1932

Abstract

This article reviews the role phonology plays in phonetic changes. After first establishing what kinds of changes qualify as phonetic changes for the purposes of discussion, and laying out the theoretical outlook that is adopted here, I review the most obvious cases in which phonology plays a role in phonetic change. These include () the way phonological contrast can lead to phonetic dispersion, () the way phonological natural classes can define a set of segments to undergo a parallel phonetic shift, and () how phonological biases may lead to instances of underphonologization. Throughout, I discuss alternative approaches to these phenomena.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-034101
2017-01-14
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/linguistics/3/1/annurev-linguistics-011516-034101.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-034101&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Baker A, Archangeli D, Mielke J. 2011. Variability in American English s-retraction suggests a solution to the actuation problem. Lang. Var. Change 23:347–74 [Google Scholar]
  2. Baranowski M. 2008. The fronting of the back upgliding vowels in Charleston, South Carolina. Lang. Var. Change 20:527–51 [Google Scholar]
  3. Becker K. 2014. The social motivations of reversal: raised BOUGHT in New York City English. Lang. Soc. 43:395–420 [Google Scholar]
  4. Beddor PS. 2009. A coarticulatory path to sound change. Language 85:785–821 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bermúdez-Otero R. 2007. Diachronic phonology. The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology P de Lacy 497–517 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  6. Bermúdez-Otero R, Trousdale G. 2012. Cycles and continua: on unidirectionality and gradualness in language change. The Oxford Handbook of the History of English ed. T Nevalainen, EC Traugott 691–720 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  7. Blevins J. 2004. Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  8. Blevins J. 2006. A theoretical synopsis of Evolutionary Phonology. Theor. Linguist. 32:117–66 [Google Scholar]
  9. Boberg C. 2005. The Canadian shift in Montreal. Lang. Var. Change 17:133–54 [Google Scholar]
  10. Boersma P, Hamann S. 2008. The evolution of auditory dispersion in bidirectional constraint grammars. Phonology 25:217–70 [Google Scholar]
  11. Braver A. 2014. Imperceptible incomplete neutralization: production, non-identifiability, and non-discriminability in American English flapping. Lingua 152:24–44 [Google Scholar]
  12. Bybee J. 2002. Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change. Lang. Var. Change 14:261–90 [Google Scholar]
  13. Chiosáin MN, Padgett J. 2010. Contrast, comparison sets, and the perceptual space. Phonological Argumentation: Essays on Evidence and Motivation ed. S Parker, 14 London: Equinox [Google Scholar]
  14. Clarke S, Elms F, Youssef A. 1995. The third dialect of English: some Canadian evidence. Lang. Var. Change 7:209–28 [Google Scholar]
  15. Cohn A. 1993. Nasalisation in English: phonology or phonetics. Phonology 10:43–81 [Google Scholar]
  16. de Boer B. 2000. Self-organization in vowel systems. J. Phon. 27:441–65 [Google Scholar]
  17. de Lacy P, Kingston J. 2013. Synchronic explanation. Nat. Lang. Linguist. Theory 31:287–355 [Google Scholar]
  18. Dresher BE. 2009. The Contrastive Hierarchy in Phonology Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  19. Durian D. 2012. A New Perspective on Vowel Variation Across the 19th and 20th Centuries in Columbus, OH PhD thesis, Dep. Linguist., Ohio State Univ., Columbus 424
  20. Erker D. 2012. Of categories and continua: relating discrete and gradient properties of sociophonetic variation. Univ. Pa. Work. Pap. Linguist. 18:11–20 [Google Scholar]
  21. Flemming E. 2001. Scalar and categorical phenomena in a unified model of phonetics and phonology. Phonology 18:7–44 [Google Scholar]
  22. Flemming E. 2004. Contrast and perceptual distinctiveness. Phonetically Based Phonology B Hayes, R Kirchner, D Steriade 232–76 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  23. Fourakis M, Port R. 1986. Stop epenthesis in English. J. Phon. 14:197–221 [Google Scholar]
  24. Fridland V. 2001. The social dimension of the Southern Vowel Shift: gender, age and class. J. Socioling. 5:233–53 [Google Scholar]
  25. Fruehwald J. 2013. Phonological involvement in phonetic change PhD thesis, Dep. Linguist., Univ. Pa., Philadelphia 206
  26. Fruehwald J. 2014. Against gradual phonologization Poster presented at Edinburgh Symp. Hist. Phonol., 1st, Edinburgh, Jan 13–14
  27. Fruehwald J. 2016. The early influence of phonology on a phonetic change. Language 92:376–410 [Google Scholar]
  28. Garrett A, Johnson K. 2013. Phonetic bias in sound change. See Yu 2013b 51–97
  29. Haddican B, Foulkes P, Hughes V, Richards H. 2013. Interaction of social and linguistic constraints on two vowel changes in northern England. Lang. Var. Change 25:371–403 [Google Scholar]
  30. Hale M, Kissock M, Reiss C. 2007. Microvariation, variation, and features of universal grammar. Lingua 117:645–65 [Google Scholar]
  31. Hale M, Reiss C. 2008. The Phonological Enterprise New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  32. Hay JB, Pierrehumbert JB, Walker AJ, LaShell P. 2015. Tracking word frequency effects through 130 years of sound change. Cognition 139:83–91 [Google Scholar]
  33. Herold R. 1990. Mechanisms of merger: the implementation and distribution of the low back merger in eastern Pennsylvania PhD thesis, Dep. Linguist., Univ. Pa., Philadelphia
  34. Hill NW. 2014. Grammatically conditioned sound change. Linguist. Lang. Compass 8:211–29 [Google Scholar]
  35. Hyman LM. 1976. Phonologization.. Linguistic Studies Offered to Joseph Greenberg on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday A Juilland, A Devine, LD Stephens 4407–18 Saratoga, CA: Anma Libri [Google Scholar]
  36. Iosad P. 2012. Representation and variation in substance-free phonology: a case study in Celtic PhD thesis, Univ: Tromsø, Nor.
  37. Kaplan A. 2013. Lexical sensitivity to phonetic and phonological. pressures. See Yu 2013b 149–64
  38. Keating PA. 1988. Underspecification in phonetics. Phonology 5:275–92 [Google Scholar]
  39. Keating PA. 1990. Phonetic representations in a generative grammar. J. Phon. 18:321–34 [Google Scholar]
  40. King R. 1967. Functional load and sound change. Language 43:831–52 [Google Scholar]
  41. Kiparsky P. 1995. The phonological basis of sound change. The Handbook of Phonological Theory J Goldsmith, pp 640–70 Oxford, UK: Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  42. Kiparsky P. 2006. The amphichronic program versus Evolutionary Phonology. Theor. Linguist. 32:217–36 [Google Scholar]
  43. Kuhn T. 2012. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  44. Labov W. 1989. The exact description of the speech community: short a in Philadelphia. Langauge Change and Variation ed. RW Fasold, D Schriffin 1–57 Washington, DC: Georgetown Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  45. Labov W. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change 1 Internal Factors Oxford, UK: Blackwell
  46. Labov W. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change 2 Social Factors. Language in Society Oxford, UK: Blackwell
  47. Labov W. 2010. Principles of Linguistic Change 3 Cognitive and Cultural Factors Oxford, UK: Blackwell
  48. Labov W, Ash S, Boberg C. 2006. The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change New York: Mouton de Gruyter
  49. Labov W, Fisher S, Gylfadóttir G, Sneller B. 2015. The re-organization of short-a systems in Philadelphia Presented at New Ways of Analyzing Variation 44: Intersections (NWAV44), Toronto, Oct 22–25
  50. Labov W, Karen M, Miller C. 1991. Near-mergers and the suspension of phonemic contrast. Lang. Var. Change 3:33–74 [Google Scholar]
  51. Labov W, Rosenfelder I, Fruehwald J. 2013. One hundred years of sound change in Philadelphia: linear incrementation, reversal, and reanalysis. Language 89:30–65 [Google Scholar]
  52. Lawson E, Scobbie JM, Stuart-Smith J. 2015. The role of anterior lingual gesture delay in coda /r/ lenition: an ultrasound tongue imaging study. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS) ed. Scott. Consort. ICPhS, pap. 0332. Glasgow, UK: Univ. Glasgow [Google Scholar]
  53. Lawson E, Stuart-Smith J, Scobbie JM. 2008. Articulatory insights into language variation and change: preliminary findings from an ultrasound study of derhoticization in Scottish English. Univ. Pa. Work. Pap. Linguist. 14:100–10 [Google Scholar]
  54. Liljencrants J, Lindblom B. 1972. Numerical simulation of vowel quality systems: the role of perceptual contrast. Language 48:839–62 [Google Scholar]
  55. Martinet A. 1952. Function, structure and sound change. Word 8:1–32 [Google Scholar]
  56. Mielke J. 2008. The Emergence of Distinctive Features New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  57. Mielke J, Baker A, Archangeli D. 2016. Individual-level contact limits phonological complexity: evidence from bunched and retroflex . Language 92:101–40 [Google Scholar]
  58. Moreton E. 2008. Analytic bias and phonological typology. Phonology 25:83–127 [Google Scholar]
  59. Moreton E. 2009. Underphonologization and modularity bias. Phonological Argumentation: Essays on Evidence and Motivation S Parker, pp. 79–101 London: Equinox [Google Scholar]
  60. Munson B, McDonald EC, DeBoe NL, White AR. 2006. The acoustic and perceptual bases of judgments of women and men's sexual orientation from read speech. J. Phon. 34:202–40 [Google Scholar]
  61. Ohala JJ. 1981. The listener as a source of language change. Papers from the Parasession on Language and Behavior ed. CS Masek, RA Hendrick, MF Miller, pp 178–203 Chicago: Chicago Linguist. Soc., Univ. Chicago [Google Scholar]
  62. Ohala JJ. 1990. The phonetics and phonology of aspects of assimilation. Papers in Laboratory Phonology 1 Between the Grammar and Physics of Speech J Kingston, ME Beckman 258–82 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  63. Oxford W. 2015. Patterns of contrast in phonological change: evidence from Algonquian vowel systems. Language 91:308–57 [Google Scholar]
  64. Parrell B. 2012. The role of gestural phasing in Western Andalusian Spanish aspiration. J. Phon. 40:37–45 [Google Scholar]
  65. Pierrehumbert JB. 2001. Exemplar dynamics: word frequency, lenition and contrast. Typological Studies in Language 45 Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure J Bybee, P Hopper, pp 137–57 Amsterdam: Benjamins [Google Scholar]
  66. Pierrehumbert JB. 2006. The next toolkit. J. Phon. 34:516–30 [Google Scholar]
  67. Podesva RJ, Van Hofwegen J. 2014. How conservatism and normative gender constrain variation in inland California: the case of /s/. Univ. Pa. Work. Pap. Linguist. 20:128–37 [Google Scholar]
  68. Roeder RV, Gardner MH. 2013. The phonology of the Canadian Shift revisited: Thunder Bay and Cape Breton. Univ. Pa. Work. Pap. Linguist. 19:161–70 [Google Scholar]
  69. Ruch H. 2013. Investigating a gradual metathesis: production and perception of /s/ aspiration in Andalusian Spanish. Univ. Pa. Work. Pap. Linguist. 19:171–80 [Google Scholar]
  70. Ruch H, Harrington J. 2014. Synchronic and diachronic factors in the change from pre-aspiration to post-aspiration in Andalusian Spanish. J. Phon. 45:12–25 [Google Scholar]
  71. Sankoff G, Blondeau H. 2007. Language change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montréal French. Language 83:560–88 [Google Scholar]
  72. Schwartz JL, Boë LJ, Vallée N, Abry C. 1997. The Dispersion–Focalization Theory of vowel systems. J. Phonet. 25:255–86 [Google Scholar]
  73. Scobbie JM. 2005. The phonetics phonology overlap. QMU Speech Sci. Res. Cent. Work. Pap. 1:1–30 [Google Scholar]
  74. Sonderegger M, Niyogi P. 2013. Variation and change in English noun/verb pair stress: data and dynamical systems models. See Yu 2013b, 262–84
  75. Sproat R, Fujimura O. 1993. Allophonic variation in English /l/ and its implications for phonetic implementation. J. Phon. 21:291–311 [Google Scholar]
  76. Stevens KN. 1989. On the quantal nature of speech. J. Phon. 17:3–45 [Google Scholar]
  77. Stuart-Smith J. 2003. The phonology of modern urban Scots. The Edinburgh Companion to Scots J Corbett, D McClure, J Stuart-Smith 110–37 Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  78. Tamminga M, Zellou G. 2015. Cross-dialectal differences in nasal coarticulation in American English. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS) Scott. Consort. ICPhS, pap. 0745. Glasgow, UK: Univ. Glasgow [Google Scholar]
  79. Torreira F. 2012. Investigating the nature of aspirated stops in Western Andalusian Spanish. J. Int. Phon. Assoc. 42:49–63 [Google Scholar]
  80. Trudgill P, Foxcroft N. 1978. On the sociolinguistics of vocalic mergers: transfer and approximation in East Anglia. Sociolinguistic Patterns in British English ed. P Trudgill, 69–79 London: Arnold [Google Scholar]
  81. Turton D. 2014. Some /l/s are darker than others: accounting for variation in English /l/ with ultrasound tongue imaging. Univ. Pa. Work. Pap. Linguist. 20:189–98 [Google Scholar]
  82. Watt DJL. 2000. Phonetic parallels between the close-mid vowels of Tyneside English: Are they internally or externally motivated?. Lang. Var. Change 12:69–101 [Google Scholar]
  83. Wedel A. 2007. Feedback and regularity in the lexicon. Phonology 24:147–85 [Google Scholar]
  84. Wedel A, Jackson S, Kaplan A. 2013. Functional load and the lexicon: evidence that syntactic category and frequency relationships in minimal lemma pairs predict the loss of phoneme contrasts in language change. Lang. Speech 56:395–417 [Google Scholar]
  85. Weinreich U, Labov W, Herzog M. 1968. Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. Directions for Historical Linguistics ed. W Lehmann, Y Malkiel, 97–105 Austin: Univ. Tex. Press [Google Scholar]
  86. Wells JC. 1982. Accents of English 1 An Introduction Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  87. Yu ACL. 2004. Explaining final obstruent voicing in Lezgian: phonetics and history. Language 80:73–97 [Google Scholar]
  88. Yu ACL. 2010. Perceptual compensation is correlated with individuals’ “autistic” traits: implications for models of sound change. PLOS ONE 5:e11950
  89. Yu ACL. 2011. On measuring phonetic precursor robustness: a response to Moreton. Phonology 28:491–518 [Google Scholar]
  90. Yu ACL. 2013a. Individual differences in socio-cognitive processing and the actuation of sound change. See Yu 2013b 201–27
  91. Yu ACL. 2013b. Origins of Sound Change: Approaches to Phonologization. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
  92. Zellou G, Tamminga M. 2014. Nasal coarticulation changes over time in Philadelphia English. J. Phon. 47:18–35 [Google Scholar]
  93. Zimman L. 2013. Hegemonic masculinity and the variability of gay-sounding speech: the perceived sexuality of transgender men. J. Lang. Sex. 2:1–39 [Google Scholar]
  94. Zsiga EC. 2000. Phonetic alignment constraints: consonant overlap and palatalization in English and Russian. J. Phon. 28:69–102 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-034101
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-034101
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error