1932

Abstract

This review outlines an emerging agenda for ethnographic interpretation of the rule of law. From a survey of studies done on the rule of law in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, the review identifies four general characteristics of this mode of inquiry, namely, that it is located, relational, and comparative and has extrinsic value. It offers three nonexhaustive reasons for interpreting the rule of law ethnographically, which are as a counterhegemonic practice, in response to counterintuitive observations, and as a means to do constitutive theorizing. Contending that ethnographic work on the rule of law involves some kind of stance toward both research subjects and object of inquiry, the review advocates for the exercise of passionate humility: a conviction about the rule of law tempered by willingness to be proven wrong through inquiries in critical proximity with socially and politically mediated facts. Rule-of-law ethnography's possibility lies in its attending to the relationship between what is claimed in the rule of law's name and what is realized, not to make the idea look foolish, but to show how it emerges and why it persists through struggle.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-030900
2018-10-13
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/lawsocsci/14/1/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-030900.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-030900&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abel RL 2010. Law and society: project and practice. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 6:1–23
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anders G 2015. Law at its limits: interdisciplinarity between law and anthropology. J. Leg. Plur. Unoff. Law 47:411–22
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Auyero J 2006. Introductory note to politics under the microscope: special issue on political ethnography I. Qual. Sociol. 29:257–59
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Baiocchi G, Connor BT 2008. The ethnos in the polis: political ethnography as a mode of inquiry. Sociol. Compass 2:139–55
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Barber NW 2003. The Rechtsstaat and the rule of law. U. Tor. Law J. 53:443–54
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Benton LA 2002. Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  7. Bevir M, Rhodes R 2016. Routledge Handbook of Interpretive Political Science London/New York: Routledge
  8. Borneman J 1997. Settling Accounts: Violence, Justice, and Accountability in Postsocialist Europe Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  9. Brodkin EZ 2017. The ethnographic turn in political science: reflections on the state of the art. Political Sci. Politics 50:131–34
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Brooks R 2003. The new imperialism: violence, norms, and the “rule of law.”. Mich. Law Rev. 101:2275–340
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Butler J 2000. Restaging the universal: hegemony and the limits of formalism. Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left J Butler, E Laclau, S Žižek 11–43 London/New York: Verso
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Carothers T 2006. Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad: In Search of Knowledge Washington, DC: Carnegie Endow. Int. Peace
  13. Chalmers S 2015. Law's imaginary life on the ground: scenes of the rule of law in Liberia. Law Lit 27:179–98
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Chalmers S 2016. Law's rule: Liberia and the rule of law PhD Thesis, Aust. Natl. Univ Canberra, Aust.:
  15. Chanock M 1985. Law, Custom and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  16. Cheesman N 2014. Law and order as asymmetrical opposite to the rule of law. Hague J. Rule Law 6:96–114
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Cheesman N 2015. Opposing the Rule of Law: How Myanmar's Courts Make Law and Order Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  18. Cheesman N 2017. Taking the rule of law's opposition seriously. Hague J. Rule Law 9:29–44
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Clifford J 1986. Introduction: partial truths. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography J Clifford, GE Marcus 1–26 Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Comaroff J, Comaroff J 2006. Law and disorder in the postcolony: an introduction. Law and Disorder in the Postcolony JL Comaroff, J Comaroff 1–56 Chicago/London: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Curley M, Dressel B, McCarthy S 2018. Competing visions of the rule of law in Southeast Asia: power, rhetoric and governance. Asian Stud. Rev. 42:2192–209
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Dagan H, Kreitner R 2018. The New Legal Realism and the realist view of law. Law Soc. Inq. 43:528–53
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Darian-Smith E 2004. Ethnographies of law. The Blackwell Companion to Law and Society A Sarat 545–68 Malden, MA: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Darian-Smith E 2013. Laws and Societies in Global Contexts: Contemporary Approaches. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  25. Das V, Poole D 2004. State and its margins: comparative ethnographies. Anthropology in the Margins of the State V Das, D Poole 3–34 Santa Fe/Oxford: School Am. Res. Press/James Currey
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Davis KE 2014. Legal indicators: the power of quantitative measures of law. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 10:37–52
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Dinnen S 2010. From ideals to reality in international rule of law work: the case of Papua New Guinea. J. Int. Peacekeeping 14:301–29
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Dressel B 2014. Public administration and the rule of law in Asia: Breadth without depth. Asia Pacific J. Pub. Admin. 36:9–21
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Eckert J, Donahoe B, Strümpell C, Biner ZO 2012. Law Against the State: Ethnographic Forays into Law's Transformations Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  30. Ellmann S 2016. The practice—and rule—of law. N.Y. Law School Law Rev. 61:321–29
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Emerson RM, Fretz RI, Shaw LL 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes Chicago/London: Univ. Chicago Press
  32. Erie MS 2016. China and Islam: The Prophet, the Party, and Law Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  33. Ewick P, Silbey SS 1998. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  34. Faier L, Rofel L 2014. Ethnographies of encounter. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 43:363–77
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Farrall JM 2007. United Nations Sanctions and the Rule of Law Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  36. Fassin D 2013. Enforcing Order: An Ethnography of Urban Policing Cambridge, UK/Malden, MA: Polity
  37. Feldman I 2008. Governing Gaza: Bureaucracy, Authority, and the Work of Rule, 1917–1967 Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  38. Fuller LL 1969. The Morality of Law New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
  39. Gallagher M 2017. Authoritarian Legality in China: Law, Workers, and the State Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  40. Geertz C 1993. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology London: Fontana
  41. Geertz C 2001. School building: a retrospective preface. Schools of Thought: Twenty-Five Years of Interpretive Social Science JW Scott, D Keates 1–11 Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  42. George AL, Bennett A 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
  43. Goffman A 2014. On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  44. Goodale M 2009. Dilemmas of Modernity: Bolivian Encounters with Law and Liberalism Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
  45. Gowder P 2016. The Rule of Law in the Real World New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  46. Grenfell L 2013. Promoting the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Societies. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  47. Guha R 1997. Dominance Without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  48. Hadfield GK, Weingast BR 2014. Microfoundations of the rule of law. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 17:21–42
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Haggard S, MacIntyre A, Tiede L 2008. The rule of law and economic development. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 11:205–34
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Hajjar L 2005. Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  51. Healy K 2017. Fuck nuance. Sociol. Theory 35:118–27
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Helmke G, Rosenbluth F 2009. Regimes and the rule of law: judicial independence in comparative perspective. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 12:345–66
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Herzfeld M 2001. Performing comparisons: ethnography, globetrotting, and the space of social knowledge. J. Anthropol. Res. 57:259–76
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Horwitz MJ 1977. The rule of law: An unqualified human good. Yale Law J 86:561–66
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Humphreys S 2010. Theatre of the Rule of Law: Transnational Legal Intervention in Theory and Practice Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  56. Hunt A 1993. Explorations in Law and Society: Towards a Constitutive Theory of Law New York: Routledge
  57. Jauregui B 2016. Provisional Authority: Police, Order, and Security in India Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  58. Kazanjian D 2016. The Brink of Freedom: Improvising Life in the Nineteenth-Century Atlantic World Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  59. King G, Keohane R, Verba S 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  60. Kleinfeld R 2012. Advancing the Rule of Law Abroad: Next Generation Reform. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowm. Int. Peace
  61. Klug H, Merry SE 2016. The New Legal Realism: Studying Law Globally, New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  62. Krupa C, Nugent D 2015. State Theory and Andean Politics: New Approaches to the Study of Rule Philadelphia: Univ. Pa. Press
  63. Krygier M 2006. The rule of law: an abuser's guide. Abuse: The Dark Side of Fundamental Rights A Sajó 129–61 The Hague, Neth: Eleven Int.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Krygier M 2011. Four puzzles about the rule of law: Why, what, where? And who cares. Getting to the Rule of Law JE Fleming 64–104 New York: N.Y. Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Krygier M 2015. Rule of law (and Rechtsstaat). International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences JD Wright 780–87 Amsterdam: Elsevier. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Krygier M 2016. The rule of law: pasts, presents, and two possible futures. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 12:199–229
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Krygier M 2017. Tempering power. Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law M Adams, A Meuwese, EH Ballin 34–59 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Laclau E, Mouffe C 2014. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics London/New York: Verso
  69. Latour B 2010. The Making of Law: An Ethnography of the Counseil d'Etat Cambridge, UK/Malden, MA: Polity
  70. Lev DS 1978. Judicial authority and the struggle for an Indonesian Rechtsstaat. Law Soc. Rev. 13:37–71
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Lie JHS 2013. Challenging anthropology: anthropological reflections on the ethnographic turn in international relations. Millenn. J. Int. Stud. 41:201–20
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Lokaneeta J 2017. Debating the Indian Supreme Court: equality, liberty, and the rule of law. Law Cult. Humanit. 13:353–68
    [Google Scholar]
  73. MacLean K 2013. The Government of Mistrust: Illegibility and Bureaucratic Power in Socialist Vietnam Madison, WI: Univ. Wis. Press
  74. Malinowski B 1922. The Argonauts of the Western Pacific London: Routledge/Kegan Paul
  75. Manderson D 2012. Kangaroo Courts and the Rule of Law: The Legacy of Modernism London/New York: Routledge
  76. Maravall JM, Przeworski A 2003. Introduction. Democracy and the Rule of Law JM Maravall, A Przeworski 1–16 New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Marcus GE 1998. Ethnography Through Thick and Thin Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  78. Markovits I 2010. Justice in Lüritz: Experiencing Socialist Law in East Germany Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  79. Mason W 2011. The Rule of Law in Afghanistan: Missing in Inaction New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  80. Massoud MF 2013. Law's Fragile State: Colonial, Authoritarian, and Humanitarian Legacies in Sudan New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  81. Massoud MF 2016. Ideals and practices in the rule of law: an essay on legal politics. Law Soc. Inq. 41:489–501
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Mattei U, Nader L 2008. Plunder: When the Rule of Law Is Illegal Malden, MA: Blackwell
  83. Mawani R 2012. Law's archive. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 8:337–65
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Mbembe A 1992. Prosaics of servitude and authoritarian civilities. Public Cult 5:123–45
    [Google Scholar]
  85. McBride K 2016. Mr. Mothercountry: The Man Who Made the Rule of Law New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  86. McCargo D 2017. Sense and sensibility: crafting tales about the police (Thailand). Writing the World of Policing: The Difference Ethnography Makes D Fassin 207–24 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  87. McGranahan C 2014. What is ethnography? Teaching ethnographic sensibilities without fieldwork. Teach. Anthropol. 4:23–36
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Meierhenrich J 2018. The Remnants of the Rechtsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Merry SE, Davis KE, Kingsbury B 2015. The Quiet Power of Indicators: Measuring Governance, Corruption, and Rule of Law New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  90. Mertz E 2002. The perfidy of gaze and the pain of uncertainty: anthropological theory and the search for closure. Ethnography in Unstable Places: Everyday Lives in Contexts of Dramatic Political Change CJ Greenhouse, E Mertz, KB Warren 355–78 Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Mertz E, Macaulay S, Mitchell TW 2016. The New Legal Realism: Translating Law-and-Society for Today's Legal Practice 1 New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  92. Møller J, Skaaning S-E 2011. On the limited interchangeability of rule of law measures. Eur. Political Sci. Rev 3371–94
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Moore SF 2005. Comparisons: possible and impossible. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 34:1–11
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Mouffe C 2005. On the Political New York/London: Routledge
  95. Moustafa T 2007. The Struggle for Constitutional Power: Law, Politics, and Economic Development in Egypt New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  96. Moustafa T 2014. Law and courts in authoritarian regimes. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 10:281–99
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Moustafa T, Ginsburg T 2008. Introduction: the functions of courts in authoritarian politics. Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes T Moustafa, T Ginsburg 1–22 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Munger F 2015. Thailand's cause lawyers and twenty-first-century military coups: nation, identity, and conflicting visions of the rule of law. Asian J. Law Soc. 2:301–22
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Nader L 2011. Ethnography as theory. HAU J. Ethnogr. Theory 1:211–19
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Newendorp N 2008. Uneasy Reunions: Immigration, Citizenship, and Family Life in Post-1997 Hong Kong Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press
  101. Newendorp N 2011. Contesting “law and order”: immigrants’ encounters with “rule of law” in postcolonial Hong Kong. PoLAR Political Legal Anthropol. Rev. 34:95–111
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Obarrio J 2014. The Spirit of the Laws in Mozambique Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  103. Ocko JK, Gilmartin D 2009. State, sovereignty, and the people: a comparison of the “rule of law” in China and India. J. Asian Stud. 68:55–133
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Ohnesorge JKM 2007. The rule of law. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 3:99–114
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Pader E 2006. Seeing with an ethnographic sensibility: explorations beneath the surface of public policies. Interpretation and Method: Empirical Research Methods and the Interpretive Turn D Yanow, P Schwartz-Shea 161–75 Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Peerenboom R 2002. China's Long March Toward Rule of Law Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  107. Pirie F 2013. The Anthropology of Law Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  108. Rajah J 2012. Authoritarian Rule of Law: Legislation, Discourse and Legitimacy in Singapore New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  109. Rajah J 2014. “Rule of law” as transnational legal order. Transnational Legal Orders TC Halliday, G Shaffer 340–73 New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Rajah J 2017. Rule of law lineages: heroes, coffins, and custom. Law Cult. Humanit. 13:369–82
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Raz J 1979. The rule of law and its virtue. The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality210–29 Oxford: Clarendon
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Redding JA 2014. The case of Ayesha, Muslim “courts,” and the rule of law: some ethnographic lessons for legal theory. Mod. Asian Stud. 48:940–85
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Reed IA 2011. Interpretation and Social Knowledge: On the Use of Theory in the Human Sciences Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  114. Sachs JA 2010. Strategic ambiguity and the rule of law Presented at GRIPP Workshop, Montreal
  115. Sachs JA 2013. “Native courts” and the limits of the law in colonial Sudan: ambiguity as strategy. Law Soc. Inq. 38:973–92
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Sallaz JJ 2008. Deep plays: a comparative ethnography of gambling contests in two post-colonies. Ethnography 9:5–33
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Sannerholm RZ 2012. Looking back, moving forward: UN peace operations and rule of law assistance in Africa, 1989–2010. Hague J. Rule Law 4:359–73
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Sarat A, Kearns TR 1995. Law in Everyday Life Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
  119. Schaffer FC 2016. Elucidating Social Science Concepts: An Interpretivist Guide New York: Routledge
  120. Schatz E 2007. Methods are not tools: ethnography and the limits of multiple-methods research Work. Pap., Political Methodol., Comm. Concepts Methods Mexico City, Mex.:
  121. Schatz E 2009.a Introduction: ethnographic immersion and the study of politics. Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power, ed. E Schatz 1–22 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Schatz E 2009.b Conclusion: What kind(s) of ethnography does political science need?. Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power E Schatz 303–18 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Scheppele KL 2004. Constitutional ethnography: an introduction. Law Soc. Rev. 38:389–406
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Schwartz-Shea P, Majic S 2017. Ethnography and participant observation: political science research in this “late methodological moment.”. PS Political Sci. Politics 50:97–102
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Schwartz-Shea P, Yanow D 2012. Interpretive Research Design: Concepts and Processes New York/London: Routledge
  126. Scott JC 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
  127. Scott JW 2009. Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  128. Seron C, Coutin SB, Meeusen PW 2013. Is there a canon of law and society. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 9:287–306
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Silbey S 2005. After legal consciousness. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 1:323–68
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Simmons ES, Smith NR 2017. Comparison with an ethnographic sensibility. PS Political Sci. Politics 50:126–30
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Soltan KE 2002. Selznick and civics. Legality and Community: On the Intellectual Legacy of Philip Selznick RA Kagan, M Krygier, K Winston 357–72 Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Starr J, Goodale M 2002. Practicing Ethnography in Law: New Dialogues, Enduring Methods New York/Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan
  133. Steedly MM 2013. Rifle Reports: A Story of Indonesian Independence Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  134. Stuart F 2016. Down, Out, and Under Arrest: Policing and Everyday Life in Skid Row Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  135. Suchman MC, Mertz E 2010. Toward a new legal empiricism: empirical legal studies and new legal realism. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 6:555–79
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Tamanaha BZ 2004. On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  137. Taylor C 1979. Interpretation and the sciences of man. Interpretive Social Science: A Reader P Rabinow, WM Sullivan 25–71 Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Trubek DM 2006. The “rule of law” in development assistance: past, present, and future. The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal DM Trubek, A Santos 25–71 New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Tsing AL 2005. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  140. Upham F 2006. Mythmaking in the rule of law orthodoxy. See Carothers 2006 75–104
  141. Verdery K 2014. Secrets and Truths: Ethnography in the Archive of Romania's Secret Police Budapest: Cent. Eur. Univ. Press
  142. Versteeg M, Ginsburg T 2017. Measuring the rule of law: a comparison of indicators. Law Soc. Inq. 42:100–37
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Weber M 1978. Value-judgments in social science. Max Weber: Selections in Translation WG Runciman 69–98 Cambridge, UK/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Wedeen L 2004. Concepts and commitments in the study of democracy. Problems and Methods in the Study of Politics I Shapiro, RM Smith, TE Masoud 274–306 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Wedeen L 2009. Ethnography as an interpretive enterprise. Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power E Schatz 75–93 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Wedeen L 2010. Reflections on ethnographic work in political science. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 13:255–72
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Weizman E, Manfredi Z 2013. “From figure to ground”: a conversation with Eyal Weizman on the politics of the humanitarian present. Qui Parle Crit. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 22:167–92
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Wendt A 1998. On constitution and causation in International Relations. Br. Int. Stud. Assoc. 24:101–17
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Willis P 1980. Notes on method. Culture, Media, Language S Hall, D Hobson, A Lowe, P Willis 88–95 London: Hutchinson
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Willis P, Trondman M 2002. Manifesto for ethnography. Cult. Stud. Crit. Methodol. 2:394–402
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Wolcott HF 1990. Making a study “more ethnographic.”. J. Contemp. Ethnogr. 19:44–72
    [Google Scholar]
  152. World Justice Project 2016. Rule of Law Index 2016® Washington, DC: World Justice Proj.
  153. Yanow D 2003. Interpretive empirical political science: what makes this not a subfield of qualitative methods. Qual. Methods 1:9–13
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Yanow D 2009. Ways of knowing: passionate humility and reflective practice in research and management. Am. Rev. Public Adm. 39:579–601
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-030900
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error