified by direct and indirect effects of a native conifer. Oikos 122:632–40
    [Google Scholar]
82. Metlen KL, Callaway RM. 2015. Native North American pine attenuates the competitive effects of a European invader on native grasses. Biol. Invasions 17:1227–37
    [Google Scholar]
83. Molisch H. 2001 (1937. The Influence of One Plant on Another: Allelopathy transl. LJ La Fleur, MAB Mallik Jodhpur, India: Scientific PublishersCoins the term allelopathy.
84. Mommer L, van Ruijven J, de Caluwe H, Smit-Tiekstra AE, Wagemaker CAM et al. 2010. Unveiling below-ground species abundance in a biodiversity experiment: a test of vertical niche differentiation among grassland species. J. Ecol. 98:1117–27
    [Google Scholar]
85. Muller CH. 1966. The role of chemical inhibition (allelopathy) in vegetational composition. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 93:332–51
    [Google Scholar]
86. Muller CH, Del Moral R. 1966. Soil toxicity induced by terpenes from Salvia leucophylla. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 93:130–37
    [Google Scholar]
87. Muller CH, Muller WH, Haines BL. 1964. Volatile growth inhibitors produced by aromatic shrubs. Science 143:471–73Is a foundational study of the ecological importance of allelopathy.
    [Google Scholar]
88. Muller WH, Muller CH. 1956. Association patterns involving desert plants that contain toxic products. Am. J. Bot. 43:354–61
    [Google Scholar]
89. Ning L, Yu F-H, van Kleunen M. 2016. Allelopathy of a native grassland community as a potential mechanism of resistance against invasion by introduced plants. Biol. Invasions 18:3481–93
    [Google Scholar]
90. Novoplansky A. 2019. What plant roots know?. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 92:126–33
    [Google Scholar]
91. Pakeman RJ, Beaton JK, Thoss V, Lennon JJ, Campbell CD et al. 2006. The extended phenotype of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris structures the understorey assemblage. Ecography 29:451–57
    [Google Scholar]
92. Parepa M, Bossdorf O. 2016. Testing for allelopathy in invasive plants: It all depends on the substrate!. Biol. Invasions 18:2975–82
    [Google Scholar]
93. Parepa M, Schaffner U, Bossdorf O 2013. Help from under ground: Soil biota facilitate knotweed invasion. Ecosphere 4:31
    [Google Scholar]
94. Park T. 1954. Experimental studies of interspecies competition II. Temperature, humidity, and competition in two species of Tribolium. . Physiol. Zool. 27:177–238
    [Google Scholar]
95. Parker VT, Muller CH. 1979. Allelopathic dominance by a tree-associated herb in a California annual grassland. Oecologia 37:315–20
    [Google Scholar]
96. Pedrol MN, González L, Reigosa MJ 2006. Allelopathy and abiotic stress. Allelopathy: A Physiological Process with Ecological Implications MJ Reigosa, N Pedrol, L González 171–209 Dordrecht, Neth: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
97. Piperno DR, Flannery KV 2001. The earliest archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: new accelerator mass spectrometry dates and their implications. PNAS 98:2101–3
    [Google Scholar]
98. Plakhine D, Ziadna H, Joel DM. 2009. Is seed conditioning essential for Orobanche germination?. Pest Manag. Sci. 65:492–96
    [Google Scholar]
99. Prati D, Bossdorf O. 2004. Allelopathic inhibition of germination by Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Am. J. Bot. 91:285–88
    [Google Scholar]
100. Preston CA, Baldwin IT. 1999. Positive and negative signals regulate germination in the post-fire annual, Nicotiana attenuata. Ecology 80:481–94
     [Google Scholar]
101. Qin R, Zheng Y, Valiente-Banuet A, Callaway RM, Barclay GF et al. 2013. The evolution of increased competitive ability, innate competitive advantages, and novel biochemical weapons act in concert for a tropical invader. New Phytol 197:979–88
     [Google Scholar]
102. Rabotnov TA. 1974. On the allelopathy in the phytocenoses. Izo Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Biol. 6:811–20Seems to be the first manuscript proposing that coevolution conditions the strength of allelopathy.
     [Google Scholar]
103. Reigosa MJ, Pedrol N, Sánchez-Moreiras A, González L 2002. Stress and allelopathy. Allelopathy: From Molecules to Ecosystems MJ Reigosa, N Pedrol 231–56 Enfield, NJ: Science Publishers, Inc.
     [Google Scholar]
104. Reigosa MJ, Sánchez-Moreiras A, González L. 1999. Ecophysiological approach in allelopathy. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 18:577–608
     [Google Scholar]
105. Renne IJ, Sinn BT, Shook GW, Sedlacko DM, Dull JR et al. 2014. Eavesdropping in plants: delayed germination via biochemical recognition. J. Ecol. 102:86–94
     [Google Scholar]
106. Rice EL. 1964. Inhibition of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria by seed plants (I.). Ecology 45:824–37
     [Google Scholar]
107. Rice EL. 1984. Allelopathy Orlando, FL: Academic
108. Ridenour WM, Callaway RM. 2001. The relative importance of allelopathy in interference: the effects of an invasive weed on a native bunchgrass. Oecologia 126:444–50
     [Google Scholar]
109. Rout ME, Chrzanowski TH, Westlie TK, DeLuca TH, Callaway RM, Holben WE. 2013. Bacterial endophytes enhance invasive plant competition. Am. J. Bot. 100:1726–37
     [Google Scholar]
110. Ruan X, Pan C-D, Liu R, Li Z-H, Li S-L et al. 2016. Effects of climate warming on plant autotoxicity in forest evolution: a case simulation analysis for Picea schrenkiana regeneration. Ecol. Evol. 6:5854–66
     [Google Scholar]
111. Schenk J, Mahall BE, Callaway RM. 1999. Spatial root segregation: Are plants territorial?. Adv. Ecol. Res. 8:145–80
     [Google Scholar]
112. Selmar D, Kleinwächter M. 2013. Stress enhances the synthesis of secondary plant products: the impact of stress-related over-reduction on the accumulation of natural products. Plant Cell Physiol 54:817–26
     [Google Scholar]
113. Semchenko M, John EA, Hutchings MJ. 2007. Effects of physical connection and genetic identity of neighbouring ramets on root-placement patterns in two clonal species. New Phytol 176:644–54
     [Google Scholar]
114. Soliveres S, Allan E 2018. Everything you always wanted to know about intransitive competition but were afraid to ask. J. Ecol. 106:807–14
     [Google Scholar]
115. Stowe LG. 1979. Allelopathy and its influence on the distribution of plants in an Illinois old-field. J. Ecol. 67:1065–85
     [Google Scholar]
116. Svensson JR, Nylund GM, Cervin G, Toth G, Pavia H 2013. Novel chemical weapon of an exotic macroalga inhibits recruitment of native competitors in the invaded range. J. Ecol. 101:140–48
     [Google Scholar]
117. Thelen GC, Vivanco JM, Newingham B, Good W, Bais HP et al. 2005. Insect herbivory stimulates allelopathic exudation by an invasive plant and the suppression of natives. Ecol. Lett. 8:209–17
     [Google Scholar]
118. Thompson JN. 2005. The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
119. Top SM, Preston CM, Dukes JS, Tharayil N. 2017. Climate influences the content and chemical composition of foliar tannins in green and senesced tissues of Quercus rubra. Front. Plant Sci. 8:423
     [Google Scholar]
120. Wardle DA, Nilsson M-C, Gallet C, Zackrisson O. 1998. An ecosystem-level perspective of allelopathy. Biol. Rev. 73:305–19
     [Google Scholar]
121. Weidenhamer JD, Romeo JT. 1989. Allelopathic properties of Polygonella myriophylla field evidence and bioassays. J. Chem. Ecol. 15:1957–70
     [Google Scholar]
122. Whittaker R, Feeny PP. 1971. Allelochemicals: chemical interactions between species. Science 171:757–70
     [Google Scholar]
123. Yanelli FA, Novoa A, Lorenzo P, Rodríguez J, Le Roux JJ 2019. No evidence for novel weapons: Biochemical recognition modulates early ontogenetic processes in native species and invasive acacias. Biol. Invasions 22:549–62
     [Google Scholar]
124. Yang L, Callaway RM, Atwater DZ. 2015. Root contact responses and the positive relationship between intraspecific diversity and ecosystem productivity. AoB PLANTS 7:plv053
     [Google Scholar]
125. Yuan Y, Wang B, Zhang S, Tang J, Tu C et al. 2013. Enhanced allelopathy and competitive ability of invasive plant Solidago canadensis in its introduced range. J. Plant Ecol. 6:253–63
     [Google Scholar]
126. Zhang Z, Liu Y, Yuan L, Weber E, van Kleunen M. 2020. Effect of allelopathy on plant performance: a meta-analysis. Ecol. Lett. 24:348–62
     [Google Scholar]
127. Zheng Y, Feng Y, Zhang L, Callaway RM, Valiente-Banuet A et al. 2014. Integrating novel chemical weapons and evolutionarily increased competitive ability in success of a tropical invader. New Phytol 205:1350–59
     [Google Scholar]